Three-Phase Transformers

Electrical Machines
Lecture 16
Three Phase transformers
Dr. Alivelu M Parimi
ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

Outline
• Auto-transformer
• Three phase transformer operation
• Parallel operation of transformers
• Phase conversions
• Tap changers in transformers

Introduction
• Thus far we have looked at the construction and
operation of the single-phase, two winding
voltage transformer which can be used to
increase or decrease its secondary voltage with
respect to the primary supply voltage.
• But voltage transformers can also be
constructed for connection to not only one
single phase, but for two-phases, three-phases,
six-phases and even elaborate combinations up
to 24-phases for some DC rectification
transformers.
22-Sep-19 3
Introduction
• The generation of an electrical power is usually three phase
and at higher voltages like 13.2 kV, 22 kV or somewhat
higher.
• Similarly transmission of an electrical power is also at very
high voltages like 110 kV, 132 kV or 400 kV.
• To set up the generated voltages for transmission purposes
it is necessary to have three phase transformers.
• At the time of distribution it is necessary to reduce the
voltage level upto 6600 V, 440 V, 230 V etc.
• For which set down three phase transformers are essential.
• Thus three phase transformers proves to be economical in
transmission and utilization of electrical energy.
22-Sep-19 4
Introduction
• If we take three single-phase transformers and
connect their primary windings to each other and
their secondary windings to each other in a fixed
configuration, we can use the transformers on a
three-phase supply.
• Three-phase, also written as 3-phase
or 3φ supplies are used for electrical power
generation, transmission, and distribution, as well
as for all industrial uses.
• Three-phase supplies have many electrical
advantages over Single-phase Power
22-Sep-19 5
Three phase supply
Van  Vp 0
Van  Vp 0
Vbn  Vp   120 Vbn  Vp   120
Vcn  Vp   240 Vcn  Vp   240
22-Sep-19 6
Balanced Three phase Loads
 A Balanced load has equal impedances on all the phases
a) Wye-connected load b) Delta-connected load

Balanced Wye-wye Connection
Line current In add up to zero.
Neutral current is zero:
In= -(Ia+ Ib+ Ic)= 0
Phase voltages are: Van, Vbn and Vcn.

The three conductors connected from a to A, b to B and c to C are called LINES.
The voltage from one line to another is called a LINE voltage
Line voltages are: Vab, Vbc and Vca
Magnitude of line voltages is √3 times the magnitude of phase voltages. VL= √3
Vp

Line current In add up to zero. Neutral current is
zero:
In= -(Ia+ Ib+ Ic)= 0
Magnitude of line voltages is √3 times the magnitude of phase voltages. VL= √3

Vp
Van  Vp 0, Vbn  Vp   120, Vcn  Vp   120
Vab  Van  Vnb  Van  Vbn  3Vp 30
Vbc  Vbn  Vcn  3Vp   90
Vca  Vcn  Van  Van  Vbn  3Vp   210

• Phasor diagram of phase and line voltages
VL  Vab  Vbc  Vca

= 3 Van  3 Vbn  3 Vcn
= 3V p

Balanced Wye-delta Connection
V AB
• Three phase sources are usually Wye I AB 
Z
connected and three phase loads are
Delta connected. VBC
I BC 
• There is no neutral connection for the Y-∆ Z
system. VCA
I CA 
Z
I L  I a  Ib  Ic
I p  I AB  I BC  I CA
IL  3I p

Introduction
• VL is the line-to-line voltage,
• and VP is the phase-to-neutral voltage.
When considering
three-phase
transformers we have
to deal with three
alternating voltages
and currents differing
in phase-time by 120
degrees.
22-Sep-19 12
Three-phase Voltage and Current
Connectio Phase Phase

