VSD Overview

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 VSD Main Block Diagram
Output:
Converter DC Link Inverter 0-480V, 0-90Hz

Input:
480V, 60Hz MOTOR

Control
ControlLogic
Logic

3 main components of VSD?

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 What does the Converter do?
Converter is the Input end of VSD
Input: Output:
AC, 480V, 60Hz, 3-phase DC with ripples

• Converter: to convert AC power to DC

power
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 What does the DC Link do?
Input: Output:
DC with ripples Smooth DC, like an ideal
DC Link “battery”

• DC Link: 1. To help smooth out the

ripples
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• 2. Stores the electric energy
 What does the Inverter do?
Input: Output:
Smooth DC, like an ideal Inverter AC
“battery”

• Inverter: to invert DC power into a varying AC

power
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 Load On the Input

2200
V
Input Junction

er
m
480V Box

D
or
f
(2200 V

VS
a ns
60 amp) 200 V

Tr

2000 V
60 amp
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 Operation of a Rectifier

6-Pulse = 6 ripples in dc voltage per cycle

of ac voltage (= 3 phase input = one converter used in
7 Initials the system)
• The typical definition for a harmonic is:

• a sinusoidal component of a
periodic wave having a frequency
that is an integral multiple of the
fundamental frequency

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9 Initials
 High levels of harmonic content are associated with
many issues that occur with power systems. These
problems could possibly include:

· Overheating to generators, transformers, cables and

other equipment
· Interference in communication and control systems
· Hardware failure and equipment downtime
· Electronic equipment malfunctions
· Premature failures of rotating equipment such as
generators
· High amounts of voltage distortion
· Nuisance tripping of circuit breakers

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• Variable Speed Drives cause significant
harmonic levels on to power system (upstream of
the VSD), this type of harmonic is called Input
Harmonic.
• Input Harmonic is primarily current harmonic ----
Current Distortion

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 Individual harmonics are
determined by:
h = np +/- 1
h = harmonic order
n= positive integer
p = pulse number = Number of ripples in dc
voltage per cycle of ac voltage.

so a 6-pulse system will have 5th, 7th, 11th, 13rd, …

harmonics;

A 12-pulse system will have 11th, 13rd, 17th, 19th, …

12 Initials harmonics
 Power Input Voltage

Voltage ,SS2k 400

6 Pulses VSD 200

Volts
without DC
-200
Link Inductor -400

Voltage

300
200

Volts
Voltage Harmonic 100
0
Content 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Harmonic #

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 6 Pulse VSD input current

+500

-500
0° 90° 180° 240° 360°
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 6 pulse VSD input current spectrum

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 12 Pulse VSD block diagram

A Phase
Inverter
Rectifier
Input
480V 3 Phase
Transformer
Filter
B Phase
Inverter

480V 3 Phase
Phase Shift
by 30 deg. C Phase
Rectifier Inverter

VSD

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 12 Pulses SS2k Electrical Diagram

12-Pulse = 12 ripples in dc voltage per

cycle of ac voltage = 6 phase input (30
17 Initials degree) = two converters used in the
system
 800

600

400
Phs 1-A
200 Phs 1-B
Phs 1-C
0 Phs 2-A

VOLTAGE
Phs 2-B
-200
Phs 2-C

-400

-600

-800
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 720

360 DEG = 1 CYCLE

12-Pulse = 12 ripples in dc voltage per

cycle of ac voltage = 6 phase input (30
degree)= two converters used in the
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system
 12 Pulse VSD Input Current
+500

-500
0° 90° 180° 240° 360°
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 6-pulse and 12-pulse input current

12-pulse Input Current

6-pulse Input Current

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 Comparative Test of 200 KVA SS2k with
link reactor Vs. 12 Pulse SS2k, both loaded
with motor in test well
current Speedstar Speedstar
harmonic 6 pulse 12 pulse
1 100.0% 100.0%
5 26.0% 3.2%
7 9.5% 2.0%
11 6.7% 6.2%
13 4.3% 3.4%
17 2.9% 0.8%
19 2.3% 0.6%
23 1.25% 0.9%
25 1.24% 0.7%

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 CURRENT HARMONICS
ELIMINATED BY 12 PULSE SS2k

(72.0%)
eliminated
harmonics
from 6 Pulse
system

(28.0%) remaining
harmonics from
6 Pulse system

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 Pulse Width Modulation(PWM)Technique

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 PWM signal generation
• Comparator Logic: If A>B, C=+15VDC; If A<B, C=-15VDC

A = Reference Signal, Sine

wave at desired Running
frequency
+15V PWM signal with Carrier
+5V Frequency 2.2kHz
+15V
-5V A

comparator C

B
+5V -15V

-5V -15V
B24=Initials
Carrier Signal at Carrier
Frequency 2.2kHz
 What is Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor?
•• Unlike
Unlikethe
thenormal
normallight
lightswitch,
switch,IGBT
IGBTis
iscontrolled
controlledby the
bythe

voltage
voltageacross
acrossthe
the“Gate”
“Gate”and
and“Emitter” electrodes
“Emitter”electrodes

•• Important
Importantto remember:
toremember:

G-E = +15VDC, the switch is ON,

ififVVG-E = +15VDC, the switch is ON,
G-E = -15VDC, the switch is OFF
ififVVG-E = -15VDC, the switch is OFF

G
VG-E

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 Pulse Width Modulation
B=
A=
Carrier
reference
Signal
signal

Pulse width

C = A chain of
pulses with
vary width

In VSD, Carrier Signal B is kept constant.

If the voltage OR frequency of A change, the pulse width in C will
change accordingly
The sine wave A is “translated” into a chain of pulses C with vary
pulse width. In another word, the pulse width in C carries all the
waveform information of A
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 Making of the Square Wave

T1 T3 T5

Reference
Signals

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 PWM Output Power
+15

-15 +DC
+DC Buss
Buss

-DC -DC
Buss Buss
+15

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 PWM Power signal
PWM Power signal (Voltage) at 3 Phase of VSD Output

120°

120°

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 Average Voltage

Average Voltage is proportional to the Pulse Width

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 PWM Voltage
Because the pulse width is resulted from the
modulation of a sine wave (reference signal A) , so
the Average Voltage is in sinusoidal wave shape

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 PWM Voltage
While the voltage (PWM signal) applied to the motor windings is
NOT sinusoidal, the motor current is a function of the Average
Voltage applied. So the motor current is very sinusoidal in
nature. In another word, the motor will see a sinusoidal current.

The motor will rotate smoothly due to the sinusoidal current.

VSD output voltage Motor Current

dY: 613 Volt dY: 127 A
Y: 10.7 Volt Y: 0 A
T

T
1> 1>

1) Ref A:
32 Initials 200 Volt 2 ms 1) Ref A: 50 A 2 ms
 Resonant Frequency
L

C F= 1
2π LC
L

Gain (Vo/Vi)
30 90
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 Example of Resonant Frequency

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