Java Important Questions & Answers

Made by:
Smrutimayee Mishra
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 Java Important Questions & Answers

Contents
Q#1)What is Java? .................................................................................................................................. 6
Q #2) What are the features in JAVA? ................................................................................................... 6
Q #3) How does Java enable high performance? .................................................................................... 6
Q #4) What are the Java IDE’s?.............................................................................................................. 6
Q #5) What do you mean by Constructor? ............................................................................................. 6
Q #6) What is meant by Local variable and Instance variable? .............................................................. 7
Q #7) What is a Class? ............................................................................................................................ 7
Q #8) What is an Object? ........................................................................................................................ 7
Q #9)What are the Oops concepts? ......................................................................................................... 7
Q #10) What is Inheritance? ................................................................................................................... 8
Q #11) What is Encapsulation?.............................................................................................................. 8
Q #12) What is Polymorphism? ............................................................................................................. 9
Q #13) What is meant by Method Overriding?...................................................................................... 9
Q #14) What is meant by Overloading?................................................................................................ 10
Q #15) What is meant by Interface? ..................................................................................................... 11
Q #16) What is meant by Abstract class? ............................................................................................. 11
Q #17) Difference between Array and Array List. .............................................................................. 12
Q #18) Difference between String, String Builder, and String Buffer................................................. 12
Q #19) Explain about Public and Private access specifiers. ................................................................. 13
Q #20) Difference between Default and Protected access specifiers. ................................................... 14
Q #21) Difference between HashMap and HashTable. ........................................................................ 15
Q #22) Difference between HashSet and TreeSet................................................................................. 15
Q #23) Difference between Abstract class and Interface. ..................................................................... 15
Q #24) What is mean by Collections in Java? ..................................................................................... 16
Q #25) What are all the Classes and Interfaces that are available in the collections? .......................... 16
Q #26) What is meant by Ordered and Sorted in collections? .............................................................. 17
Q #27) Explain about the different lists available in the collection. ..................................................... 17
Q #29). Explain about Map and their types. ......................................................................................... 20
Q #30) Explain the Priority Queue. ...................................................................................................... 21
Q #31) What is mean by Exception? .................................................................................................... 22
Q #32) What are the types of Exceptions? ............................................................................................ 22
Q #33) What are the different ways to handle exceptions? .................................................................. 22
Q #34) What are the Advantages of Exception handling? .................................................................... 23
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Q #35) What are Exception handling keywords in Java? ..................................................................... 23

Q #36) Explain about Exception Propagation....................................................................................... 23
Q #37) What is the final keyword in Java? ........................................................................................... 24
Q #38) What is a Thread? ..................................................................................................................... 24
Q #40) Explain about join () method. ................................................................................................... 25
Q #41) What does yield method of the Thread class do? ..................................................................... 25
Q #42) Explain about wait () method.................................................................................................... 26
Q #43) Difference between notify() method and notifyAll() method in Java. ...................................... 26
Q #44) How to stop a thread in java? Explain about sleep () method in a thread? ............................... 26
Q #45) When to use Runnable interface Vs Thread class in Java? ....................................................... 27
Q #46) Difference between start() and run() method of thread class. ................................................... 27
Q #47) What is Multi-threading? .......................................................................................................... 27
Q #48) Explain thread life cycle in Java. .............................................................................................. 28
Q #49) What is Synchronization? ......................................................................................................... 29
Q #50) What is the disadvantage of Synchronization? ......................................................................... 30
Q #51) What is meant by Serialization? ............................................................................................... 30
Q #52) What is the purpose of a transient variable? ............................................................................. 30
Q #53) Which methods are used during Serialization and Deserialization process? ............................ 30
Q #54) What is the purpose of a Volatile Variable? ............................................................................. 30
Q #55) Difference between Serialization and Deserialization in Java. ................................................. 31
Q #56) What is SerialVersionUID? ...................................................................................................... 31
1.What is JVM? ..................................................................................................................................... 31
2. What is the most important feature of Java? ................................................................................... 31
3. What do you mean by platform independence? .............................................................................. 31
4. What is the difference between a JDK and a JVM? .......................................................................... 32
5. What is the base class of all classes? ................................................................................................ 32
6. What are the access modifiers in Java? ............................................................................................ 32
7. What is are packages? ...................................................................................................................... 32
8. What is meant by Inheritance and what are its advantages? .......................................................... 32
9. What is the difference between superclass and subclass? .............................................................. 32
10. What is an abstract class? ............................................................................................................... 32
11. What are the states associated in the thread? ............................................................................... 32
12. What is synchronization? ................................................................................................................ 32

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13. What is deadlock? ........................................................................................................................... 32

14. What is an applet? .......................................................................................................................... 33
15. What is the lifecycle of an applet? .................................................................................................. 33
16. How do you set security in applets? ............................................................................................... 33
17. What is a layout manager and what are different types of layout managers available in java
AWT? ..................................................................................................................................................... 33
18. What is JDBC? ................................................................................................................................. 33
19. What are drivers available? ............................................................................................................ 33
20. What is stored procedure? ............................................................................................................. 33
21. What is the Java API? ...................................................................................................................... 33
22. Why there are no global variables in Java? .................................................................................... 34
23. What are Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism? ............................................................ 34
24. What is the use of bin and lib in JDK? ............................................................................................. 34
25. What is method overloading and method overriding? .................................................................. 34
26. What is the difference between this() and super()? ....................................................................... 34
27. What is Domain Naming Service(DNS)?.......................................................................................... 34
28. What is URL? ................................................................................................................................... 34
29. What is RMI and steps involved in developing an RMI object? ...................................................... 34
30. What is RMI architecture? .............................................................................................................. 35
31. What is a Java Bean? ....................................................................................................................... 35
32. What are checked exceptions? ....................................................................................................... 35
33. What are runtime exceptions? ....................................................................................................... 35
34. What is the difference between error and an exception?.............................................................. 35
35. What is the purpose of finalization? ............................................................................................... 35
36. What is the difference between yielding and sleeping?................................................................. 35
37. What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing? ................................... 36
38. What is mutable object and immutable object? ............................................................................ 36
39. What is the purpose of Void class? ................................................................................................. 36
40. What is JIT and its use? ................................................................................................................... 36
41. What is nested class? ...................................................................................................................... 36
42. What is HashMap and Map? ........................................................................................................... 36
43. What are different types of access modifiers? ............................................................................... 36
44. What is the difference between Reader/Writer and InputStream/Output Stream? ..................... 36
45. What is servlet?............................................................................................................................... 37
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47. What is an Iterator ? ....................................................................................................................... 37

