Anatomy Notes ( ´ω` )۶

[THORACIC WALL]

Thorax
- The region between the neck and abdomen

Thoracic Cage
- Framework of thoracic wall; consists of the
vertebral column, ribs, intercostal spaces,
sternum, and costal cartilages
- Protects the heart and lungs

Diaphragm
- Separates the thorax from the abdomen

Attachments for the ff. muscles:

- ... of Thorax
- ... of Upper Extremities
- ... of Abdomen
- ... of Back

Mediastinum
- Division of thoracic cavity into a median partition

Visceral Pleura
- Thin membrane that covers the surface of the lungs

Parietal Pleura
- Serous membrane that lines the inner chest wall

Pleural Cavity
- Fluid-filled space between visceral and parietal pleura
 Anatomy Notes ( ´ω` )۶

[STERNUM]

Sternum
- Flat bone that lies in the midline of the anterior chest wall
- Made up of three parts: manubrium sterni, body of the sternum, and xiphoid process

Manubrium
- Upper part of sternum
- Articulates with the body of the sternum at the manubriosternal joint (A.K.A. sternal angle or
angle of Louis), clavicles, 1st costal cartilage and upper portion of 2nd costal cartilage
- Lies opposite to 3rd and 4th thoracic vertebrae

Body of the Sternum

- Articulates with manubrium (just read the text above), the xiphoid process (xiphisternal joint),
and with the lower portion of the 2nd to 7th costal cartilages
- The manubriosternal joint lies opposite to the intervertebral disc between the 4th and 5th
thoracic vertebrae

Xiphoid Process
- Thin plate of cartilage that becomes ossified (changed into bone) at its proximal end during
adult life
- No ribs or costal cartilages are attached
- Xiphisternal joint lies opposite the body of 9th thoracic vertebra

[RIBS]
 Anatomy Notes ( ´ω` )۶

12 pairs attached posteriorly to the thoracic

vertebrae

Categories:
True Ribs
- Ribs 1 to 7
- Attached to sternum by costal cartilage

False Ribs
- Ribs 8 to 10
- Attached to each other and 7th rib by costal
cartilages and small synovial joints

Floating Ribs
- Ribs 11 and 12
- Have no anterior attachment

Typical Ribs
- Ribs 3 to 9
- Long, twisted, flat bone having a rounded,
smooth superior border and a sharp, thin,
inferior border
- Inferior border hangs and forms costal groove,
which accomodates intercostal vessels and
nerves
- Has the ff. parts:
Head
- Has two facets for articulation with
corresponding vertebral body and
vertebra immediately above
Neck
- Constricted portion between head and
tubercle
Tubercle
- Prominence on outer surface of the rib
between the neck and shaft
- Has a facet for articulation with
transverse process of corresponding
vertebra
Shaft
- Thin and flattened on its long axis
- Contains the costal groove on its
inferior border
Angle
- Where the shaft bends sharply forward
Atypical Ribs
 Anatomy Notes ( ´ω` )۶

- Ribs 1 to 2, 10 to 12

Cervical Rib
- A rib arising from the anterior tubercle of the
transverse process of the 7th cervical vertebra
- Occurs in about 0.5% of humans
- Can cause pressure on lower trunk of brachial
plexus, causing pain down medial side of
forearm and hand and wasting of small muscles
on hand
- Can exert pressure on overlying subclavian
artery, interfering with circulation of upper
limb

[COSTAL CARTILAGES]

Bars of cartilage connecting 1st to 7th ribs to

lateral edge of sternum and 8th to 10th ribs to
cartilage immediately above
The cartilages of 11th and 12th ribs end in
abdominal musculature

[JOINTS]
Sternum
- Manubriosternal joint or Sternal Angle or Angle of Louis
- Xiphisternal joint

Ribs
Heads of the Ribs
- Ribs 1, 10 to 12 have a single synovial joint to a corresponding vertebral body
- Ribs 2 to 9 have a synovial joint to a corresponding vertebral body and the vertebra above it
- Strong intraarticular ligament that connects head to intervertebral disc

