Malcolm Mann

Steve Taylore-Knowles

.,_ -
82
5tu dent's Book

MACMILLAN
Contents
Unit Reading 1 Grammar 1 Vocabulary listening Spe

PAGE 6 predicting I scanning present simple, past topic vocabulary; topic deduction disc
simple, stative verbs phrasal verbs; word
formation; confusable
words; word patterns

text awareness I present continuous, past topic vocabulary; word predicting cor
speculating continuous, present formation; topic phrasal
perfect continuous, past verbs; collocations
perfect continuous

topic vocabulary; topic

phrasal verbs; word text awareness
formation; confusable
words; word patterns

predicting I conditionals (1 ): zero, topic vocabulary; topic text awareness I c

scanning first, second; unless, in phrasal verbs; word speculating
case, as long as, provided formation; confusable
that words

modals (1): ability, topic vocabulary;

scanning permission, advice/ topic phrasal verbs;
criticism, obligation word formation; word
patterns

predicting the passive topic vocabulary; listening for

topic phrasal verbs; gist I predicting
word formation; word
patterns

Revision
1
 Ill
.......
c:
Q.I
.......
c:
0
u

Speaking Reading 2 Grammar 2 Use of English Writing

discourse management predicting I scanning present perfect simple, multiple-choice cloze; informal letter/email
past perfect simple word formation

comparing scanning I reading for so, such, too, enough; open cloze; review
specific information used to, would, be/get transformations
used to

concept development I scanning I reading for countable and multiple-choice cloze; essay
giving examples specific information uncountable nouns; transformations
quantifiers

awareness I awareness I
expressing reading for gist
opinion

expressing predicting I reading for -ing form or infinitive; word formation; article
opinion I concept specific information prefer, would rather, had transformations
development better

e
....c:
Ill

....c:
Q)

0
u
Unit Reading 1 Grammar 1 Vocabulary listening s
PAGE 90 reading for specific modals (2): degrees of topic vocabulary; topic listening for
information certainty phrasal verbs; word gist
formation; collocations

text awareness I reported speech; topic vocabulary; topic text awareness I

scanning reported questions phrasal verbs; word listening for gist
formation; get

scanning I lexical topic vocabulary; topic

and grammatical phrasal verbs; word
referencing formation; have I take I
make I do

reading for specific conditionals (2): third, topic vocabulary; predicting

information I scanning mixed, inverted topic phrasal verbs;
word formation; word
patterns

topic vocabulary; topic

phrasal verbs; word
formation; collocations awareness

text awareness I inversions topic vocabulary; predicting

scanning topic phrasal verbs;
word formation; word
patterns
 ......
Ill
c:
CU
......
c:
0
u
Speaking Reading 2 Grammar 2 Use of English Writing

discourse management reading for gist prepositions of multiple-choice doze; formal letter/email
time and place; word formation
indirect questions

agreeing and predicting I speculating reporting verbs; open doze; word report
disagreeing although, even though, formation
in spite of, despite,
however

comparing reading for specific the causative multiple-choice doze; review

information transformations

asking questions predicting I reading for direct and indirect open doze; word story
gist objects; infinitives of formation
purpose

discourse management I text awareness participles word formation; informal letter/email

comparing transformations

concept development I speculating question tags; multiple-choice cloze; essay

discourse management impersonal passive open doze

Grammar database page 174 Phrasal verb database page 204

Speaking database page 193 Writing Planners page 206
Writing database page 194 Webquests page 209
Key word database page 203
0
 Relationship hotline � Home

Relationship hotline
Go to:
What can possibly
go wrong?
Making it work
Who's to blame?
Getting
professional help
Learning to
communicate
Making big
decisions
Take control!

Tags
Breaking up (2)
Communication (4)
Professional
advice (5)
Family (4)
Boyfriend/
Girlfriend (3)
Marriage (5) Welcome to our relationship biog. We have put
together suggestions and advice on all kinds
Get our newsletter of relationship issues. In this biog, you'll find
Send us feedback
links to articles on many problems that people
Ask a question
face. Our purpose is to help people deal with
Live updates
Add to favourites problems and have happier, more successful
relationships. We hope you find what you're
Sites we like looking for and above all, we hope we can help.
I blame the If you have a particular relationship problem
parents that is not covered in these pages, feel free to
National Youth contact us.
Star:tijJ1g point Hotline
What to do
21st March - 2.06pm
when ...
What problems
°
can people have with the Youth Medical What can possibly go wrong?
followir1 g? As we go through life, we develop a variety of
relationships with brothers and sisters relationships - with family, friends, teachers
and, later, workmates and marriage partners.
relatioryships with parents
1 Sometimes, the problems that come
• friendships
up are of our own making, and sometimes they
• , professional/working relationships are out of our control.

1 Look at the information surrounding

the main text. What do you expect to
read in this biog? EXAM EXPERT
2 Read the main text quickly and find
How should you do the exam practice task?
a Don't worry about words in the sentences like her, his, our, etc
examples of relationship problems
because you don't know who they refer to so they can't help
and solutions to them.
you decide.
b Look at words like her, his, our, etc carefully and try to work out !
who they refer to because they will help you decide.
Family issues make up a large 11umber of the prqblems people approach
us with. 2 But.just as our parents, b.rothers and sisters are usuaUy
the ones we share our happiest m9ments'i.vith. they are often t. he people
we take it out on when things get bad;Tqere's an. old .saying that we
usually hurt the ones we love, and that ean be very rrue in.families. .. ...)ll kiiow. that friendships are
Friends, too 1 often go through rough patches. 3 In the early days . .
t<.:ts simp}e as that.
of this biog, we r�ceived a question that is typical of the kind of things H-io�eyer,it doesn't always help if we
people are cOncerned about in their frier1dships. This is what the pecson express these feelings straight away.
had to say:
This is perhaps not surprising, as we
We became friends years ago;'but rec�ntly I noticed'something. I spend a great deal of our time with
had aprOb1em at home and 1 told my triend about it, hut he wasn't family members.
interested. H.ejust.didn 't want to knowi When I thought a.bout it, I
D All of these relationships have their
realised tha.t he never really cares abOut anfprobiems that I have, but
he expects me to listen to all of.hisproblems.Why does he behave in
own specific difficulties.
this way?
E Do you really want to change the
other person?
The short answer to this question is that he was n�Oer really a ·good
friend to begin with: 4 . . And they .are.rar,ely perfectly balanced
F And,when he stopped to think
- there is always one person who does r!ofe li9tening, or who needs . . about it,he saw that he was wrong.
more support, or who•does things that annoy the other person. The G Nobody is perfect,and that includes
. h.at do We demand
real question here is about. our expecta1:rons - w of a us!
• .
relationship? H No matter how much you have in
common with someone,things can
Makingitwork .. . get in the way of a good friendship,
Expecting perfection iri a relationship is�alwc;1ys going to.. end in; and even end it.
disappointment: 5 So we shouldn't dem�nd.of others something
that we can't do ourselves, As soon a§ we accept that; we take the
step towards making things work in·a·relationship. . . .
.· first 4 Find words or phrases in the text or
.. removed sentences which have a
Our experiehce tells us that another key point is tQlec:i . m to choqse the
similar meaning to these words and
right moment to say something; �specially if it's negative.We area.II
human arid)t'� natural that we get angry or feel h.urt fromJime to time.
phrases.
6 Something we say in anger cannot be taken back, so it's worth 1 experience (paragraph 1)
taking a deep breath and waiting for a better opportunity to sort things 2 arise; appear (paragraph 2)
out. The same goes for criticism. Ask yourself what you want to achieve. 3 contact (paragraph 3)
7 Is that even possible? Or is it better to change your attitude 4 get angry with, and/or blame
towards the situation?
(paragraph 3)
Always remember that it takes two to have a relationship of any kind.
Sometimes a problern�will be the other person's fault - sometimes it will
5 share (eg an interest) (sentence 11)
be our fault: But does ir really matter who is to blame? Didn't we just say 6 pausing (paragraph 7)
that everyone's hunian? We all make mistakes, so we really do need to 7 find an answer to a problem
learn to aceeptihe· other person for Who they are. We might need to try a (paragraph 7)
little harder to inake the relationship work but if the relationship is worth 8 responsible (paragraph 8)
.
hc;1ving, it's\vorth a little hard. work'

OUT!
• Do you think many people would find a blog like this useful?
• What problems in relationships do you think are the most serious?
• Do you agree with the advice given in the blog? Can you add any
suggestions of your own?
say ing • roughpatches • typical • key
perfectly balanced • the same goes for

8
 2 There are 10 mistakes with verb tenses and forms
in this text. Find them and correct them.