48. What is the List interface? .............................................................................................................. 37
49. What is memory leak? .................................................................................................................... 37
50. What is the difference between the prefix and postfix forms of the ++ operator? ....................... 37
51. What is the difference between a constructor and a method? ..................................................... 37
52. What will happen to the Exception object after exception handling? ........................................... 37
53. Difference between static and dynamic class loading. ................................................................... 38
54. Explain the Common use of EJB ...................................................................................................... 38
55. What is JSP? .................................................................................................................................... 38
56. What is the purpose of apache tomcat?......................................................................................... 38
57. Where pragma is used? .................................................................................................................. 38
58. Briefly explain daemon thread........................................................................................................ 38
59. What is a native method? ............................................................................................................... 38
60. Explain different way of using thread? ........................................................................................... 38
61. What are the two major components of JDBC? ............................................................................. 39
62. What kind of thread is the Garbage collector thread? ................................................................... 39
63. What are the different ways to handle exceptions? ...................................................................... 39
64. How many objects are created in the following piece of code?..................................................... 39
65.What is UNICODE? ........................................................................................................................... 39

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 Java Important Questions & Answers

MOST POPULAR JAVA IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

Given below is a comprehensive list of most important and commonly asked basic and advanced
Java programming interview questions with detailed answers.

Q#1)What is Java?
Ans: Java is a high-level programming language and is platform independent.
Java is a collection of objects. It was developed by Sun Microsystems. There are a lot of
applications, websites and Games that are developed using Java.

Q #2) What are the features in JAVA?

Ans: Features of Java:
 Oops concepts
 Object-oriented
 Inheritance
 Encapsulation
 Polymorphism
 Abstraction
 Platform independent: A single program works on different platforms without any
modification.
 High Performance: JIT (Just In Time compiler) enables high performance in Java. JIT
converts the byte code into machine language and then JVM starts the execution.
 Multi-threaded: A flow of execution is known as a Thread. JVM creates a thread which
is called main thread. The user can create multiple threads by extending the thread class
or by implementing Runnable interface.

Q #3) How does Java enable high performance?

Ans: Java uses Just In Time compiler to enable high performance. JIT is used to convert the
instructions into byte codes.

Q #4) What are the Java IDE’s?

Ans: Eclipse and NetBeans are the IDE’s of JAVA.

Q #5) What do you mean by Constructor?

Ans: The points given below explain what a Constructor is in detail:
 When a new object is created in a program a constructor gets invoked corresponding to
the class.
 The constructor is a method which has the same name as class name.
 If a user doesn’t create a constructor implicitly a default constructor will be created.
 The constructor can be overloaded.

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 Java Important Questions & Answers

 If the user created a constructor with a parameter then he should create another
constructor explicitly without a parameter.

Q #6) What is meant by Local variable and Instance variable?

Ans: Local variables are defined in the method and scope of the variables that have existed
inside the method itself.
An instance variable is defined inside the class and outside the method and scope of the
variables exist throughout the class.

Q #7) What is a Class?

Ans: All Java codes are defined in a class. A Class has variables and methods.
Variables are attributes which define the state of a class.
Methods are the place where the exact business logic has to be done. It contains a set of
statements (or) instructions to satisfy the particular requirement.
Example:
1 public class Addition{ //Class name declaration
2 int a = 5; //Variable declaration

3 int b= 5;
4 public void add(){ //Method declaration

5 int c = a+b;
6}
7}

Q #8) What is an Object?

Ans: An instance of a class is called object. The object has state and behavior.
Whenever the JVM reads the “new()” keyword then it will create an instance of that class.
Example:
1 public class Addition{
2 public static void main(String[] args){

3 Addion add = new Addition();//Object creation

4}
5}
The above code creates the object for the Addition class.

Q #9)What are the Oops concepts?

Ans: Oops concepts include:
Inheritance
Encapsulation
Polymorphism
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Abstraction
Interface

Q #10) What is Inheritance?

Ans: Inheritance means one class can extend to another class. So that the codes can be reused
from one class to another class.
Existing class is known as Super class whereas the derived class is known as a sub class.
Example:
1 Super class:
2 public class Manupulation(){
3}
4 Sub class:
5 public class Addition extends Manipulation(){
6}
Inheritance is applicable for public and protected members only. Private members can’t be
inherited.

Q #11) What is Encapsulation?

Ans: Purpose of Encapsulation:
Protects the code from others.
Code maintainability.
Example:
We are declaring ‘a’ as an integer variable and it should not be negative.
1 public class Addition(){
2 int a=5;
3}
If someone changes the exact variable as “a = -5” then it is bad.
In order to overcome the problem we need to follow the below steps:
We can make the variable as private or protected one.
Use public accessor methods such as set<property> and get<property>.
So that the above code can be modified as:
1 public class Addition(){
2 private int a = 5; //Here the variable is marked as private
3}
Below code shows the getter and setter.
Conditions can be provided while setting the variable.
get A(){
}
set A(int a){
if(a>0){// Here condition is applied
.........
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}
}
For encapsulation, we need to make all the instance variables as private and create setter and
getter for those variables. Which in turn will force others to call the setters rather than access the
data directly.

Q #12) What is Polymorphism?

Ans: Polymorphism means many forms.
A single object can refer the super class or sub-class depending on the reference type which is
called polymorphism.
Example:
1 Public class Manipulation(){ //Super class
2 public void add(){
3}
4}
5 public class Addition extends Manipulation(){ // Sub class
6 public void add(){
7}
8 public static void main(String args[]){

9 Manipulation addition = new Addition();//Manipulation is reference type and Addition is reference type
10 addition.add();
11 }
12 }
Using Manipulation reference type we can call the Addition class “add()” method. This ability is
known as Polymorphism.
Polymorphism is applicable for overriding and not for overloading.

Q #13) What is meant by Method Overriding?

Ans: Method overriding happens if the sub class method satisfies the below conditions with
the Super class method:
Method name should be same
Argument should be same
Return type also should be same
The key benefit of overriding is that the Sub class can provide some specific information about
that sub class type than the super class.
Example:
public class Manipulation{ //Super class
public void add(){
………………
}
}
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Public class Addition extends Manipulation(){

Public void add(){
………..
}
Public static void main(String args[]){
Manipulation addition = new Addition(); //Polimorphism is applied
addition.add(); // It calls the Sub class add() method
}
}
addition.add() method calls the add() method in the Sub class and not the parent class. So it
overrides the Super class method and is known as Method Overriding.