Line Voltage Line Current
n Voltage Current
Star VP = VL ÷ √3 VL = √3 × VP IP = IL IL = IP
Delta VP = VL VL = VP IP = IL ÷ √3 IL = √3 × IP
22-Sep-19 13
Introduction
• A three phase transformer or 3φ transformer
can be constructed either by connecting
together
– three single-phase transformers, thereby forming
a so-called three phase transformer bank,
– or by using one pre-assembled and balanced three
phase transformer which consists of three pairs of
single phase windings mounted onto one single
laminated core.
22-Sep-19 14
Introduction
• The advantages of building a single three phase
transformer is that for the same kVA rating it will be
smaller, cheaper and lighter than three individual single
phase transformers connected together because the
copper and iron core are used more effectively.
– In contrast to above, a bank of three single phase transformers
is used in underground work such as in mines as it is easier to
transport these units.
– The bank of three single phase transformers also offers the
advantage of open delta operation with reduced rating when
one of the units in the bank is inoperative.
• The methods of connecting the primary and secondary
windings are the same, whether using just one Three Phase
Transformer or three separate Single Phase Transformers.
22-Sep-19 15
Three Phase Transformers
• The three cores are arranged at 120o from each other.
• Only primary windings are shown on the cores for simplicity.
• The primaries are connected to the three phase supply.
• The primaries carry the currents IR, IY and IB producing the fluxes ΦR, ΦY and ΦB in the
individual cores. The common leg of the cores i.e. center leg formed carries sum of the all
three fluxes.
• In a three phase system, ĪR + ĪY + ĪB = 0, hence the sum of the three fluxes is also zero at any
instant. φa+φb+φc=0

22-Sep-19 17
Construction of Three Phase
Transformers
• The three phase transformers can be core
type or shell type.
22-Sep-19 18
• To analyze a 3-phase transformer, each single transformer in the
bank should be analyzed
• Any single phase in bank behaves exactly like 1 phase

transformer just studied
• Impedance, V.R., efficiency, & similar calculations for 3 ph. are

done on per phase basis, using the same technique already used
in single phase Transformer
• The applications, advantages and disadvantages of each type of

three phase connections will be discussed next

• 3 phase transformer connections
• The windings of primary and secondary (in any construction)

can be connected in either a wye (Y) or delta (Δ)
• This provides a total of 4 possible connections for 3

phase transformer (if Neutral is not grounded):
(a) Wye-wye Y-Y
“star” (also known as Wye) and “delta” (also
(b) Wye-delta Y-Δ known as Mesh)
(c) Delta-wye Δ-Y
(d) Delta-Delta Δ-Δ
3 phase transformer connections
• Star-Star Transformer
22-Sep-19 21
• WYE-WYE connection, Y-Y connection
• In Y-Y connection, primary voltage on each

phase is VφP=VLP/√3
• Primary phase voltage is related to secondary

phase voltage by turns ratio of transformer
• Phase voltage of secondary is related to Line

voltage of secondary by VLS=√3 VφS
• Overall the voltage ratio of transformer is:
•
VLP 3VP
 a
• Y-Y
VLS 3VS

STAR – STAR Connection
aV/√3
Under balanced load conditions,

whether the neutrals are earthed or
unearthed. 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
IA + IB + IC = 0 and Ia + Ib + Ic = 0
Where IA , IB and IC refer to 𝑉𝐿 = 3𝑉𝑃 𝑉𝐿 = 3𝑉𝑃
primary side Ia + Ib and Ic to
secondary. 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑃 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑃
3-phase transformer connections
2.  -  connection:
The primary voltage on each phase of
the transformer is
V P  VLP (4.82.1)
The secondary phase voltage is

VLS  V S (4.82.2)
The overall voltage ratio is
VLP V P
 a (4.82.3)
VLS V S
No phase shift, no problems with

unbalanced loads or harmonics.
DELTA –DELTA Connection
𝑎: 1
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑃 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑃
𝐼𝐿 = 3𝐼𝑃 𝐼𝐿 = 3𝐼𝑃

