In Europe, A Woman Was Near Death From A Special Kind of Cancer

In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of
cancer.
There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her.
It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had
recently discovered.
The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging
ten times what the drug cost him to make.
He paid $400 for the radium and charged $4,000 for a small dose
of the drug.
The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he

knew to borrow the money and tried every legal
means, but he could only get together about $2,000, which
is half of what it cost.
He told the druggist that his wife was dying, and
asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later.
But the druggist said, "No, I discovered the drug

and I'm going to make money from it.“
So, having tried every legal means, Heinz gets

anxious and considers breaking into the man's
store to steal the drug for his wife.
Should Heinz steal the drug? Why
or why not?
Kohlberg’s Moral Dilemma

Presented By: Ms. Gurkirat Kaur, Asst. Prof. Chitkara
University
Kohlberg’s Theory
of
Moral Development
Who was Lawrence Kohlberg?
1927 - 1983
• Born in New York City in
1927.
• Graduated from the
University of Chicago in
one year.
• Attended Yale and earned a
PhD in psychology.
• Became fascinated by moral
development in children.
• Theorized six stages of
human moral development.
Kohlberg's Stages
Pre-conventional level
• Stage 1: The punishment and obedience orientation
• Stage 2: The instrumental purpose orientation
Conventional level
• Stage 3: The "good boy-good girl" orientation
• Stage 4: The social-order-maintaining orientation
Post-conventional level
• Stage 5: The social-contract orientation
• Stage 6: The universal ethical principle orientation
Levels of Moral Reasoning
• Preconventional—moral reasoning is
based on external rewards and
punishments
• Conventional—laws and rules are upheld
simply because they are laws and rules
• Postconventional—reasoning based on
personal moral standards
PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL
• Punishments and rewards dominate the
sense of right & wrong
• Morality is externally controlled
• Rules of authority figures must be respected.
• Behaviour that results in punishment are
bad
• Behaviour that results in rewards are good
Stage #1:Obedience and Punishment
Orientation
Morality is based upon the
physical punishment that
follows an action, rather
than right or wrong. The
concern is for self - "Will I
get into trouble for doing (or
not doing) it?" Good
behavior is associated with
avoiding punishment.
EX: The child won’t grab
the candy at the supermarket
for fear of being slapped
Possible answers for Kohlberg’s dilemma by
children of Stage 1
For stealing: If you let your wife die, you will

get into trouble. You’ll be blamed for not
spending your money to save her and there
will be an investigation of you and the druggist
for your wife’s death.
Against stealing: You should not steal the drug

because you’ll be caught and sent to jail if you
do. If you do get away, your conscience would
bother you thinking how the police would
catch you at any minute.
Stage #2: Relativist Orientation
• The concern is "What's in
it for me?" Action is
judged right if it helps in
satisfying one's needs or
involves a fair exchange.
EX: A mother tells her child:

“If you are quiet at the
mall, I will buy you an ice
cream.”
Possible answers for Kohlberg’s dilemma by
children of Stage 2
• For stealing: If you do happen to get caught

you could give the drug back and you
wouldn’t get much of a sentence. It wouldn’t
bother you much to serve a little jail term if
you have your wife when you get out.
• Against stealing : He may not get much of a

jail term if steals the drug, but his wife will
probably die before he gets out so it won’t
do him much good. If his wife dies, he
shouldn’t blame himself. It wasn’t his fault
that she has cancer.
THE CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
• Needs of Laws and society are the defining
features.
• “Don't steal” because it is against the law
• Good behaviour is motivated to maintain the
affection and approval of friends and relatives
• Understand that standards are set for the current
social system, not getting that there is self-interest
involved (e.g., no such thing as a bad law)
Stage #3: Good Boy/Nice Girl
Orientation
People should live up to the
expectations of the family
and community and
behave in "good" ways.
Good behavior means
having good motives and
interpersonal feelings such
as
love, empathy, trust, and
concern for others.
EX: Volunteering at a
nursing home is the right
thing to do.
Possible answers for Kohlberg’s dilemma by children of
Stage 3
• For stealing: Nobody will think you’re bad if you steal