Q #14) What is meant by Overloading?

Ans: Method overloading happens for different classes or within the same class.
For method overloading, subclass method should satisfy the below conditions with the
Super class method (or) methods in the same class itself:
Same method name
Different argument type
May have different return types
Example:
public class Manipulation{ //Super class
public void add(String name){ //String parameter
………………
}
}

Public class Addition extends Manipulation(){

Public void add(){//No Parameter
………..
}
Public void add(int a){ //integer parameter

}
Public static void main(String args[]){
Addition addition = new Addition();
addition.add();
}
}
Here the add() method having different parameters in the Addition class is overloaded in the same
class as well as with the super class.
Note: Polymorphism is not applicable for method overloading.

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Q #15) What is meant by Interface?

Ans: Multiple inheritance cannot be achieved in java. To overcome this problem Interface
concept is introduced.
An interface is a template which has only method declarations and not the method
implementation.
Example:
1 Public abstract interface IManupulation{ //Interface declaration
2 Public abstract void add();//method declaration

3 public abstract void subtract();

4}
All the methods in the interface are internally public abstract void.
All the variables in the interface are internally public static final that is constants.
Classes can implement the interface and not extends.
The class which implements the interface should provide an implementation for all the methods
declared in the interface.
1 public class Manupulation implements IManupulation{ //Manupulation class uses the interface
2 Public void add(){
3 ……………
4}
5 Public void subtract(){
6 …………….
7}
8}

Q #16) What is meant by Abstract class?

Ans: We can create the Abstract class by using “Abstract” keyword before the class name. An
abstract class can have both “Abstract” methods and “Non-abstract” methods that are a concrete
class.
Abstract method:
The method which has only the declaration and not the implementation is called the abstract
method and it has the keyword called “abstract”. Declarations are the ends with a semicolon.
Example:
1 public abstract class Manupulation{
2 public abstract void add();//Abstract method declaration

3 Public void subtract(){

4}
5}
An abstract class may have a Non- abstract method also.
The concrete Subclass which extends the Abstract class should provide the implementation for
abstract methods.

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Q #17) Difference between Array and Array List.

Ans: The Difference between Array and Array List can be understood from the below table

Array Array List

Size should be given at the time of array Size may not be required. It changes the size
declaration. dynamically.

String[] name = new String[2] ArrayList name = new ArrayList

To put an object into array we need to specify No index required.
the index.
name.add(“book”)
name[1] = “book”
Array is not type parameterized ArrayList in java 5.0 are parameterized.

Eg: This angle bracket is a type parameter which

means a list of String.

Q #18) Difference between String, String Builder, and String Buffer.

\Ans: String: String variables are stored in “constant string pool”. Once the string reference
changes the old value that exists in the “constant string pool”, it cannot be erased.
Example:
String name = “book”;
Constant string pool

.
If the name value has changed from “book” to “pen”.
Constant string pool

Then the older value retains in the constant string pool.

String Buffer:
Here string values are stored in a stack. If the values are changed then the new value replaces the
older value.
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The string buffer is synchronized which is thread-safe.

Performance is slower than the String Builder.
Example:
String Buffer name =”book”;

Once the name value has been changed to “pen” then the “book” is erased in the stack.

String Builder:
This is same as String Buffer except for the String Builder which is not threaded safety that is not
synchronized. So obviously performance is fast.

Q #19) Explain about Public and Private access specifiers.

Ans: Methods and instance variables are known as members.
Public:
Public members are visible in the same package as well as the outside package that is for other
packages.

Public members in Class A are visible to Class B (Same package) as well as Class C (Different
package).
Private:
Private members are visible in the same class only and not for the other classes in the same
package as well as classes in the outside packages.

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Private members in class A is visible only in that class. It is invisible for class B as well as class
C.

Q #20) Difference between Default and Protected access specifiers.

Ans: Default: Methods and variables declared in a class without any access specifiers are called
default.

Default members in Class A are visible to the other classes which are inside the package and
invisible to the classes which are outside the package.
So Class A members are visible to the Class B and invisible to the Class C.
Protected:

.
Protected is same as Default but if a class extends then it is visible even if it is outside the
package.
Class A members are visible to Class B because it is inside the package. For Class C it is invisible
but if Class C extends Class A then the members are visible to the Class C even if it is outside the
package.

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Q #21) Difference between HashMap and HashTable.

Ans: Difference between HashMap and HashTable can be seen below:

HashMap HashTable

Methods are not synchronized Key methods are synchronized

Not thread safety Thread safety

Iterator is used to iterate the values Enumerator is used to iterate the values

Allows one null key and multiple null values Doesn’t allow anything that is null

Performance is high than HashTable Performance is slow

Q #22) Difference between HashSet and TreeSet.

Ans: Difference between HashSet and TreeSet can be seen below:

HashSet TreeSet

Inserted elements are in random order Maintains the elements in the sorted order

Can able to store null objects Couldn’t store null objects

Performance is fast Performance is slow

Q #23) Difference between Abstract class and Interface.

Ans: Difference between Abstract Class and Interface are as follows:
Abstract Class:
Abstract classes have a default constructor and it is called whenever the concrete subclass is
instantiated.
Contains Abstract methods as well as Non-Abstract methods.
The class which extends the Abstract class shouldn’t require implementing all the methods, only
Abstract methods need to be implemented in the concrete sub-class.
Abstract Class contains instance variables.
Interface:
Doesn’t have any constructor and couldn’t be instantiated.
Abstract method alone should be declared.
Classes which implement the interface should provide the implementation for all the methods.
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The interface contains only constants.

Q #24) What is mean by Collections in Java?

Ans: Collection is a framework that is designed to store the objects and manipulate the design to
store the objects.
Collections are used to perform the following operations:
Searching
Sorting
Manipulation
Insertion
Deletion
A group of objects is known as collections. All the classes and interfaces for collecting are
available in Java utile package.