Present simple and past simple My Sister

Can one or both of these sentences contain the Do you get on well with your sister? I get. My sister
word often? Can one or both of these sentences and I are best friends, even though Fiona's three
refer to one specific occasion? years older than me. We do go out together almost
every weekend, and we are always having fun.
a I go out with my friends. Fiona don't tease me or bully me. In fact, we've
b I went out with my friends. never had a serious argument! Of course, we aren't
always agreeing about everything. Last Saturday, for
We use the present simple and the past simple: example, Fiona wanted to go to the cinema but
• to show how often things happen. I didn't fancied seeing a movie. It wasn't be a
We never go out/went out during the week. problem, though. While she and a couple of our
• for permanent situations. friends were watching the film, I was going to an
She lives/lived with her parents. internet cafe and chatted online with some friends of
• for general truths and facts. mine in the USA. We all meet up afterwards and did
Carl doesn't speak/didn't speak French. went for a coffee. It's great - we have a very close but
• for states. easy-going relationship.
Does Dana have/Did Dana have red hair?
We also use the present simple:
• for the future (in timetables). · 3 Use these verbs in the correct form to complete
Term starts next Monday. the sentences.
• for the future (in time clauses). go • know • meet • seem • get in • make • forget
I'll call you when I get back.
We also use the past simple: 1 Melina ______ to invite Adam and he's
• for single completed actions.
really upset with her now!
I met our new neighbours yesterday.
2 Stan's girlfriend's train in half an
Stative verbs hour so he's gone to pick her up from the station.
Stative verbs, such as like, love, believe, see, appear, 3 I my uncle and aunt who live in
understand, know are not normally used in continuous Germany for the first time recently.
tenses because they don't describe actions. 4 Sheila lots of new friends at the
./ I don't like the way you're talking to me. party.
)( I am not liking the way you're talking to me. 5 Dan and I ______ out very often as we
See Grammar database 1 on page 174 for more prefer to stay at home.
information. 6 It's a shame we you were coming
today - the kids would love to see you again.
7 Ollie to be annoyed with me for
Be careful! some reason at the moment.
Some verbs are stative with one meaning
and non-stative with another meaning.
4 Write five questions you can ask someone about:
a their family and friends.
Stative: I have a lot of work to do at the moment. b what they did last weekend.
Non-stative: They are having an argument at the
moment. 5 Ask your partner your questions. Now use your
partner's answers to tell the class about him/her.

1 Look back at the biog on pages 6-7 and find an

example of:
• the present simple in the question form
Be careful!
(paragraph 4). Who told you?= Someone told you something.
• the emphatic present simple (paragraph 7).
Who did you tell?= You told someone something.
• the past simple in the negative (paragraph 4).
Feelings and situations 3 Word formation
1 Make adjectives from these verbs Complete this table. Include all possible forms you can think of,
and decide whether they describe including negative forms.
feelings or situations.
bore • interest • excite • tire. • please
scare • frighten • terrify • relax • annoy

Now use the adjectives to talk about the

people you know.

2 Phrasal verbs
Use the correct form of these phrasal
verbs about relationships to replace
the words in bold. Be careful with word
order.
bring up• grow up• let down It,,.
look after • put up with • take after

1 My parents raised me I
____ __ to believe that family 4 Confusable words
is the most important thing in the Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
world.
2 As the kids got older/ _____ 1 My mum gets so nervous I annoyed when I don't tidy my
it became easier to take them on public bedroom.
transport. 2 Freda's the most sincere I honest person I know. She never
3 Simon was just like/ _ _ ____ steals or tells lies.
his father. They were both mad about 3 I love being alone I lonely as long as I've got a good book to
fishing. read.
4 I took care of I my 4 That was so kind I polite of you to offer to help us move house.
neighbours' cat while they were on 5 We really enjoyed I entertained ourselves at the party.
holiday. 6 The party was funny I fun. We danced all night!
5 I don't know how you tolerated I
______ his rudeness for so 5 Look at the incorrect answers in exercise 4. Why is each one
incorrect?
long!
6 Diana really disappointed me I
---- --· She'd promised to be 6 Word patterns
there but she didn't show up. Choose the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence.
1 Does your sister usually help you at I with your homework?
• Be careful! 2 Why do adults always complain for I about what teenagers
wear?
Parents bring up children. 3 As a babysitter, I'm responsible for I in making sure the kids go
Children grow up. to bed on time.
Plants grow. 4 I don't approve with I of parents smacking their children.
5 Do you believe about I in love at first sight?
6 How can we prevent young people from I for getting into
dangerous situations?
7 Your advice saved me in I from making a huge mistake!
8 Charlotte often borrows clothes from I by her older sister. e
 listening

Starting point 2 " 1.03 exam practice

You will hear people talking in eight different situations. For
Look at the pictures. Which people do
questions 1-8, choose the best answer (A, B or C).
you think are
• colleagues? • family members? I You hear two people talking. What is their relationship?
• acquaintances? • strangers? A colleagues B acquaintances C close friends
• friends? • neighbours? 2 You hear this man talking about his daughter's boyfriend.
Why do you think that? What does the man think?
A He's looking forward to their engagement.
B He thinks his daughter should find someone better.
C He's not certain whether they will get married.
3 You hear this message from a friend on your answerphone.
What does she ask you to do?
A buy an extra ticket
B put someone up for the night
C accompany her to a play
4 You hear two people talking about an exam. How does the
woman feel?
A annoyed B nervous C jealous
5 You hear a girl describing her twin brother. In what way are
they different?
A He's more sociable.
B He's more polite.
C He's more helpful.
6 You hear two people talking about their neighbour. What do
they think about him?
A He's lonely. B He's selfish. C He's arrogant.
7 You hear two young people talking on a bus. What did their
friend not do?
A invite someone to a party
B get permission for a party
C arrange music for a party
1 " 1.02 Look at the questions in 8 You hear a man talking about a childhood friend. What does
exercise 2. Listen to a short excerpt he think?
from each of the situations 1-8. Which A His friend wasted her opportunities.
of the options might be wrong?
B His friend had problems with schoolwork.
C His friend had problems making friends with people.
EXAM EXPERT
How should you do the exam practice 3 What helped you choose your answers? Why were the other
task? options wrong? Discuss your answers with the rest of the
a Choose an answer because it has a class.
word you hear in the recording.
b Don't assume an answer is right just Have your say!
because it contains a word you hear
in the recording. • How sociable are you?
• Do you make friends easily?
 EXAM EXPERT
Speaking How should you do the exam practice task?
a Give complete answers, but don't make a speech.
Starting point b Give one-word answers where possible.
See Speaking database on page 193.
What's
happening in
the picture? How 3 exam practice
do you think the Imagine you are Candidate A. Make quick notes.
people feel?
Now work in groups of four. Two of you are candidates,
one is the interviewer and one person will give you a
1 g 1.04 Listen to a candidate answering
mark out of five.
personal questions in an English exam. As you Interlocutor: Candidate A, where are you from?
listen, match each question to the candidate's Candidate A: ...
answer. �
1 Where are you from?_ Interlocutor: What's it like living there?
2 Do you like living there?_ Candidate A: ...
�
3 What kind of things do you like doing in your free
time?_ �-. Interlocutor: And, Candidate B, where are you from?
4 Are you still at school?_ Candidate B: ...
�
5 What do you want to do when you leave school?
Interlocutor: Do you like living there?
Candidate B: ...
6 How long have you been learning English? _ �

