Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 44 views

    Self Driving Car NARENDER (11610755) Self Driving Car NARENDER (11610755)

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Dhandhi
    The document discusses self-driving cars. It begins with definitions, noting that a self-driving car uses sensors, cameras, radar and AI to travel without a human driver. The history of self-driving cars is then summarized, from early experiments in the 1920s to advances by companies today. The document outlines the six levels of vehicle automation as classified by SAE International, from no automation to full automation without human involvement. Advantages of self-driving cars include reduced accidents, insurance costs and traffic. Disadvantages include high costs, potential for errors, job losses and issues in situations like traffic light failures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Self Driving Car NARENDER (11610755) Self Driving Car NARENDER (11610755)

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Dhandhi
    44 views8 pages
    The document discusses self-driving cars. It begins with definitions, noting that a self-driving car uses sensors, cameras, radar and AI to travel without a human driver. The history of self-driving cars is then summarized, from early experiments in the 1920s to advances by companies today. The document outlines the six levels of vehicle automation as classified by SAE International, from no automation to full automation without human involvement. Advantages of self-driving cars include reduced accidents, insurance costs and traffic. Disadvantages include high costs, potential for errors, job losses and issues in situations like traffic light failures.

    Original Description:

    SELF DRIVING CAR

    Original Title

    Self Driving

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses self-driving cars. It begins with definitions, noting that a self-driving car uses sensors, cameras, radar and AI to travel without a human driver. The history of self-driving cars is then summarized, from early experiments in the 1920s to advances by companies today. The document outlines the six levels of vehicle automation as classified by SAE International, from no automation to full automation without human involvement. Advantages of self-driving cars include reduced accidents, insurance costs and traffic. Disadvantages include high costs, potential for errors, job losses and issues in situations like traffic light failures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    44 views8 pages

    Self Driving Car NARENDER (11610755) Self Driving Car NARENDER (11610755)

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Dhandhi
    The document discusses self-driving cars. It begins with definitions, noting that a self-driving car uses sensors, cameras, radar and AI to travel without a human driver. The history of self-driving cars is then summarized, from early experiments in the 1920s to advances by companies today. The document outlines the six levels of vehicle automation as classified by SAE International, from no automation to full automation without human involvement. Advantages of self-driving cars include reduced accidents, insurance costs and traffic. Disadvantages include high costs, potential for errors, job losses and issues in situations like traffic light failures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    SELF DRIVING CAR

    by

    NARENDER(11610755)

    Submitted
    To

    Dr. Rajesh Kumar


    (Assistant Professor)

    DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING


    NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KURUKSHETRA

    January,2019
    CONTENTS

    1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................1

    1.1 Definition…………………………………………………………………………….…1

    1.2 History………………………………………………………………………………….1

    1.3 self driving car today?.............................................................................................2

    2 How do self-driving cars work? ………………………………………………….2

    3 classification…………………………………………………………………………2
    3.1 level of automation

    3.1.1 level0

    3.1.2 level1

    3.1.3 level2

    3.1.4 level3

    3.1.5 level4

    3.1.6 level5

    4 Advantages……………………………………………………………………………….4

    5 Disadvantages…………………………………………………………………………….5
    INTRODUCTION
    OVER VIEW
    Typically, in this chapter we are discussing on self driving car or autonomous car
    or driverless car.

    We will also be including the history related to self driving car and challenges
    related to it.

    1.1 WHAT IS SELF DRIVING CAR


    A vehicle which are combination of sensor, camera, radar & artificial
    intelligence(AI) to travel a destination without a driver. To qualify fully automatic
    a car must drive itself without a men interaction with car.

    1.2 HISTORY
    Experiments of self driving car been started since 1920’s first trial took place in
    the 1950’s.

    Normal Bel Geddes is the maker of first self driving car or Autonomous car which
    was electric vehicle guided by radio controlled electro magnetic field generated
    with magnetized metal spikes embedded in the roadway.General motor had
    made its concept in reality by 1958.the front end of the car was fixed with sensor
    called pick-up-coils that detect the current flow through a wire embedded in the
    road. The current controls the vehicle & tell to move the steer wheel left or right.

    In 1977 the Japanese improved this by installing a camera in the car. Camera
    shows the data in pc to process image of the road but this vehicle could travel at
    speed less than 20mph. after a decade german improve the vehicle outfitted with
    camera that run at safetly about 56mph. as techonology improved so did the self
    driving vehicle ability to detect & react to their environment.

    1.3SELF DRIVING CAR TODAY

    At present, many car on the road are considered to be semi automatic


    coz of the safety feature like assisted parking and braking system and a few have
    the capability to drive, steer, brake, and park by themselves,By 2025 the
    autonomous car will be in world wide till then companies audi, ford, google ,
    general motor ,tesla are doing there best to make this techonology full perfect.