Q #25) What are all the Classes and Interfaces that are available in the
collections?
Ans: Given below are the Classes and Interfaces that are available in Collections:
Interfaces:
Collection
List
Set
Map
Sorted Set
Sorted Map
Queue
Classes:
Lists:
Array List
Vector
Linked List
Sets:
Hash set
Linked Hash Set
Tree Set
Maps:
Hash Map
Hash Table
Tree Map
Linked Hashed Map
Queue:
Priority Queue

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Q #26) What is meant by Ordered and Sorted in collections?

Ans:
Ordered:
It means the values that are stored in a collection is based on the values that are added to the
collection. So we can iterate the values from the collection in a specific order.
Sorted:
Sorting mechanism can be applied internally or externally so that the group of objects sorted in a
particular collection is based on properties of the objects.

Q #27) Explain about the different lists available in the collection.

Ans: Values added to the list is based on the index position and it is ordered by index position.
Duplicates are allowed.
Types of Lists are:
Array List:
Fast iteration and fast Random Access.
It is an ordered collection (by index) and not sorted.
It implements Random Access Interface.
Example:
public class Fruits{
public static void main (String [ ] args){
ArrayList <String>names=new ArrayList <String>();
names.add (“apple”);
names.add (“cherry”);
names.add (“kiwi”);
names.add (“banana”);
names.add (“cherry”);
System.out.println (names);
}
}
Output:
[Apple, cherry, kiwi, banana, cherry]
From the output, Array List maintains the insertion order and it accepts the duplicates. But not
sorted.
Vector:
It is same as Array List.
Vector methods are synchronized.
Thread safety.
It also implements the Random Access.
Thread safety usually causes a performance hit.
Example:
public class Fruit {
public static void main (String [ ] args){
Vector <String> names = new Vector <String> ( );
names.add (“cherry”);
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names.add (“apple”);
names.add (“banana”);
names.add (“kiwi”);
names.add (“apple”);
System.out.println (“names”);
}
}
Output:
[cherry,apple,banana,kiwi,apple]
Vector also maintains the insertion order and accepts the duplicates.
Linked List:
Elements are doubly linked to one another.
Performance is slow than Array list.
Good choice for insertion and deletion.
In Java 5.0 it supports common queue methods peek( ), Pool ( ), Offer ( ) etc.
Example:
public class Fruit {
public static void main (String [ ] args){
Linkedlist <String> names = new linkedlist <String> ( ) ;
names.add(“banana”);
names.add(“cherry”);
names.add(“apple”);
names.add(“kiwi”);
names.add(“banana”);
System.out.println (names);
}
}
Output
[ banana,cherry,apple,kiwi,banana]
Maintains the insertion order and accepts the duplicates.
Q #28) Explain about Set and their types in a collection?
Ans: Set cares about uniqueness. It doesn’t allow duplications. Here “equals ( )” method is used
to determine whether two objects are identical or not.
Hash Set:
 Unordered and unsorted.
 Uses the hash code of the object to insert the values.
 Use this when the requirement is “no duplicates and don’t care about the order”.
Example:
public class Fruit {
public static void main (String[ ] args){
HashSet<String> names = new HashSet <=String>( ) ;
names.add(“banana”);
names.add(“cherry”);
names.add(“apple”);
names.add(“kiwi”);
names.add(“banana”);
System.out.println (names);
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}
}
Output:
[banana, cherry, kiwi, apple]

Doesn’t follow any insertion order. Duplicates are not allowed.

Linked Hash set:

 An ordered version of the hash set is known as Linked Hash Set.
 Maintains a doubly-Linked list of all the elements.
 Use this when the iteration order is required.
Example:
public class Fruit {
public static void main (String[ ] args){
LinkedHashSet<String> names = new LinkedHashSet <String>( ) ;
names.add(“banana”);
names.add(“cherry”);
names.add(“apple”);
names.add(“kiwi”);
names.add(“banana”);
System.out.println (names);
}
}
Output:
[banana, cherry, apple, kiwi]

Maintains the insertion order in which they have been added to the Set. Duplicates are not
allowed.

Tree Set:
 It is one of the two sorted collections.
 Uses “Read-Black” tree structure and guarantees that the elements will be in an ascending
order.
 We can construct a tree set with the constructor by using comparable (or) comparator.
Example:
public class Fruits{
public static void main (String[ ]args) {
Treeset<String> names= new TreeSet<String>( ) ;
names.add(“cherry”);
names.add(“banana”);
names.add(“apple”);
names.add(“kiwi”);
names.add(“cherry”);
System.out.println(names);
}
}
Output:
[apple, banana, cherry, kiwi]

TreeSet sorts the elements in an ascending order. And duplicates are not allowed.
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Q #29). Explain about Map and their types.

Ans: Map cares about unique identifier. We can map a unique key to a specific value. It is a
key/value pair. We can search a value, based on the key. Like set, Map also uses “equals ( )”
method to determine whether two keys are same or different.
Hash Map:
 Unordered and unsorted map.
 Hashmap is a good choice when we don’t care about the order.
 It allows one null key and multiple null values.
Example:
Public class Fruit{
Public static void main(String[ ] args){
HashMap<Sting,String> names =new HashMap<String,String>( );
names.put(“key1”,“cherry”);
names.put (“key2”,“banana”);
names.put (“key3”,“apple”);
names.put (“key4”,“kiwi”);
names.put (“key1”,“cherry”);
System.out.println(names);
}
}
Output:
{key2 =banana, key1=cherry, key4 =kiwi, key3= apple}

Duplicate keys are not allowed in Map.

Doesn’t maintain any insertion order and is unsorted.

Hash Table:
 Like vector key, methods of the class are synchronized.
 Thread safety and therefore slows the performance.
 Doesn’t allow anything that is null.
Example:
public class Fruit{
public static void main(String[ ]args){
Hashtable<Sting,String> names =new Hashtable<String,String>( );
names.put(“key1”,“cherry”);
names.put(“key2”,“apple”);
names.put(“key3”,“banana”);
names.put(“key4”,“kiwi”);
names.put(“key2”,“orange”);
System.out.println(names);
}
}
Output:
{key2=apple, key1=cherry,key4=kiwi, key3=banana}

Duplicate keys are not allowed.

Linked Hash Map:

 Maintains insertion order.
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 Slower than Hash map.

 Can expect a faster iteration.
Example:
public class Fruit{
public static void main(String[ ] args){
LinkedHashMap<Sting,String> names =new LinkedHashMap<String,String>( );
names.put(“key1”,“cherry”);
names.put(“key2”,“apple”);
names.put(“key3”,“banana”);
names.put(“key4”,“kiwi”);
names.put(“key2”,“orange”);
System.out.println(names);
}
}
Output:
{key2=apple, key1=cherry,key4=kiwi, key3=banana}

Duplicate keys are not allowed.