. 2 g 1.05 Listen to the questions and answers Interlocutor: How do you usually spend your free time?
Candidate A: ...
and answer these questions as you listen.
Interlocutor: And you, Candidate B?
1 Does the candidate always answer with complete Candidate B: ...
sentences? Yes I No �
2 Does the candidate say 'Well, ...' , Interlocutor: How long have you been learning English?
'Oh, ...' , and 'Umm ...' ? Yes/No Candidate B: ...
3 Does it sound like the candidate Interlocutor: And you, Candidate A?
has carefully rehearsed these Candidate A: ...
answers? Yes I No �
4 Does the candidate use contractions Interlocutor: Are you both still in full-time education?
like Tm', 'we've: etc? Yes/No Candidate A: ...
5 Are the candidate's answers Candidate B: ...
too long? Yes/No �
6 Are the candidate's answers Interlocutor: So, Candidate B, what are your plans for
too short? Yes/No the future?
7 Do you think the candidate Candidate B: ...
will get a good mark? Yes/No Interlocutor: And have you decided yet what you want
to do, Candidate A?
Candidate A: ...

MARK SCHEME
5 Excellent- gave complete answers, didn't sound like a speech
4 Very good- mainly complete answers, sounded a little rehearsed
3 Good- some hesitation, some answers too short
2 Not very good- answers too short, didn't sound natural
1 Weak- most answers too short, some answers not clear G
 Reading Z g ,.06 Are you a heart
teenager?
Word power!
argument • depressed • incompatible

Y
miserable • nothing in common • upset our boyfriend or girlfriend has told you they don't want to go
out with you any more. You feel rejected, alone, unwanted
and miserable. You had thought that this relationship would
last forever and now it's over. Let's be honest - it's a horrible 30
feeling. Maybe the worst feeling you've ever felt. Perhaps you
feel that life's not worth living and you'll never get over it. You
probably feel that no-one has ever felt this way before.
It may sound impossible now, but you will get over it. It just
takes time. And you're not alone - almost everyone goes
through this at some point in their life. It's an important part of
growing up and actually makes us stronger. What you mustn't
do is think that you have failed. Remember: relationships aren't
like exams.
If a friend came between you and your boyfriend or girlfriend
and helped cause the relationship to end, you'll be dealing
with feelings of betrayal as well. If your parents or friends 16
disapproved of your relationship, you might also feel humiliated
Starting point and embarrassed about discussing how you feel. These

Look at the pictures. How do you think

the people are feeling?
• What do friends quarrel about? 3 exam practice
• What advice would you give to a
teenager in these situations? Read the text. For questions 1-7, choose the answer (A-D)
which you think fits best according to the text.
1 Look at the title of the article you are 1 According to the writer, heartbroken teenagers often feel
going to read. What do you think the that they
article is about? Who is it aimed at? A have wasted their time being in the relationship.
Where might you find an article like B do not understand why the relationship came to an end.
this? C are the only person who has experienced this situation.
D should have been more honest about their feelings.
2 The article gives some advice. Quickly
read paragraphs 2, 3 and 4 and make 2 What does the writer say about a relationship ending?
a list of Dos and Don'ts that the writer A It helps us develop emotionally.
mentions. B It helps us understand that we can all fail.
C It forces us to stop being childish.
D It reminds us that relationships are not like tests.

EXAM EXPERT 3 A heartbroken teenager might have 'feelings of betray al'

How should you do the exam (line 16) when
practice task? A their parents did not want the relationship to succeed.
B they don't feel able to talk about their feelings.
a Only ask yourself which answer is
C their partner was responsible for the relationship
right, and why.
ending.
b Ask yourself which answers are D someone they trusted got involved in the relationship.
wrong, and why, and which answer '

is right, and why. i

,.

a
,, ..
feelings are normal, but it does help your ex to call to say they've made as you're not together for the right
talk. Try talking to your parents a big mistake and think you should reasons. Give it a little time before
and friends - they may be more start going out with each other you start your next relationship.
sympathetic than you think. Ask again. The chances are that won't
Here's one other thing to remember.
ur parents about their first happen, but it's actually more likely
You've just experienced one of the
ationships. The chances are they to come about if you just get on
most traumatic things that people
nt through similar experiences. with your life rather than sit at home
experience. From now on, things
waiting for the phone to ring. It may
Don't do anything impulsive. It might can only get better. Each day, you'll
sound corny, but there are plenty
seem a good idea to go out and get feel slightly less unhappy. In a week,
more fish in the sea. You will - in
a tattoo or your nose pierced, it will be bearable. In a month, you'll
time - find someone new. But don't be able to laugh about it. In a year, it
you'll probably regret it in a
be tempted to rush into another
days. That doesn't mean you will all seem ancient history. You've
relationship. This is called going out
ouldn't treat yourself: how about got a lot of life ahead of you - look
58 with someone 'on the rebound'. This
ing some new clothes or getting to the future and go out and enjoy
kind of relationship rarely works,
a new hairstyle? Is there a film yourself!
've been wanting to see at the
· ema for ages? Not sure whether
go to that party you'd been invited
? Go! And if you're worried that
our ex-boyfriend or girlfriend might
be there, let them see you can have
a good time without them. That'll
ake you feel a lot better!
Sometimes couples who split up get
back together and sometimes they
don't. Don't sit around waiting for

4 What does the word 'That' (line 30) refer to? 4 Circle all the different feelings
A regretting the impulsive behaviour mentioned in the text.
B the advice not to do anything impulsive
C the idea of doing something impulsive 5 Find words or phrases in the article
D treating yourself to something you want which are similar in meaning to these
words and phrases.
5 How should heartbroken teenagers react if they see their 1 recover from (paragraph 1)
former partner at a party? 2 experiences (verb) (paragraph 2)
A They should be concerned about their former partner.
3 caused a disagreement or argument
B They should show that they are better off now.
C They should make it clear that they can survive on their between (paragraph 3)
own. 4 do something special for (paragraph 4)
D They should see what their former partner is doing. 5 happen (paragraph 5)

6 A relationship 'on the rebound' (line 58) is one

A in which you fall in love very quickly.
B which is never successful.
C in which both partners have just finished a relationship. • Is there any advice you would give that
D which starts too soon after a previous relationship. is not in the article?
• Do you disagree with any of the advice
7 What point is the writer making in the final paragraph? in the article?
A Humans are survivors. • Can an article like this help a
B We benefit from painful experiences. heartbroken teenager?
C We forget unpleasant experiences quickly.
D Time will heal the pain.
 3
Grammar"'2 Make sentences using the past
perfect simple. Use the words or
phrases in bold.
Present perfect simple and past perfect simple 1 I moved to Canberra. Before that,
Your boyfriend or girlfriend has told you ... (para. 1 line 1) I lived in Brisbane and Sydney.
Did that happen in the past? Is it still relevant now? before
Do we know exactly when he or she told you? 2 Charlotte heard the news.
You had thought that this relationship would last forever ... She immediately called Phil.
(para. 1 line 3) as soon as
Why is it had thought and not thought? 3 First I went to the supermarket.
We use Present perfect simple Past perfect simple Then I went to the Post Office.
for actions ... up to now. . .. up to a moment in after
and situations I've been best friends the past. 4 We finished eating. Diane arrived.
continuing ... withJulieforfour years. Julie and I had been best when I already
friends forfour years 5 Diane arrived. Then Rick turned
when she moved to up. when I only just
another town.
for completed ... at a time in the ... before a moment in 4 Make sentences using the past
past which is not the past. perfect simple to answer these
mentioned. ij___ I'd had an argument questions.
Has anyone ever withJake when I last
broken your heart? saw you. 1 Why were Grant and Dave
for completed ... where the important ... where the important so happy?
thing is the present thing is the result at a 2 Why was Tonya annoyed
result. moment in the past. with Justine?
Moira and I have I'djust split up with 3 Why was Adam so tired?
split up. Moira so I was really 4 Why did Frank do so badly in
upset. the exam?
=-See Grammar database 2 on pages 174-175 for more information.