DELTA –DELTA Connection
22-Sep-19 26

2. Y- connection:
the transformer is
VLP
V P 
3
VLS  V S
VLP 3V P
  3a
VLS V S

STAR – DELTA Connection

𝑉𝐿 = 3𝑉𝑃 𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑃
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑃 𝐼𝐿 = 3𝐼𝑃
Phase-shift between line-line voltages
in transformers
It is also observed from the phasor diagram that phase a to neutral voltage
(equivalent star basis) on the delta side lags by – 30° to the phase-to-neutral
voltage on the star side; this is also the phase relationship between the
respective line to- line voltages. This connection, therefore, is known as – 30°-
connection.
Phase-shift between line-line voltages
in transformers
The + 30°-connection follows from the

phasor diagram
22-Sep-19 31
The Y- connection has no problem with third harmonic components due to
circulating currents in . It is also more stable to unbalanced loads since the 
partially redistributes any imbalance that occurs.
One problem associated with this connection is that the secondary voltage is
shifted by 300 with respect to the primary voltage. This can cause problems when
paralleling 3-phase transformers since transformers secondary voltages must be
in-phase to be paralleled. Therefore, we must pay attention to these shifts.
If secondary of this transformer should be paralleled with secondary of another

transformer without phase shift, there would be a problem
The phase angles of secondary's must be equal if they are to be paralleled, it
means that direction of phase shifts also should be the same

Y-Δ Connection
• In figure shown here, secondary lags primary if abc
phase sequence applied,
• However secondary leads primary when acb phase
sequence applied

3.  -Y connection:
the transformer is
V P  VLP

VLS  3V S
VLP V P a
 
VLS 3V S 3
The same advantages and the same And Secondary voltage lags primary voltage by
phase shift as the Y- connection. 30◦ with abc phase sequence
DELTA – STAR Connection

𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑃 𝑉𝐿 = 3𝑉𝑃
𝐼𝐿 = 3𝐼𝑃 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑃
Three-phase Transformer Line Voltage
and Current
Transformer ration a=n
22-Sep-19 36
Problem
• A 3-phase transformer bank consisting of
three 1-phase transformers is used to
stepdown the voltage of a 3-phase, 6600 V
transmission line. If the primary line current is
10 A, calculate the secondary line voltage, line
current and output kVA for the following
connections:
• (a) Y/Δand (b) Δ /Y. The turns ratio is 12.
Neglect losses.
22-Sep-19 37
Solution
22-Sep-19 38
Solution
22-Sep-19 39
Open-delta
• In the delta/delta connection if one of the transformers is
disconnected, the resulting connection is known as open-delta.
• Supposing the b-phase transformer in Fig. (a) is removed, and the
open-delta is excited from balanced 3-phase supply, then it easily
follows from the phasor diagram of Fig. (b) that the voltage Vb2b1 =
Vbc does not change as it equals – (Vca + Vab);
The voltages on the secondary side still remain
balanced 3-phase.
22-Sep-19 40
Open delta
• If the maximum allowable secondary phase
current is Iph, the transformer can handle VA
of : Sopen-delta = √3 V Iph ; Iph = Iline
• which for normal delta/delta connection is
• Sdelta-delta = 3VIph
• Thus the open-delta connection has a VA
rating of 1/ √3 = 0.58 of the rating of the
normal delta/delta
• connection.
22-Sep-19 41
End
• Three phase transformers
22-Sep-19 42

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What are the different types of three phase transformer connections discussed?

What are the different types of three phase transformer connections discussed?

What is an open-delta connection in three phase transformers?

What is an open-delta connection in three phase transformers?

Electrical Machines

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

a) Wye-connected load b) Delta-connected load

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

Phase voltages are: Van, Vbn and Vcn.

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

Magnitude of line voltages is √3 times the magnitude of phase voltages. VL= √3

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

VL  Vab  Vbc  Vca

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

Connectio Phase Phase

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

• Any single phase in bank behaves exactly like 1 phase

• Impedance, V.R., efficiency, & similar calculations for 3 ph. are

• The applications, advantages and disadvantages of each type of

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

• The windings of primary and secondary (in any construction)

• This provides a total of 4 possible connections for 3

• In Y-Y connection, primary voltage on each

• Primary phase voltage is related to secondary

• Phase voltage of secondary is related to Line

• Overall the voltage ratio of transformer is:

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

Under balanced load conditions,

The secondary phase voltage is

The overall voltage ratio is

No phase shift, no problems with

𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

The overall voltage ratio is

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

The + 30°-connection follows from the

If secondary of this transformer should be paralleled with secondary of another

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION

The secondary phase voltage is

The overall voltage ratio is

𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

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