TreeMap:
 Sorted Map.
 Like Tree set, we can construct a sort order with the constructor.
Example:
public class Fruit{
public static void main(String[ ]args){
TreeMap<Sting,String> names =new TreeMap<String,String>( );
names.put(“key1”,“cherry”);
names.put(“key2”,“banana”);
names.put(“key3”,“apple”);
names.put(“key4”,“kiwi”);
names.put(“key2”,“orange”);
System.out.println(names);
}
}
Output:
{key1=cherry, key2=banana, key3 =apple, key4=kiwi}

It is sorted in ascending order based on the key. Duplicate keys are not allowed.

Q #30) Explain the Priority Queue.

Ans: Queue Interface
Priority Queue: Linked list class has been enhanced to implement the queue interface. Queues
can be handled with a linked list. Purpose of a queue is “Priority-in, Priority-out”.
Hence elements are ordered either naturally or according to the comparator. The elements
ordering represents their relative priority.

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Q #31) What is mean by Exception?

Ans: An Exception is a problem that can occur during the normal flow of an execution. A method
can throw an exception when something wails at runtime. If that exception couldn’t be handled,
then the execution gets terminated before it completes the task.
If we handled the exception, then the normal flow gets continued. Exceptions are a subclass of
java.lang.Exception.

Example for handling Exception:

1 try{
2 //Risky codes are surrounded by this block
3 }catch(Exception e){
4 //Exceptions are caught in catch block
5}

Q #32) What are the types of Exceptions?

Ans: Two types of Exceptions are explained below in detail.
Checked Exception:
These exceptions are checked by the compiler at the time of compilation. Classes that extend
Throwable class except Runtime exception and Error are called checked Exception.

Checked Exceptions must either declare the exception using throes keyword (or) surrounded by
appropriate try/catch.

E.g. ClassNotFound Exception

Unchecked Exception:
These exceptions are not checked during the compile time by the compiler. The compiler doesn’t
force to handle these exceptions.

It includes:
 Arithmetic Exception
 ArrayIndexOutOfBounds Exception

Q #33) What are the different ways to handle exceptions?

Ans: Two different ways to handle exception are explained below:
#1) Using try/catch:
A risky code is surrounded by try block. If an exception occurs, then it is caught by the catch
block which is followed by the try block.

Example:
1 class Manipulation{
2 public static void main(String[] args){
3 add();
4}
5 Public void add(){
6 try{

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7 addition();
8 }catch(Exception e){
9 e.printStacktrace();
10 }
11 }
12 }
#2) By declaring throws keyword:
At the end of the method, we can declare the exception using throws keyword.

Example:
1 class Manipulation{
2 public static void main(String[] args){
3 add();
4}
5 public void add() throws Exception{
6 addition();
7}
8}

Q #34) What are the Advantages of Exception handling?

Ans: Given below are the advantages:
 The normal flow of the execution won’t be terminated if exception got handled
 We can identify the problem by using catch declaration

Q #35) What are Exception handling keywords in Java?

Ans: Given below are the two Exception Handling Keywords:
try:
When a risky code is surrounded by a try block. An exception occurring in the try block is caught
by a catch block. Try can be followed either by catch (or) finally (or) both. But any one of the
blocks is mandatory.

catch:
This is followed by try block. Exceptions are caught here.

finally:
This is followed either by try block (or) catch block. This block gets executed regardless of an
exception. So generally clean up codes are provided here.

Q #36) Explain about Exception Propagation.

Ans: Exception is first thrown from the method which is at the top of the stack. If it doesn’t
catch, then it pops up the method and moves to the previous method and so on until they are got.
This is called Exception propagation.

Example:
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1 public class Manipulation{

2 public static void main(String[] args){
3 add();
4}
5 public void add(){
6 addition();
7}
From the above example, the stack looks like as shown below:

If an exception occurred in the addition() method is not caught, then it moves to the
method add(). Then it is moved to the main() method and then it will stop the flow of execution.
It is called Exception Propagation.

Q #37) What is the final keyword in Java?

Ans:
Final variable:
Once a variable is declared as final, then the value of the variable could not be changed. It is like
a constant.

Example:
final int = 12;

Final method:
A final keyword in a method that couldn’t be overridden. If a method is marked as a final, then it
can’t be overridden by the subclass.

Final class:
If a class is declared as final, then the class couldn’t be subclassed. No class can extend the final
class.

Q #38) What is a Thread?

Ans: In Java, the flow of a execution is called Thread. Every java program has at least one thread
called main thread, the Main thread is created by JVM. The user can define their own threads by
extending Thread class (or) by implementing Runnable interface. Threads are executed
concurrently.
Example:
1 public static void main(String[] args){//main thread starts here
2}
Q #39) How do you make a thread in Java?
Ans: There are two ways available in order to make a thread.
#1) Extend Thread class:
Extending a Thread class and override the run method. The thread is available in java.lang.thread.

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Example:
1 Public class Addition extends Thread {
2 public void run () {
3}
4}
The disadvantage of using a thread class is that we cannot extend any other classes because we
have already extend the thread class. We can overload the run () method in our class.

#2) Implement Runnable interface:

Another way is implementing the runnable interface. For that we should provide the
implementation for run () method which is defined in the interface.

Example:
1 Public class Addition implements Runnable {
2 public void run () {
3}
4}

Q #40) Explain about join () method.

Ans: Join () method is used to join one thread with the end of the currently running thread.
Example:
1 public static void main (String[] args){
2 Thread t = new Thread ();
t.start
3
();
t.join
4
();
5}
From the above code, the main thread started the execution. When it reaches the
code t.start() then ‘thread t’ starts the own stack for the execution. JVM switches between the
main thread and ‘thread t’.
Once it reaches the code t.join() then ‘thread t’ alone is executed and completes its task, then only
main thread started the execution.
It is a non-static method. Join () method has overloaded version. So we can mention the time
duration in join () method also “.s”.

Q #41) What does yield method of the Thread class do?

Ans: A yield () method moves the currently running thread to a runnable state and allows the
other threads for execution. So that equal priority threads have a chance to run. It is a static
method. It doesn’t release any lock.
Yield () method moves the thread back to the Runnable state only, and not the thread to sleep (),
wait () (or) block.