    2 How do self-driving cars work?


    Self driving car must be familiar with the surrounding that whats happening in
    near area. This give the car to make a best decision that what direction should
    take & in which way there will be less obstacles. To obtain this driverless car are
    integrated with sensor lasser,a camera, a GPS mapping and a advanced controller
    system for reading the information from the sensor. The data so obtained is
    incorporated into the car’s map through a simultaneous localization and mapping
    algorithm thus creating a clear picture of its surroundings.

    The windscreen camera and the bumper mounted radar keep track of the person
    walking on the road, street light traffic light, road sign, and other vehicle on the
    car. These are also fed into the vehicle’s mapping system ensuring that the car
    follows traffic rules and allows pedestrians to cross. Additionally, it is equipped
    with an odometer and computer vision that helps to decode the information in a
    manner that the vehicles inbuilt software can interpret. the car uses newer range
    Lidar (light detection and range) sensors compared to GPS it give more precise
    image. the software is programmed with neural networks that represent real
    driving experiences so it looked like car is driven by a professional driver it also
    allows the car to take the best course of action in different situations.

    3 CLASSIFICATION

    There are different levels of automation as classified by SAE international. These ranges are
    from a “hands-on” driving experience to a “driver-free” mode of driving. In each of these levels,
    the driver’s involvement gets lesser as computers take over the operation of the vehicle.

    3.1 LEVEL OF AUTOMATION


    1. Level0 (zero automation):- In this level there is zero automation vehicle is
    controlled by the driver that means no steering control, braking assistance,
    or acceleration there is no driving feature everthing is controlled by the
    driver even the gears how so ever this system may show the warning sign
    but doesn’t take any action.
    2. Level1 (hands on):- In this level , the car and the driver share
    responsibilities in operating the car. This means that either the car controls
    speed and the driver steers the car or vice versa.in this car alone cannot
    handle both steering and acceleration of the vehicle. This level has a
    feature of parking assistance, lane assistance, and emergency braking.
    3. Level2 (“partial hands off”):-in this vehicle can handle the acceleration,
    braking and steering independently. However driver need to be attentive as
    the car may not handle the driving on its own.
    4. Level3 (conditional automation”):- in this level, the car can handle most of
    the situations that may arise when passing from regular traffic. However it
    may need the guidance of driver in some cases the some traffic situation
    are not programmed.
    5. Level4 (“high automation”):-in this level the car is almost fully automatic
    hence the driver involvement is very less in this case. For instance, when
    the system shows a glitch, the car slows down its speed and if well
    programmed, pulls off the road. However the vehicle can not run in a place
    like stormy weather or unmapped areas, in such cases vehicle slows down
    and switch to parking if driver fails to take the wheel.
    6. Level5 (“fully automated”) :-in this level the car is fully automatic it can run
    freely on its own no need of driving assistance it can run on unmapped
    areas or rough weathers.(So far no such cars are there till now).

    4. ADVANTAGES
    1. driving under the influence of drugs and reckless driving are the cause of most
    road accident. Self driving is expected to reduce the percentage of road accidents.

    2. since the vehicle will reduce the road accident the cost in insurance and money
    will be save.

    3. self driving car will reduce the traffic as each car will follow the traffic rules and
    preventing the blockage cause by the driver ignorance’s and fuel usage will be
    reduced as vehicles will have shorter idling periods in traffic jams.

    4. self driving car will be comfortable for disabled person.


    5. there will be less struggle to locating a parking lot as your car will quickly drop
    you off and get a parking space independently.

    6. With a ready market for self-driven vehicles, production will need to be in


    large-scale to fill the demand. This will create more job opportunities.

    5. DISADVANTAGES
    1. Although everybody is exciting the coming of self-driven vehicles in the
    market, it is unarguable that they will cost a fortune once released. This will be
    mainly as a result of the expensive workforce and the high cost of technology
    required. However, the price may go down within years as technology gets better
    than it is currently and a competitive hand appears on the market.
    2. like any programme has a prone there will be an error which may lead to
    severe injuries or even worse loss of lives.
     3. These vehicles will cause a significant fall in insurance policies as the risk
    covered will be small. This will lead to the collapse of some firms and lesser profit
    margins for other firms.
     4. In case of traffic light failure, the vehicles may end up getting stranded as they
    are designed in a manner that they follow traffic rules.
    5. These vehicles are likely to have more repair charges if anything goes wrong.
     6. Some personnel ranging from personal injury lawyers may end up losing their
    jobs as there will be few accidents.
    References
    https://www.titlemax.com/resources/history-of-the-
    autonomous-car
    www.circuitstoday.com/self-driving-cars-work
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car

    You might also like