TCA Cycle
TCA Cycle
TCA Cycle
Acetyl-CoA production
The area blocked off all occurs in the
takes place in the mitochondria.
Mitochondrion. So, first
pyruvate has to get Acetyl-CoA enters the
transported from the CAC.
cytoplasm into the
mitochondrion.
In this Figure, only
Glycolysis is in the
Cytoplasm.
The Citric Acid Cycle
Key topics: To Know
– Also called Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) or
Krebs Cycle. Three names for the same thing.
– Cellular respiration and intermediates for
biosynthesis.
– Conversion of pyruvate to activated acetate
– Reactions of the citric acid cycle
– Anaplerotic reactions to regenerate the acceptor
– Regulation of the citric acid cycle
– Conversion of acetate to carbohydrate precursors
in the glyoxylate cycle
Discovered CAC in Pigeon Flight Muscle
Cellular Respiration
Model TEM
Pyr DH is a Complex Enzyme
It is down here
Pyr DH is a Cool Enzyme
The citric acid cycle has eight stages:
1. Production of citrate from oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA (catalyzed
by citrate synthase).
2. Isomerization of citrate to isocitrate (catalyzed by aconitase).
3. Oxidation of isocitrate to -ketoglutarate (catalyzed by isocitrate
dehydrogenase; the reaction requires NAD+)
4. Oxidation of -ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA (catalyzed by the -
ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex; the reaction requires
NAD+).
5. Conversion of succinyl CoA to succinate [catalyzed by succinyl CoA
synthetase; the reaction requires inorganic phosphate and GDP (or
ADP)].
6. Oxidation of succinate to fumarate (catalyzed by succinate
dehydrogenase; the reaction involves FAD).
7. Hydration of fumarate to malate (catalyzed by fumarase).
8. Oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate (catalyzed by malate
dehydrogenase; the reaction requires NAD+).
Citrate Synthase
Convention to write
incoming Acetyl on
Top
To become an iron
response regulator,
aconitase changes it
shape (due to lack of iron)
so it can bind RNA.
Isocitrate DH
Mn++ cofactor
TPP,
lipoate
FAD
Succinyl CoA Synthetase : Substrate Level Phosphorylation
It’s a 2 input
FORK
This is Why
Amino acids, purines and pyrimidines, fatty acids and glucose
are all synthesized by pathways that use citric acid
intermediates as precursors.
Anaplerotic Reactions
Regulation of CAC
Flagella
LPS
Outer Membrane
Peptidoglycan
ATPase
Cytoplasmic
Membrane
Glycolysis
RNA
In Animals CAC can not be used for
Gluconeogensis from Ac-SCoA
D, N, L, K,
M, T, I
Porphrins:
heme
(cytochromes, E, Q, P, R
hemoglobin),
chlorophyll
In Bacteria and Plants, Not Vertebrates
Overall:
2 Ac-SCoA Succinate
Succinate OAA
Oxaloacetate
CAC
Glyoxylate Cycle in Plants in a Membrane Body
Linkage to
Gluconeogenesis
in Plants
Regulation
Linkage
Things to Know and Do Before Class
1. Pyruvate DH…all three parts and cofactors.
2. Chemistry of each step in Citric Acid Cycle.
3. Overall CAC thermodynamics (which steps are at Eq and
which are drivers.
4. Prochiral nature of citrate.
5. Amphibolic nature of CAC and why fermenters need
almost all of CAC.
6. Importance of anaplerotic reactions and how they work.
7. Glyoxylate Cycle (mammals lack) but plants, some
invertebrates and bacteria have it. What does it do?
8. EOC Problems 1-9, 16, 18, 19, 30-32.