Example:
1 public static void main (String[] args){

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2 Thread t = new Thread ();

3 t.start ();
4}
5 public void run(){
6 Thread.yield();
7}
8}

Q #42) Explain about wait () method.

Ans: wait () method is used to make the thread to wait in the waiting pool. When a wait ()
method is executed during a thread execution then immediately the thread gives up the lock on
the object and goes to the waiting pool. Wait () method tells the thread to wait for a given amount
of time.
Then the thread will wake up after notify () (or) notify all () method is called.

Wait() and the other above-mentioned methods do not give the lock on the object immediately
until the currently executing thread completes the synchronized code. It is mostly used in
synchronization.

Example:
1 public static void main (String[] args){
2 Thread t = new Thread ();
3 t.start ();
4 Synchronized (t) {
5 Wait();
6}
7}

Q #43) Difference between notify() method and notifyAll() method in Java.

Ans: Given below are few differences between notify() method and notifyAll() method
notify() notifyAll()

This method is used to send a signal to wake up a This method sends the signal to wake up all the
single thread in the waiting pool. threads in a waiting spool.

Q #44) How to stop a thread in java? Explain about sleep () method in a

thread?
Ans: We can stop a thread by using the following thread methods.
 Sleeping

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 Waiting
 Blocked
Sleep:
Sleep () method is used to sleep the currently executing thread for the given amount of time.
Once the thread is wake up it can move to the runnable state. So sleep () method is used to delay
the execution for some period.

It is a static method.

Example:
Thread. Sleep (2000)
So it delays the thread to sleep 2 milliseconds. Sleep () method throws an uninterrupted
exception, hence we need to surround the block with try/catch.

1 public class ExampleThread implements Runnable{

2 public static void main (String[] args){
3 Thread t = new Thread ();
4 t.start ();
5}
6 public void run(){
7 try{
8 Thread.sleep(2000);
9 }catch(InterruptedException e){
10 }
11 }

Q #45) When to use Runnable interface Vs Thread class in Java?

Ans: If we need our class to extend some other classes other than the thread then we can go with
the runnable interface because in java we can extend only one class.
If we are not going to extend any class then we can extend the thread class.

Q #46) Difference between start() and run() method of thread class.

Ans: Start() method creates new thread and the code inside the run () method is executed in the
new thread. If we directly called the run() method then a new thread is not created and the
currently executing thread will continue to execute the run() method.

Q #47) What is Multi-threading?

Ans: Multiple threads are executed simultaneously. Each thread starts their own stack based on
the flow (or) priority of the threads.
Example Program:
1 public class MultipleThreads implements Runnable
2{
3 public static void main (String[] args){//Main thread starts here

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4 Runnable r = new runnable ();

5 Thread t=new thread ();
6 t.start ();//User thread starts here
7 Addition add=new addition ();
8}
9 public void run(){
10 go();
11 }//User thread ends here
12 }
On the 1st line execution, JVM calls the main method and the main thread stack looks as shown
below.

Once the execution reaches, t.start () line then a new thread is created and the new stack for the
thread is also created. Now JVM switches to the new thread and the main thread are back to the
runnable state.
The two stacks look as shown below.

Now, the user thread executed the code inside the run() method.

Once the run() method has completed, then JVM switches back to the main thread and the User
thread has completed the task and the stack was disappeared.

JVM switches between each thread until both the threads are completed. This is called Multi-
threading.

Q #48) Explain thread life cycle in Java.

Ans: Thread has the following states:

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 New
 Runnable
 Running
 Non-runnable (Blocked)
 Terminated

 New:
In New state, Thread instance has been created but start () method is not yet invoked. Now the
thread is not considered alive.

 Runnable:
The Thread is in runnable state after invocation of the start () method, but before the run ()
method is invoked. But a thread can also return to the runnable state from waiting/sleeping. In
this state the thread is considered alive.

 Running:
The thread is in running state after it calls the run () method. Now the thread begins the
execution.

 Non-Runnable(Blocked):
The thread is alive but it is not eligible to run. It is not in runnable state but also, it will return to
runnable state after some time.

Example: wait, sleep, block.

 Terminated :
Once the run method is completed then it is terminated. Now the thread is not alive.

Q #49) What is Synchronization?

Ans: Synchronization makes only one thread to access a block of code at a time. If multiple
thread accesses the block of code, then there is a chance for inaccurate results at the end. To
avoid this issue, we can provide synchronization for the sensitive block of codes.
The synchronized keyword means that a thread needs a key in order to access the synchronized
code.

Locks are per objects. Every Java object has a lock. A lock has only one key. A thread can access
a synchronized method only if the thread can get the key to the objects lock.

For this, we use “Synchronized” keyword.

Example:
public class ExampleThread implements Runnable{
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public static void main (String[] args){

Thread t = new Thread ();
t.start ();
}
public void run(){
synchronized(object){
{
}
}

Q #50) What is the disadvantage of Synchronization?

Ans: Synchronization is not recommended to implement all the methods. Because if one thread
accesses the synchronized code then the next thread should have to wait. So it makes slow
performance on the other end.

Q #51) What is meant by Serialization?

Ans: Converting a file into a byte stream is known as Serialization. The objects in the file is
converted to the bytes for security purposes. For this, we need to implement java.io.Serializable
interface. It has no method to define.
Variables that are marked as transient will not be a part of the serialization. So we can skip the
serialization for the variables in the file by using a transient keyword.

Q #52) What is the purpose of a transient variable?

Ans: Transient variables are not part of the serialization process. During deserialization, the
transient variables values are set to default value. It is not used with static variables.
Example:
transient int numbers;

Q #53) Which methods are used during Serialization and Deserialization

process?
Ans: ObjectOutputStream and ObjectInputStream classes are higher level java.io. package. We
will use them with lower level classes FileOutputStream and FileInputStream.
ObjectOutputStream.writeObject —->Serialize the object and write the serialized object to a file.
ObjectInputStream.readObject —> Reads the file and deserializes the object.
To be serialized, an object must implement the serializable interface. If superclass implements
Serializable, then the subclass will automatically be serializable.

Q #54) What is the purpose of a Volatile Variable?

Ans: Volatile variable values are always read from the main memory and not from thread’s cache
memory. This is used mainly during synchronization. It is applicable only for variables.
Example:
volatile int number;

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Q #55) Difference between Serialization and Deserialization in Java.