Tubercles of the Ribs

- Articulates by means of a synovial joint with the transverse process of corresponding vertebra;
absent on the 11th and 12th rib

Between Ribs and Costal Cartilages

- Cartilaginous joints; no movement
Between Costal Cartilages and Sternum
 Anatomy Notes ( ´ω` )۶

- 1st costal cartilage articulates with manubrium by cartilaginous joint; no movement

- 2nd to 7th costal cartilages articulate with lateral border of sternum by synovial joints
- 6th to 10th costal cartilages articulate with one another along their borders by small synovial
joints

[MOVEMENTS OF RIBS AND COSTAL CARTILAGES]

1st Ribs do not move; are immobile
Raising and lowering of ribs during respiration are accompanied by movements of joints in head
and tubercle, allowing ribs to rotate around its own axis

[OPENINGS OF THORAX]

Thoracic Outlet
- Opening where the chest cavity communicates with the root of the neck
- Important vessels and nerves that emerge from the thorax that enter into neck and upper limbs
- Esophagus and trachea as well as many vessels and nerves pass through here
- Apices (upper portion and largest part) of lung and pleurae project upward into neck
- Thoracic cavity communicates with abdomen through a large opening, which is closed by the
diaphragm, pass the esophagus and many large vessels and nerves

Intercostal Spaces
- Spaces between ribs
- Intercostal nerves and blood vessels run between
intermediate and deepest layers of muscles
and arranged from above downwards:
Intercostal Vein
Intercostal Artery
Intercostal Nerve V
- Contain three muscles of respiration:
A
External Intercostal N
- Most superficial layer
- Directed downward and forward from inferior border of rib to superior border of rib
below
- Extends forward to costal cartilage to be replaced by anterior external intercostal
membrane
 Anatomy Notes ( ´ω` )۶

Internal Intercostal
- Intermediate layer
- Directed downard and backward from subcostal groove of the rib to upper border of rib
below
- Extends backward from sternum in front to angles of ribs behind and is replaced by
posterior internal intercostal muscle

Innermost Intercostal
- Deepest layer
- Lined internally by endothoracic fascia which is lined internally by parietal pleura
- Corresponds to transversus abdominis muscle
- Incomplete muscle layer
- Crosses more than one intercostal space
- Related internally to fascia
- Related externally to intercostal nerves and vessels
- When intercostal muscles contract, they tend to pull the ribs nearer to one another
- During inspiration, ribs 2 to 12 are pulled towards 1st rib
- During expiration, ribs 1 to 11 are pulled towards 12th rib
- Supplied by the ff. nerves:

[INTERCOSTAL ARTERIES AND VEINS]

 Anatomy Notes ( ´ω` )۶

- Each intercostal space contains a large single posterior intercostal artery and two small anterior
intercostal arteries

Posterior Intercostal Artery

- Intercostal spaces 1 and 2 branches from superior intercostal artery which is a branch of
costocervical trunk of subclavian artery
- Intercostal spaces 3 to 12 branches from descending thoracic aorta

Anterior Intercostal Arteries

- Intercostal spaces 1 to 6 branches from internal thoracic artery which arises from first part of
subclavian artery
- Intercostal spaces 7 to 12 branches from musculophrenic artery which is one of the terminal
branches of internal thoracic artery

[INTERCOSTAL NERVES]
- Anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves 1 to 11
- Anterior ramus of thoracic spinal nerve lies in abdomen forward in abdomen wall as subcostal
nerve
- Enters an intercostal space between parietal pleura and posterior intercostal membrane
- Runs forward inferiorly to intercostal vessels in subcostal groove between internal and
innermost intercostal muscles
- Distributed within their intercostal spaces (nerves 1 to 6)
- Enters anterior abdominal wall (nerves 7 to 9)
- Pass directly into abdominal wall (nerves 10 and 11)

kapoy na uy, just read the rest of the book lmao