1 Make sentences saying what has happened. Be careful!

1 Tim's got a suntan. It's the first time I've been to Italy.
2 There's a letter for you. It was the first time I'd been to Italy.
3 Hello! We're your new neighbours.

2 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning

to the first sentence, using the word given. You must use Have your say!
between two and five words, including the word given.
• What have you always wanted to do
1 I think they moved here six years ago. lived but haven't done yet?
I think six years. • Is there anything you've always
2 We bought her birthday present a few days ago. already wanted to buy?
We her birthday present. • Think of one thing you've done
3 The Taylors are on holiday in Australia at the moment. have recently for the very first time. Why
hadn't you done it before?
The Taylors Australia on holiday.
4 This will be Stacy's first trip to France. never
Stacy France before.
5 Eleni and Alan got engaged in April. since
Eleni and Alan April.

•
6 I haven't received a reply from Andy yet. still
Andy a reply.
 Use of English EXAM EXPERT

1 Read the text in exercise 2 2 exam practice

How should you do the exam
practice task?
quickly and answer these
Read the text below and decide a Quickly read the text first to
questions.
which answer (A, B, C or D) best get a general idea of what it
1 Apart from his acting, what is fits each gap. is about.
James Dean famous for? b Go straight to the questions
2 How many films did he star in? James Dean to save time.
3 How old was he when he died?

If you ask anyone to (1)_a famous to an actor:Television and theatre work

rebel, the chances are they will say James followed, and Dean became highly
Dean. But who was James Dean, and was (?)_within the industry.
he really as rebellious as we believe?
James Dean starred in only three films,
James Dean was born in 1931 in Indiana, and had only been world famous for just
USA. His father was a dental technician. over a year when he was killed in a car
The family (2)_to Los Angeles in (8)_in September 1955. It was his
1936, but Dean returned to Indiana after death at such a young (9) _, and the
his mother died, where he was (3) _ minor roles in films, on stage and in TV rebellious roles he played in the films
by his uncle and aunt. Dean was a bright �rnmmercials. In 1951 he went to New Rebel Without a Cause and East ofEden,
and hardworking student, and was not York to further his acting (4) _. Dean's rather than his off-screen (10)_,that
particularly rebellious at school. acting (5) _was soon recognised, and have made him a legend, Like Marilyn
he was asked to join the Actors Studio. As Monroe, Elvis Presley and Frank Sinatra,
After returning to California, Dean joined he wrote in a letter to his family in 1952: James Dean is an icon of the twentieth
an acting workshop, and was given 'It is the best thing that can (6)_ century.

1 A call B tell c name D repeat

EXAM EXPERT 2 A located B removed c lived D moved
How should you do the exam 3 A brought up B grown up c taken over D taken off
practice task? 4 A job B career C work D employment
a Don't think of it as a text, but 5 A qualification B talent C knowledge D recommendation
as separate lines, with no 6 A become B take place c occur D happen
connection to each other. 7 A loved B adored c respected D worshipped
Read the text through first 8 A accident B misfortune c disaster D hit
and then look at it sentence 9 A era B period c age D time
by sentence.
10 A condition B behaviour c quality D performance

3 Look at each gap in the text in The Perfect Friend

exercise 4. What kind of word Because ( 1) _is one of the few kinds of relationship we have FRIEND
is required for each gap? control over, it is an (2) _ area of research for sociologists. INTEREST
Many studies have been done into this kind of relationship.
4 exam practice Although we can' t usually choose our (3) _or bosses or RELATE
Read the text on the right. Use (4) _, we can choose our friends. But how do we choose TEACH
the word given in capitals at the them? Out of all the people we meet in our lives, why do some
end of some of the lines to form become our friends, and why do we find some people's (5) _ PERSON
a word that fits in the gap in the more (6) _ than others? It's not an easy question to answer, ATTRACT
same line. Write your answers IN because we are all looking for similar qualities in our friends,
CAPITAL LETTERS. such as (7) _, a good sense of humour, trustworthiness and HONEST
( 8) _ . However, what each of us means by 'a good sense of KIND
humour', for example, or what each of us thinks of as 'kind',
is (9) _. We are all unique in many ways, and so the DIFFER
perfect friend for one person may seem a little ( 10) _ to BORE
someone else!
G
 Starting point
Imagine someone your age from another country was coming
to stay with your family for a couple of weeks. What would you
want to know about them before they arrived?

1 Read this email and answer the questions below. 2 Choose true (T) or false (F).
1 We usually start letters/emails
with Dear . . . . TIF
2 In an email, you don't need to
From: Sophie Needham worry about correct grammar. TIF
Sent: 3rd September 3 Spelling is more important in an
Subject: Re: Hi there! informal letter than an email. TIF
4 An informal email is the same
Dear Angela, as an informal letter. T/F

Thanks for your email. I can't wait to rffee

t you and your parents in 3 It's often possible to say the same
August! thing in different ways. Look at these
sentences from the email in exercise
mon. I love tennis, too, ,
Well, we've obviously got a lot in com 1, and write them in a different way.
d player as you are. And I m
although I'm probably not such a goo 1 Thanks for your email.
y about The Screamers! I also
very glad you like pop music. I'm craz rhant:s a lot for your email!
love swimming. Do you?
2 I can't wait to meet you and your
You asked if there was anything I wanted to do while I'm staying with parents in August!
you. As we both like tennis, we should definitely have a gam an� I'm really loot:in9 forward to meetin9 you
:
I'd love to go swimming. Will your parents let us g� � o a club. We re
both fifteen, so it shouldn't be a problem, should ,t. and your mum and dad in Au9ust!
3 Well, we've obviously got a lot in
what I look like. It was taken
I've attached a picture so you can see common.
last summer on holiday.
4 And I'm very glad you like pop music.
t you!!!
Please write back soon. Can't wait to mee
5 I'm crazy about The Screamers!
Bye for now!
Sophie
6 You asked if there was anything I
wanted to do while I'm staying with
you.
1 Is the language formal or informal? Give examples.
2 What is the purpose of each paragraph?
7 As we both like tennis, we should
3 What information did Angela give Sophie in her email?
definitely have a game and I'd love to go
4 What did Angela ask in her email?
swimming.
5 What questions does Sophie ask in her email?
6 Which phrases and expressions in the letter are often used in
8 Please write back soon.
informal emails?
7 What other ways are there of saying 'Bye for now!' at the end
of the email?
8 Do you think Sophie and Angela will like each other when
they meet? Why?
 1 exam practice: informal email EXAM EXPERT
How should you write an informal
You are going to the UK for two weeks in the summer to study email?
at a languag� school. While you are there, you will be staying
. a Don't use paragraphs and don't
with an English family called the Wilsons. Below is an email
worry about grammar, spelling
which Adam Wilson, who is fifteen years old, has sent you. and punctuation because they are
Read Adam's email and the notes you have made. Then write a important in letters, not emails.
suitable reply. b Write your email in exactly the
same way you write a letter, with
paragraphs and correct grammar,
spelling and punctuation.
See Writing database on page 199 for
never done it- would further information.
love to try!