the drug but your family will think you’re an inhuman
husband if you don’t. If you let your wife die, you’ll
never be able to look anybody in the face again.
• Against stealing: It isn’t just the druggist who will
think you are a criminal, everyone else will, too. After
you steal it, you’ll feel bad thinking about how you’ve
brought dishonor on your family and yourself. You
won’t be able to face anyone again.
Stage #4: Law and Order Orientation
While stage three actions are
more concerned with
pleasing your family, stage
four is associated with
following society as a
whole. Emphasis is spent
on obeying laws to
maintain social order.
EX: If you drink and drive

your endangering the lives
of others on the road, not
just yourself.
Stage 4
• For stealing: If you have any sense of honor, you won’t let
your wife die because you’re afraid to do the only thing
that will save her. You’ll always feel guilty that you caused
her death if you don’t do your duty to her.
• Against stealing: You’re desperate and you may not know

you’re doing wrong when you steal the drug. But you’ll
know you did wrong after you’re punished and sent to jail.
You’ll always feel guilty for your dishonesty and
lawbreaking
THE POSTCONVENTIONAL
LEVEL
• Personal moral beliefs and values
• Characterized by references to
universal ethical principles that
represent protecting the rights or of
all people
• Most adults do not reach this level.
Stage #5: Social Contract Orientation
At stage 4, people want to keep
society functioning.
However, a smoothly
functioning society is not
necessarily a good one. Nazi
Germany was a well
organized society, but nine
million were murdered in the
process.
At stage 5, people begin to

ask, "What makes for a good
society?" They begin to think
about society considering the
rights and values that a
society ought to uphold.
Stage 5
• For stealing: The law wasn’t set up for these

circumstances. Taking the drug in this situation isn’t really
right, but it’s justified to do it.
• Against stealing: You can’t completely blame someone for

stealing but extreme circumstances don’t really justify
taking the law in your own hands. You can’t have everyone
stealing whenever they get desperate. The end may be
good, but the ends don’t justify the means
Stage #6: Universal Ethical Principal
Orientation
As human beings we are
obligated to live by the
principal that “all men are
created equal” regardless of
race, religion, sexual
orientation, or political
belief. Justice is universal, so
unjust laws must be broken.
EX: Rosa Parks refused to sit in

the back of the bus because it
was an unjust law
discriminating against
African Americans.
Stage 6
• For stealing: This is a situation which forces him to

choose between stealing and letting his wife die. In a
situation where the choice must be made, it is morally
right to steal. He has to act in terms if the principle of
preserving and respecting life.
• Against stealing: Heinz is faced with the decision of

whether to consider the other people who need the drug
just as badly as his wife. Heinz ought to act not
according to his particular feelings toward his wife, but
considering the value of all the loves involved.
Criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory
• Research has not supported Kohlberg’s belief that the
development of abstract thinking in adolescence
invariably leads people to the formation of idealistic
moral principles
• Some cross-cultural psychologists argue that
Kohlberg’s stories and scoring system reflect a
Western emphasis on individual rights, harm, and
justice that is not shared in many cultures.
• Kohlberg’s early research was conducted entirely
with male subjects, yet it became the basis for a
theory applied to both males and females.
Carol Gilligan’s Model
• Feels Kohlberg’s model is based on an ethic
of individual rights and justice, which is a
more common perspective for males
• Gilligan’s model of women’s moral
development is based on an ethic of care
and responsibility.
• However, when subjects are carefully
matched, there do not seem to be
systematic gender differences in moral
reasoning
Other Dilemmas to Consider

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In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of

The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he

But the druggist said, "No, I discovered the drug

So, having tried every legal means, Heinz gets

Kohlberg’s Moral Dilemma

For stealing: If you let your wife die, you will

Against stealing: You should not steal the drug

EX: A mother tells her child:

• For stealing: If you do happen to get caught

• Against stealing : He may not get much of a

• For stealing: Nobody will think you’re bad if you steal

EX: If you drink and drive

• Against stealing: You’re desperate and you may not know

At stage 5, people begin to

• For stealing: The law wasn’t set up for these

• Against stealing: You can’t completely blame someone for

EX: Rosa Parks refused to sit in

• For stealing: This is a situation which forces him to

• Against stealing: Heinz is faced with the decision of

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