Ans: These are the difference between serialization and deserialization in java:
Serialization Deserialization

Serialization is the process which is used to Deserialization is the opposite process of serialization
convert the objects into byte stream where we can get the objects back from the byte stream.

An object is serialized by writing it an An object is deserialized by reading it from an

ObjectOutputStream. ObjectInputStream.

Q #56) What is SerialVersionUID?

Ans: Whenever an object is Serialized, the object is stamped with a version ID number for the
object class. This ID is called the SerialVersionUID. This is used during deserialization to verify
that the sender and receiver that are compatible with the Serialization.

MOST POPULAR JAVA INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

1.What is JVM?
The Java interpreter along with the runtime environment required to run the Java application
in called as Java virtual machine(JVM)

2. What is the most important feature of Java?

Java is a platform independent language.

3. What do you mean by platform independence?

Platform independence means that we can write and compile the java code in one platform
(eg Windows) and can execute the class in any other supported platform eg
(Linux,Solaris,etc).

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4. What is the difference between a JDK and a JVM?

JDK is Java Development Kit which is for development purpose and it includes execution
environment also. But JVM is purely a run time environment and hence you will not be able
to compile your source files using a JVM.

5. What is the base class of all classes?

java.lang.Object

6. What are the access modifiers in Java?

There are 3 access modifiers. Public, protected and private, and the default one if no identifier
is specified is called friendly, but programmer cannot specify the friendly identifier explicitly.

7. What is are packages?

A package is a collection of related classes and interfaces providing access protection and
namespace management.

8. What is meant by Inheritance and what are its advantages?

Inheritance is the process of inheriting all the features from a class. The advantages of
inheritance are reusability of code and accessibility of variables and methods of the super
class by subclasses.

9. What is the difference between superclass and subclass?

A super class is a class that is inherited whereas sub class is a class that does the inheriting.

10. What is an abstract class?

An abstract class is a class designed with implementation gaps for subclasses to fill in and is
deliberately incomplete.

11. What are the states associated in the thread?

Thread contains ready, running, waiting and dead states.

12. What is synchronization?

Synchronization is the mechanism that ensures that only one thread is accessed the resources
at a time.

13. What is deadlock?

When two threads are waiting each other and can’t precede the program is said to be
deadlock.

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14. What is an applet?

Applet is a dynamic and interactive program that runs inside a web page displayed by a java
capable browser

15. What is the lifecycle of an applet?

init() method - Can be called when an applet is first loaded
start() method - Can be called each time an applet is started.
paint() method - Can be called when the applet is minimized or maximized.
stop() method - Can be used when the browser moves off the applet’s page.
destroy() method - Can be called when the browser is finished with the applet.

16. How do you set security in applets?

using setSecurityManager() method

17. What is a layout manager and what are different types of layout
managers available in java AWT?
A layout manager is an object that is used to organize components in a container. The
different layouts are available are FlowLayout, BorderLayout, CardLayout, GridLayout and
GridBagLayout

18. What is JDBC?

JDBC is a set of Java API for executing SQL statements. This API consists of a set of classes
and interfaces to enable programs to write pure Java Database applications.

19. What are drivers available?

-a) JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver b) Native API Partly-Java driver
c) JDBC-Net Pure Java driver d) Native-Protocol Pure Java driver

20. What is stored procedure?

Stored procedure is a group of SQL statements that forms a logical unit and performs a
particular task. Stored Procedures are used to encapsulate a set of operations or queries to
execute on database. Stored procedures can be compiled and executed with different
parameters and results and may have any combination of input/output parameters.

21. What is the Java API?

The Java API is a large collection of ready-made software components that provide many
useful capabilities, such as graphical user interface (GUI) widgets.

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22. Why there are no global variables in Java?

Global variables are globally accessible. Java does not support globally accessible variables
due to following reasons:
1)The global variables breaks the referential transparency
2)Global variables creates collisions in namespace.

23. What are Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism?

Encapsulation is the mechanism that binds together code and data it manipulates and keeps
both safe from outside interference and misuse. Inheritance is the process by which one
object acquires the properties of another object. Polymorphism is the feature that allows one
interface to be used for general class actions.

24. What is the use of bin and lib in JDK?

Bin contains all tools such as javac, appletviewer, awt tool, etc., whereas lib contains API and
all packages.

25. What is method overloading and method overriding?

Method overloading: When a method in a class having the same method name with different
arguments is said to be method overloading. Method overriding : When a method in a class
having the same method name with same arguments is said to be method overriding.

26. What is the difference between this() and super()?

this() can be used to invoke a constructor of the same class whereas super() can be used to
invoke a super class constructor.

27. What is Domain Naming Service(DNS)?

It is very difficult to remember a set of numbers(IP address) to connect to the Internet. The
Domain Naming Service(DNS) is used to overcome this problem. It maps one particular IP
address to a string of characters. For example, www. mascom. com implies com is the
domain name reserved for US commercial sites, moscom is the name of the company and
www is the name of the specific computer, which is mascom’s server.

28. What is URL?

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator and it points to resource files on the Internet. URL
has four components: http://www. address. com:80/index.html, where http - protocol name,
address - IP address or host name, 80 - port number and index.html - file path.

29. What is RMI and steps involved in developing an RMI object?

Remote Method Invocation (RMI) allows java object that executes on one machine and to
invoke the method of a Java object to execute on another machine. The steps involved in
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developing an RMI object are: a) Define the interfaces b) Implementing these interfaces c)
Compile the interfaces and their implementations with the java compiler d) Compile the
server implementation with RMI compiler e) Run the RMI registry f) Run the application.

30. What is RMI architecture?

RMI architecture consists of four layers and each layer performs specific functions: a)
Application layer - contains the actual object definition. b) Proxy layer - consists of stub and
skeleton. c) Remote Reference layer - gets the stream of bytes from the transport layer and
sends it to the proxy layer. d) Transportation layer - responsible for handling the actual
machine-to-machine communication.

31. What is a Java Bean?

A Java Bean is a software component that has been designed to be reusable in a variety of
different environments.

32. What are checked exceptions?

Checked exceptions are those which the Java compiler forces you to catch. e.g. IOException
are checked Exceptions.

33. What are runtime exceptions?

Runtime exceptions are those exceptions that are thrown at runtime because of either wrong
input data or because of wrong business logic etc. These are not checked by the compiler at
compile time.