2 Before you write, answer these

questions.
1 Will your email to Adam be formal
or informal?
From: 2 What questions did Adam ask you?
Sent: 6th September 3 How many pieces of information do
Subject: Your visit you have to include in your email?
4 What are they?
Hi, there! I'm Adam. I'm looking forward to your visit, and I wanted 5 What other information about yourself
to say hello and ask you a couple f things. could you include?
6 What other questions could you
First of all, a bit about me. I'm crazy about skateboarding and I love ask Adam?
rock and pop music. I think my favourite band at the moment is the
Kaiser Chiefs. Do you know them?What kind of things do you like 3 For each of the notes next to Adam's
doing and what music do you like? email in the question in exercise 1,
write one or two sentences which
arly could be included in your email.
My mum asked m to ask you if there's anything y u particul
uage
u're here. I guess you'll be bus at the lang
want to do while y
ay, but we can do things in th evening
s and at 4 Complete Writing Planner 1 on page
school during the 206.
weekends if you Ii e. Let me know!

Bye for now!

5 Write your email in 120-150 words.
You must use grammatically correct
Adam sentences with accurate spelling and
basketball, cinema,
--�computer games punctuation in a style appropriate for
-----·--·-·-- -·-�---
the situation.
same as you!
6 When you have written your email,
love to go to acastle. make sure that you have:
Any near???
used informal language
referred to all the notes
added some other relevant
information
at least four main paragraphs
referred to Adam's email in
paragraph 1.
 Reading 1 ",.01

Cowboy fantasies on a ranch

in Montana
Ian Henderson and his daughter try living on a
working ranch in the Montana mountains.

I magine you're a 12-year-old girl. Ponies and clothes

are your favourite things. You're wearing your new
cowboy boots, new jeans, a blue checked shirt and
a real cowboy hat when a tall cowboy asks if you'd
Word power! care to help him round up the ponies. If you're
imagining it properly, you're about as happy as a
12-year-old girl can be.
adventure • enjoy yourself• excitement I'd taken my daughter to The Ranch at Rock Creek,
freedom • get bored • keep you busy a 6,000-acre spread in Montana which opened to
guests last year and may well be the ultimate place
to live out your cowboy dreams, whatever your age.
Starting point I settled in to a proper Western-style saddle and
rode out beside my daughter across Rock Creek. We
followed a trail along the river before heading uphill
What do people look for in a holiday? Discuss the towards the high forests. We were glad of our wide­
advantages and disadvantages otthese different brimmed hats until we reached the shade of the pine
holidays. woods.
This is big, empty country where much of the
American cultural identity was forged by tough
explorers such as Lewis and Clark. the first white
men through Montana. Tom Mccombs told us tales
of grizzly bears by a mountain s ream as we ate our
sandwiches. Together we'd tracked elk, found where
a brown bear had been hunting for food and trailed a
bobcat away from a ki11.
These are people who know an a I lot about
rodeo, fishing, shooting and the his ory of where they
live, and are itching to share. On m first attempt at
fly fishing, I managed to catch a out, thanks to the
help of Alex the fisherman. e shooting range,
Max coaxed my daughter from being gun-shy to
shattering eight clay targets in a ro •.
It's hard to know what those earl) explorers would
have made of the ranch's .ell-appointed spa, the
swimming pool or the ' erca tile'. full of upmarket
clothes where my daugh er o gn her cowboy
boots. But they would ha e r ognised most of the

•• an activity holiday •
•
a holiday with friends
ingredients in chef Josh Drage·s ooking - he spends
a couple of days a wee on� e long Montana dirt
roads, buying fresh mea a ege ables from the
• •
a beach holiday a package holiday
farms farther down the ,ate!.

•
a camping holiday a sightseeing tour The ranch house is net b _ -"eel just like a home
a family holiday built of logs ought o. , s�· s there are crackling
log fires, leather-cove ec so"as. g ns and animal
1 Look at the text without reading it in detail. What skins on the walls. bas e�s " omemade cookies
and books about the ist J of- e place. Everyone
kind of holiday did the writer go on? has their own moun ai · e : • eir stay with

2 Read the questions in exercise 3 and decide

which of these statements is probably true. EXAM EXPERT
Explain why.
How should you do the exam practice task?
1 The writer and his daughter met several different So that you can c 2c,, r a s vers easily at the
people and had a variety of things to do on holiday. end of the exam o s oul
2 The holiday had limited activities and the writer a leave e gh ti'"t2 t do he exercise again
completel ·.

e
met very few people there.
b underli er e 02rr of the text which you think
givesyout eans.\er.
 4 What are the spa, the swimming pool and the
'Mercantile' examples of?
A places to buy clothes
r,,,,,_,.,;;.,,:;,f;;;;t,?'"l� the naRi' e of their B places where you can find Josh Drage's cooking
room. h�ng on i( C more modern additions to the area
and yo1J're invited to D things that have been there for years
borrow hats, coats
and cowboy boots 5 People staying at The Ranch at Rock Creek
whenever you need A have a choice of accommodation.
them. Someone's paid B always have the free use of a Jeep.
attentio'n to almost
every cletail.
C have to follow a lot of rules.
There are other D sometimes have to sleep outside.
places to stay on the 6 From the passage we can tell that the writer
. _ ,, property that.offer
fewer people and more· of the silent outdpors. Along the A enjoyed his stay more than his daughter did.
river are cabins with underfloor heating in the stone-built B and his daughter both enjoyed their stay.
bathroom, furs on the bed and the soothing soundtrack C didn't enjoy himself as much as his daughter
of the creek outside. Jhere are a couple of secluded did.
family-sized ranch houses, and for real isolation there's D and his daughter were a little disappointed with
TrapperCabin, which comes with its own Jeep to get you
to breakfast., . '" . ,,
their stay.
When you're standing on the porch, coffee ·in hand,
looking across the early mist on the river to mountains
touched gold by the sun, the Sh}�er beauty of Montana WORK IT OUT!
that struck.Lewis andClark stays with YQ4t'"'And �.
somehow RockCreek makes you feel aifif you belong Find these words and phrases in the text and
there. My daughter swears she will be back. As soon underline them. Can you work out what they mean
as she's old enough she's going to join Big Tom as ·an
apprentice cowgirl. from the context?
checked • ultimate • saddle • itching to
crackling • isolation • swears • apprentice
3 exam practice
You are going to read a description of an unusual
holiday. For questions 1-6, choose the answer
4 Find words or phrases in the text which have a
similar meaning to these words and phrases.
(A-D) which you think fits best according to the
text. 1 path or narrow road (paragraph 2)
1 In the first paragraph, the writer wants to 2 small river (paragraph 3)
emphasise 3 followed (paragraph 3)
A that we need imagination when choosing a 4 low land between hills, often with rivers (paragraph 5)
holiday. 5 simply constructed houses, usually made of wood
B the importance of taking the correct clothes
(paragraph 7)
on holiday.
C how suitable the holiday was for his 6 alone; with no other buildings or people near it
daughter. (paragraph 7)
D his concern that his daughter is not very 7 the part of a building outside the door (paragraph 8)
happy. 8 absolute; total (paragraph 8)
2 From the passage we understand that Lewis and
Clark were
A important historical figures.
B friends of Tom McCombs. Have your say!
C bear hunters.
• Would you like to go on a holiday similar to the one
D criminals.
in the passage? Why? I Why not?
3 What does the writer say about the staff at The • Some companies offer holidays where you can
Ranch? learn to do something, such as fishing, skiing,
A They have been there all their lives. painting, etc. Is there anything you would like to
B They are better at fishing than shooting. learn while on holiday?
C They are all learning new skills. • Is it better to go on holiday with family or with
D They are keen to pass on their knowledge. friends? Why?
 Grammar 1 2 Use the verbs in brackets in the correct form to complete this text.

Dear Jack,
Continuous tenses
We(1) (travel) for five days now - twenty-one left to go!
Is this sentence correct or incorrect?
lnterrailing is great fun -you must try it sometime. We
Explain why I why not.
We are going on holiday to a nearby (2) (get) the train down through France to Italy, which
island every summer. is where we are now. We(3) (stay) in youth hostels and
The present continuous and past (4) (meet) some really cool people so far. Italian boys
continuous tenses refer to: are very friendly! At the moment, we(5) (sit) in a cafe in
• events happening at a particular Florence and Kate(6) (practise) her Italian on the waiter.
moment. I don't think he's impressed!
I can't come now. I'm doing my We(7) (walk) around the town last night when we
homework. (8) (see) a great seafood restaurant. We
When you called, I was having a ( 9) (go) there tonight for dinner. Should be fun!
bath.
• temporary situations or events. Wish you were here,
We're staying in a wonderful hotel.
We were living in London for a few Jill
months last summer.
• changing and developing w_ --
situations. 3 Correct these sentences.
This area is developing quickly 1 I had been learning English for about seven years now.
because of tourism. 2 When we were on holiday, I was swimming eYery day.
By the late 60s, many Spanish resorts 3 We go on holiday tomorrow.
were growing very quickly. 4 Have you ever been visiting any countrie ou ide Europe?
• the future(or the future in the 5 I had a shower when the hotel manager rang o I ouldn't answer
past). the phone.
John and Matt are going to France
this summer. 4 Use these verbs in the correct form to complete the text. Some of
I was worried because we were the verbs may be used more than once.
having a test the next day.
The present perfect continuous and get • help • offer • meet • seem • take • be
go • work • see • enjoy • arrive • stay •
past perfect continuous tenses refer
to:
• events continuing up to a particular
Last summer, I(1) _ ___ as a waitress· a liday resort when
moment or stopping just before it.
I'm tired because I've been running. I (2) a great opportunity. I (3 _____ for about a
We were annoyed because the hotel month when I (4) an ad for reps. The interviews
manager had been lying to us. (5) place the next day, so I 6 the number.
See Grammar database 3 on page 175 in the ad to ask where I had to go. They to like me
for more information. when they (8) me and they 9 me a job.
A group of tourists(1O) weekend so I had to learn
1 Find this sentence in the text
lots of things about the resort very q
(11) , I was ready. one n1-t'hOlm _____ there
on page 19 and underline it.
Underline other examples of before so I(13) them elsthey
verbs used in a continuous (14) in and then(lS _____ em the sights.
tense. Why has the writer used a l really(16) ____ · erent countries and
continuous tense in each case? helping them. I(17) _____
You're wearing your new cowboy boots1 job!
new jeans, a blue checked shirt and a real
cowboy hat ...
 Vocabulary
Travel and tourism
1 Put these words and phrases into the following
categories: Ship, Plane and Train.
express • carriage • ferry • platform • cruise
departure lounge • cabin • ticket inspector • flight
delayed • sail • runway • voyage • land • rails

Now use some of these words and phrases to talk

about the pictures.

2 Word formation
Complete each sentence using a form of the word in bold.
1 My family runs a hotel, so I'm thinking of studying at college. tour
2 I find travelling backwards on trains really , so I always sit facing forward. comfort
3 We regret to announce that the of flight SA 121 has been delayed. arrive
�.
4 Teenagers seem to prefer places like·Australia to countries when they go on holiday. Europe
5 They made an at the airport saying that our flight had been delayed. announce
6 In these days of mass travel, the between Europe and America seems to be much shorter. distant
7 There are a number of reasons for the in the popularity oflceland as a holiday destination. grow
8 I've always believed that travel the mind. broad
9 It's interesting to see what differences exist in different parts of the world. culture
10 The of many Pacific islands rely on the money that visitors spend. inhabit

3 Note down as many other forms of the words in 5 Now match each phrasal verb from exercise 4 to the
exercise 2 as you can. Don't forget to include any correct definition. There is one definition you do not
negative forms. need to use.

4 Phrasal verbs
a
b
go to an airport, station, etc, to watch someone leave
return from holiday
Complete each phrasal verb to do with travel and c decrease your speed
tourism using the words in the box. One of the d leave the ground
words will be used more than once. e present your ticket, passport and luggage at an airport
back • in • down • off • up f go on holiday
g increase speed
1 As the plane took , I looked out of
the window and saw the city getting smaller. 6 Collocations
2 We're leaving for Spain on the 3rd May and we get
_____ on the lOth. Choose the correct word or phrase to complete these
collocations.
3 We all went to the airport to see Grandma
1 a school excursion I trip
2 a business trip I journey
4 The train started to speed _____ as we left
3 time off I out work
the station.
4 a round-the-world I round-the-earth trip
5 Have you got the tickets and passports? We need
5 the holiday of a life I lifetime
to check at the desk before we look
6 a five-star I five-mark hotel
round the airport shops.
7 holidaymakers I holidaydoers
6 The ferry slowed _ ___ as we got closer to
the shore.
 Listening

Word power!
harbour • quay • attractions • Opera House

Starting point
What place is shown in the photograph?
What do you know about this city?

1 Look at the first question from exercise 4. Write a phrase that

could be used to complete the sentence.
ro see the harbour, you should ...
2 " 1.08 Listen to this extract and check your answer to
exercise 1.

3 Look at the other sentences and try to complete them. Write

your guesses here. EXAM EXPERT
2 How should yo do he exam practice
3 task?
4 -=-
a Try to IIIr 7 :e c: - 2s ·ou can to fill
5 each gap.
6 b Write a ·.c•::::·:-:; .o rase tofill
7 each gap.
8
9
10 5
exercise 4 a
4 g 1.09 exam practice
You will hear part of a radio talk about Sydney, Australia. For partner.
questions 1-10, complete the sentences.
� ------- - - - All my g es:= ::c dose. D
D
To see the harbour, you should 1
��-;:::::==============='.
The bridge connects North Sydney and �------
2
Most o r :;-===5
Some 0£ ; ;-=.:=S
::c·e close.
::c•e close. D
- -
�
13 ---� A few o'" �. ;-===5 ::c·e fairly close. D
You get the best view from the bridge by crossing �
Some people say that the Opera House was designed to look
None o:�; ;-=-== =·= ose at all. D
like a �-------------------�
4

�----------;::::16==========�
You can get in for less if you are 5
The Botanical Gardens have plants from all over
�------�
� - --�

In Sydney there are people who come from �7

•
----�
-
From Sydney, Bondi Beach is located � a_ _ __ _______,
I _ _ _
Swimmers on Bondi Beach are watched by 19
�-�;:::::=== �
=
�
Because of the view, Taronga Zoo is a good place for 1_0 ________,
I
 Speaking

Starting point S g 1.11 Now listen to another extract. What

does Candidate B (Nick) do?
A photograph captures a moment in time. What
tense do we use to describe the things happening in
a He gives a brief response to the question, showing
he photograph at that moment?
that he was listening to what Katherine said.
A photograph often shows an example of
something. What tense do we use to talk about it in b He does the same thing as Katherine, comparing
general? the photographs before talking about his
preferences.
1 Look at photos A and B in exercise 6 and decide
which photo each comment refers to. Some
comments may refer to both photos. EXAM EXPERT
On this holiday ... How should you do the exam practice task?
• you might need an experienced tour guide. When you are asked to compare photographs you
• you might get bored with doing the same thing. should
• the crowds might get on your nerves.
a talk about the main similarities and differences
• you can get away from your everyday life.
between the photographs.
• good weather is important.
b describe each photograph in as much detail as
2 Make a note of one other point you can make you can, making sure you mention everything
you can see.
about each photo.
See Speaking database on page 193.
3 Choose the correct words to complete these
sentences.
6 exam practice
1 A safari is more I very exciting than a beach
holiday. Here are two photographs showing different kinds
of holiday. I'd like you to compare them and tell
2 A beach holiday is little I less expensive than a
us which holiday you would prefer to go on. You
safari. have about one minute to do this, so don't worry if I
3 On the I this one hand, a beach holiday is relaxing. interrupt you.
4 On the next I other hand, it can be quite boring.
Which holiday would you prefer to go on?
5 I like beach holidays, however I although I would
prefer to go on safari.
6 A safari is exciting, whereas I despite a beach
holiday isn't.