34. What is the difference between error and an exception?

An error is an irrecoverable condition occurring at runtime. Such as OutOfMemory error.
These JVM errors and you can not repair them at runtime. While exceptions are conditions
that occur because of bad input etc. e.g. FileNotFoundException will be thrown if the
specified file does not exist. Or a NullPointerException will take place if you try using a null
reference. In most of the cases it is possible to recover from an exception (probably by giving
user a feedback for entering proper values etc.).

35. What is the purpose of finalization?

The purpose of finalization is to give an unreachable object the opportunity to perform any
cleanup processing before the object is garbage collected. For example, closing a opened file,
closing a opened database Connection.

36. What is the difference between yielding and sleeping?

When a task invokes its yield() method, it returns to the ready state. When a task invokes its
sleep() method, it returns to the waiting state.

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37. What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time

slicing?
Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the waiting or
dead states or a higher priority task comes into existence. Under time slicing, a task executes
for a predefined slice of time and then reenters the pool of ready tasks. The scheduler then
determines which task should execute next, based on priority and other factors.

38. What is mutable object and immutable object?

If a object value is changeable then we can call it as Mutable object. (Ex., StringBuffer, …) If
you are not allowed to change the value of an object, it is immutable object. (Ex., String,
Integer, Float, …)

39. What is the purpose of Void class?

The Void class is an uninstantiable placeholder class to hold a reference to the Class object
representing the primitive Java type void.

40. What is JIT and its use?

Really, just a very fast compiler… In this incarnation, pretty much a one-pass compiler — no
offline computations. So you can’t look at the whole method, rank the expressions according
to which ones are re-used the most, and then generate code. In theory terms, it’s an on-line
problem.

41. What is nested class?

If all the methods of a inner class is static then it is a nested class.

42. What is HashMap and Map?

Map is Interface and Hashmap is class that implements that.

43. What are different types of access modifiers?

public: Any thing declared as public can be accessed from anywhere. private: Any thing
declared as private can’t be seen outside of its class. protected: Any thing declared as
protected can be accessed by classes in the same package and subclasses in the other
packages. default modifier : Can be accessed only to classes in the same package.

44. What is the difference between Reader/Writer and

InputStream/Output Stream?
The Reader/Writer class is character-oriented and the InputStream/OutputStream class is
byte-oriented.

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45. What is servlet?

Servlets are modules that extend request/response-oriented servers, such as java-enabled web
servers. For example, a servlet might be responsible for taking data in an HTML order-entry
form and applying the business logic used to update a company’s order database.
46. What is Constructor?
A constructor is a special method whose task is to initialize the object of its class.
It is special because its name is the same as the class name.
They do not have return types, not even void and therefore they cannot return values.
They cannot be inherited, though a derived class can call the base class constructor.
Constructor is invoked whenever an object of its associated class is created.
47. What is an Iterator ?
The Iterator interface is used to step through the elements of a Collection.
Iterators let you process each element of a Collection.
Iterators are a generic way to go through all the elements of a Collection no matter how it is
organized.
Iterator is an Interface implemented a different way for every Collection.

48. What is the List interface?

The List interface provides support for ordered collections of objects.
Lists may contain duplicate elements.

49. What is memory leak?

A memory leak is where an unreferenced object that will never be used again still hangs
around in memory and doesnt get garbage collected.

50. What is the difference between the prefix and postfix forms of the
++ operator?
The prefix form performs the increment operation and returns the value of the increment
operation. The postfix form returns the current value all of the expression and then performs
the increment operation on that value.

51. What is the difference between a constructor and a method?

A constructor is a member function of a class that is used to create objects of that class. It has
the same name as the class itself, has no return type, and is invoked using the new operator.
A method is an ordinary member function of a class. It has its own name, a return type
(which may be void), and is invoked using the dot operator.

52. What will happen to the Exception object after exception

handling?
Exception object will be garbage collected.

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53. Difference between static and dynamic class loading.

Static class loading: The process of loading a class using new operator is called static class
loading. Dynamic class loading: The process of loading a class at runtime is called dynamic
class loading.
Dynamic class loading can be done by using Class.forName(….).newInstance().

54. Explain the Common use of EJB

The EJBs can be used to incorporate business logic in a web-centric application.
The EJBs can be used to integrate business processes in Business-to-business (B2B) e-
commerce applications.In Enterprise Application Integration applications, EJBs can be used
to house processing and mapping between different applications.

55. What is JSP?

JSP is a technology that returns dynamic content to the Web client using HTML, XML and
JAVA elements. JSP page looks like a HTML page but is a servlet. It contains Presentation
logic and business logic of a web application.

56. What is the purpose of apache tomcat?

Apache server is a standalone server that is used to test servlets and create JSP pages. It is
free and open source that is integrated in the Apache web server. It is fast, reliable server to
configure the applications but it is hard to install. It is a servlet container that includes tools to
configure and manage the server to run the applications. It can also be configured by editing
XML configuration files.

57. Where pragma is used?

Pragma is used inside the servlets in the header with a certain value. The value is of no-cache
that tells that a servlets is acting as a proxy and it has to forward request. Pragma directives
allow the compiler to use machine and operating system features while keeping the overall
functionality with the Java language. These are different for different compilers.

58. Briefly explain daemon thread.

Daemon thread is a low priority thread which runs in the background performs garbage
collection operation for the java runtime system.

59. What is a native method?

A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java.

60. Explain different way of using thread?

A Java thread could be implemented by using Runnable interface or by extending the Thread
class. The Runnable is more advantageous, when you are going for multiple inheritance.

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61. What are the two major components of JDBC?

One implementation interface for database manufacturers, the other implementation interface
for application and applet writers.

62. What kind of thread is the Garbage collector thread?

It is a daemon thread.

63. What are the different ways to handle exceptions?

There are two ways to handle exceptions,
1. By wrapping the desired code in a try block followed by a catch block to catch the
exceptions. and
2. List the desired exceptions in the throws clause of the method and let the caller of the
method handle those exceptions.

64. How many objects are created in the following piece of code?
MyClass c1, c2, c3;
c1 = new MyClass ();
c3 = new MyClass ();
Answer: Only 2 objects are created, c1 and c3. The reference c2 is only declared and not
initialized.

65.What is UNICODE?
Unicode is used for internal representation of characters and strings and it uses 16 bits to
represent each other.

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