4 " 1.10 Listen to this extract from an interview.

Which of these things does Candidate A
(Katherine) do?

a She describes the first photograph in detail and

then the second photograph.Then she talks about
her ideal holiday.

b She briefly describes the photos and then talks

about what similar or different ideas they both
show.Then she talks about her own preferences.

Candidate B, would you like to go camping?

 Reading 2 g 1.12

Word power! 3 exam practice

hiking • mountains • skiing • winter resort You are going to read an article about winter holidays. Seven
sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from
the sentences A-H the one which fits each gap (1-7). There is
one extra sentence which you do not need to use.
A There, you can watch concerts, reindeer races and even a
winter fashion show.
B From Europe to America, there are ome great breaks if you
like your fun served cold.
C These demand a little more than your aYerage downhill run,
so you need to be physically fit.
D There's nothing like the feeling of freedom as you are pulled
along the ground through spectacular frozen scenery.
E It has become world famous and attra Qllests from all
Starting point four corners of the globe.
F Increasingly, though, people are lookino -or an
Do you ever go on holiday at times of the extra challenge.
ij_ ·
year other than the summer? G He or she has more choice of winter es · ations than
1 Read the article about holidays
ever before.
H This means that a winter break can o - e e much cheaper
quickly and match each place to the than getting away in the summer.
correct activity. a

1 Australia a dog sledding 4 Find words in the text to match these de nitions. \I

2 Chamonix b cross country skiing d

1 sides of mountains 4
3 Jukkasjarvi c sunbathing 2 form of mountain 5 ming mass of ice
4 Alaska d staying in an ice hotel d
transport 6 - etc, in suitcases
2 Read the fifth paragraph of the text
3 comfort and quality
and decide if these statements are
true (T) or false (F).
WORK IT OUT. T
1 The hotel is very comfortable. T/F
rr
2 You can visit the hotel at any Find these words and phrases in underline them.
Can you work out what they mea 0
time of year. T/F
(J
3 The temperature at the hotel is bound to • flock • appeal • con
usually below freezing. T/F ii
thermal • carved • rink • huskies
4 Guests often complain about A
the extreme cold. T/F 1
th

,. Haveyoursa
a
EXAM EXPERT • Which of these winter re ort- - SC
How should you do the exam • What other kinds of winter��-��-·
practice task?
a Ignore little words like this, it and that
and concentrate on other key words.
b Look carefully at words like this, it
and that and try to decide what they
refer to.
 Carol Whitely looks at what's available if you're planning on going away this winter.

Holidays are a summer thing, right? take you far above the town and you Learn something about the local
.::,.m, sand and sea? Perhaps, but the can spend a few hours getting back Sarni culture and find out what it's
-,aditional view of a holiday as a down at breakneck speed! really like to spend your life in the
_·me to lounge by the pool and work snow.
If you prefer a quieter Iife, treat
on your tan is rapidly changing.
yourself to a bit of luxury at When you've had enough
\ore and more of us are getting Jukkasjarvi, a village in northern relaxation, take the daredevil in you
away fr0m it all in the winten. And Swedish Lapland. Here, every on a winter wilderness adventure.
·.ve're not just disappearing to find November, 100 tons of ice and 300 Fly into Anchorage, Alaska, for
distant sun, although/�lces Iike tons of snow become the lee Hotel. the start of your dog sledding tour.
-\ustralia ar� very !?P RU ari winter It is constructed in November and You'll travel out of town by car
destinations. 1 . J lasts until the end of April, when and by snowmobile to where your
\Vhether it's action or _r,elaxation the spring sun finally wins the battle adventure begins. You'll be shown
ou need, you're bound to find and the hotel melts. 4 There how to handle your huskies by
something to suit you. are around 300 rooms with beds of an experienced guide and then
ice covered with reindeer skins and you' II set off together into the great
Traditionally, a winter holiday has
thermal sleeping bags. They'll keep unknown. 6 Spending the
111eant skiing, and we still flock in

_
you warm in t�mperatures between night in comfortable log cabins
our thousands to the slopes. 2
....._ ___, -4 C and -9 C, although it has been
° °
and the day exploring the vast icy
One of the more popular places to
known to drop to -25 . Just don't
°
gladers with your team of dogs,
.:;nd it is in Chamonix, in the French
ask the management to turn up the you' II vow never to waste a week
-\lps, at the foot of Mont Blanc. The
heating or you might find yourself lying on a beach again!
• 924 Winter OlympicsO were held
without a room!
:tiere, and each year Today's winter wanderer has so
The hotel incluaes an ice-art
. isitors from all over the world many options that there's no excuse
exhibition, an ice sauna and a
come to enjoy the spectacular for just sittin at home staring at
cinema with a huge screen carved
scenery and winter sports. grey skies. 7 More and more
out o( you've guessed it, ice. If that's
companies are realising that we
Chamonix caters for beginners, not enough for you, there's lots to do
don't all want to spend Christmas
out the real appeal of this resort is in the surrounding region, including
eating turkey and sitting watching
-ne cross-country ski trails and ski skating at the local rink, and it's a
the TV. Find out more from your
rTJountaineering. 3 One of · short trip to the town of Kiruna for
local travel agent and get packing!
,l-ie highest cable cars in Europe will the Snow Festival. 5
 Grammar2 used to, would,
be/get used to
Does this sentence refer to the past,
so, such, too, enough the present or the future?
Which of these words completes the sentence? I am used to staying in hotels.
so/such/too/enough used to
It was _____ a wonderful holiday that I can't wait to go • past states
back there. We used to own a holiday home
adjective around here.
... so ... adverb .. . that... • past habits
many/much+ noun We used to come here on holiday every
a/an+adjective year when I was a child.
+singular noun would
... such... adjective+plural noun ... that...
a lot of+ noun • past habits
We would come here on holiday every
adjective year when I was a child.
... too ... adverb +for and/or full infinitive
many/much be/get used to
+noun • situations that are now familiar or no
... (not) enough... noun � .,_ +for and/or full infinitive longer strange
It was strange staying in a hotel at first,
... (not) ... adjective enough+for and/or full infinitive but I soon got used to it.
adverb
See Grammar database 5 on page 176 for
See Grammar database 4 on page 176 for more information. more information.

1 Complete these sentences using so, such, too or enough.

Be careful!
1 The resort was_ busy that I didn't really enjoy our holiday.
1 Our holiday was too enjoyable.
2 It was a bit_ hot for us to spend the day on the beach.
3 We got to the hotel_ early that our room hadn't been cleaned. ./ Our holiday was really/very
enjoyable.
4 There wasn't_ time for us to see all the sights.
5 It's_ a nice day that we should go to the beach.
6 The neighbours were_ friendly people that we went out for 3 Choose the correct word or phrase.
dinner with them. 1 When I was younger, we_ have a
2 Rewrite each pair of sentences as one sentence using the tent and we went camping a lot.
word given in bold. a used to b would c were used to
2 Our neighbours_ sometimes come
1 The resort was very big. We got lost a few times. so with us on holiday.
2 The hotel was very expensive. We couldn't stay there. too a would b were used to c got used to
3 Australia is a long way away. It takes a day to get there. such 3 My mum_ going away on business
4 The weather's quite bad. We aren't going to the beach. enough trips.
5 The hotel was very dirty. We decided to stay somewhere else. a is used to b used to c would
such 4 I_ like beach holidays, but now I
6 The hotel was very dirty. We decided to stay somewhere else. so find them a little boring.
7 I'm young. My mum won't let me go on holiday with my friends. a am used to b would c used to
too 5 _ you use to go to summer camp
when you were a boy, Dad?
a Did b Would c Were

4 Make sentences about you and your

family using used to and would.
 Use of English .
EXAM EXPERT
How should you do the exam practice task?

1 Read the text in exercise 2 exam practice When you have chosen words to fill all the
gaps, you should
2. Decide whether these
Read the text below and a read the whole text again quickly to see if it
statements are true (T) makes sense.
think of the word which
or false (F).
best fits each gap. Use b go straight on to the next task.
1 Ellen Macarthur only one word in each
started sailing when gap. Write your answers
she was eight. TIP IN CAPITAL LETTERS. ELLEN MAcARTHUR
2 She bought her first
boat when she Imagine you're sailing at night with a hurricane blowing, thousands of
was 18. TIP miles from the nearest dry land. Suddenly, there is (l) ____ _
3 She was the first loud noise and your sail breaks free. Your only chance (2) ____ _
woman to sail alone survival is to climb the mast in the darkness and fix ( 3) _ __ _
around Britain. TIP , even though you haven't slept for two days. It's all just part of a typical
4 She communicates working day for Ellen Macarthur, the first woman to sail alone
with people while (4) the world.
she is at sea. TIP Ellen (5) to go on sailing trips (6) holiday
with her aunt when she was eight years old and she fell in love with it.
She. (7) go sailing whenever she could and she saved all
he!pocket money until finally she (8) able to buy her first
boat, an 8ft dinghy. W hen she was 18, Ellen sailed alone around the coast
of Britain, (9) was a great achievement. Now, as
well as (10) a famous sailor, she is an author and her
stories of her adventures at sea are very popular. She likes
(11) keep in touch with people while she's in the middle
of the ocean, (12) search for her online and you might be
able to send her an email!

EXAM EXPERT
3 exam practice
How should you do the exam practice task?
Complete the second sentence, so that it has a
When you do the sentence transformations, you should
similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word
a change the word you are given to the correct
given. Do not change the word given. You must use
grammatical form.
between two and five words, including the word
given. Write the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS. b never change the word you are given.

1 We began visiting this resort ten years ago. 5 We would go to the mountains every summer
been when I was a child.
We this resort used
for ten years. We _ _ ________ to the
2 My dad didn't go abroad until he was thirty. mountains every summer when I was a child.
when 6 The sea was too cold to go swimming.
My dad first enough
went abroad. The sea to
3 Our holiday was so terrible that we came go swimming.
back early. 7 I don't find it strange to stay in luxury hotels.
such staying
We that we I in luxury
came back early. hotels.
4 We finally succeeded in finding a hotel with 8 They announced that our flight had
a pool. been delayed.
managed made

e
We finally a They _ _ _ _ ______ saying
hotel with a pool. that our flight had been delayed.
 Writing: review

Starting point
Compare the hotels in these photos.
Have you ever stayed in a hotel? What was it like?
What facilities and services do hotels often
provide? Make a list.

1 Look at this exam question and read the review.

Then read the statements 1-6 and choose true
(T) or false(F).
Your school produces a monthly English-language 1 A review is a description of your experience
magazine. You have been asked to visit a local hotel of a hotel, a restaurant, a film, etc. T/F
and to write a review for the magazine. 2 You should never give your own opinion
Write your review in 120-180 words in an in a review. T/F
appropriate style. 3 A review is a very informal pie e of writing. T/F
4 A review is a very formal pie e of writing. T/F
5 This review tries to say eYeJ: · g possible
about the hotel. T/F
The Seaview Hotel 6 This review chooses a fe,,- ·e;· areas to talk
about (appearance, facilitie-, eni e). T/F
g in the centre
The Seaview Hotel is a large buildin
of town. From the outside, it looks imp
ressive, 2 Tick(,./) what else the writer could have written
friendly. about in this review.
but the atmosphere inside is warm and
The owners have recently modernised
the hotel, the cost of staying at the ho-e D
but I was leased that they'd manage
d to keep the meals provided at the o-e D
some of t�e traditional character of
this lovely old the car he/she drove to� e D
building. how close the hotel is to o e ::; .a es D
have why they should change� e a e D
The hotel has 120 rooms, all of which
bathrooms. The ro om I stayed in was
very clean
ry suites
3 lmagine the writer wants ea d a paragraph to
and bright. There are also three luxu the review about prices a e o el. Look at this
e comfort.
tor guests who can afford a little mor table. What is the cheapest o
na. The the most expensive op · o
Other facilities include a mm and a sau
sts to
mm is well e9uipped and is tree tor gue
ed when I
use. Unfortunately, the sauna was clos
All prices given are per r st included.
visited.
pro blem I had Mar st­ Sept 1st­
The level of service was very high. A May 3' s: Feb 28th
ed. In tact,
with the lights in my room was soon solv
l with any single room €80
all the staff seemed very happy to dea
chocolate at double room €100
re9uest - even when I asked tor hot
suite €120
tour in the morning!
hotel which
In conclusion, the Seaview is a lovely 4 Imagine the writer i exercise 1
the town.
is perfect tor anyone who wants to visit wants to add a pa e cost of staying
at the Seaview o "" e i ormation in
exercise 3, write a - 50 words) to go
between the sec ragraphs of the
review.
 Plan ahead
1 exam practice: review
You recently saw this notice in an English language magazine called World Traveller.

Hotel Reviews
We'd like to invite all our readers to write a review of a hotel. It might be a hotel you've stayed in, or
one near where you live. It might be the best hotel you know - or it might be the worst! Send us your
reviews. The best review each month wins a prize of a two-night stay at a hotel of your choice.

Write your review.

EXAM EXPERT
3 Put these adjectives you might use in a review
into the correct category.
How should you write a review? awful • disappointing • dreadful • fantastic
a Try to describe every feature of the thing you are great • impressive • lovely • marvellous
reviewing, without missing anything out. shocking • terrible • wonderful
b Describe the key features that you think your
readers will be most interested in.
See Writing database on page 198 for further
Positive Negative
information.

2 Use your imagination to answer these questions.

1 Are you going to write about a real hotel or an
imaginary one? What's it called?
2 Is it a hotel you have stayed at or one near where 4 Complete Writing Planner 2 on page 206.
you live?
3 What three adjectives best describe this hotel? 5 Write your review in 120-180 words in an
4 What does the hotel look like? appropriate style.
5 Where is the hotel?
6 What are the two best things about the hotel?
6 When you have written your review, make sure
that you have:
7 What are the two worst things about the hotel?
checked your spelling and grammar D
8 Which of the following are you going to talk
used paragraphs O
about?
D location written about a few key features of the hotel D
D
D service used some good adjectives
D
D facilities written a review of the right length.

=:J cost
:] meals
9 Is your review going to be generally positive,
generally negative, or balanced?
10 Who would enjoy staying at this hotel?
 Check your progress!
Units 1-2
1 Use a word from the box to complete 9 If we leave here at six, we won't ______
each sentence. back home before midnight.
carriage • resort • destination • arrival 10 I can't believe Doug ______ you down.
cruise • brochure • cabin • platform He's usually so trustworthy.
1 We were very disappointed when we got there. 10 marks
The hotel had looked so much nicer in the

2 Bella and Derek are going on a ______ 3 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
round the Indian Ocean in the summer. similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
3 The train leaves at half past three, so I'll meet you word given. Do not change the word given. You
at about quarter past. must use between two and five words, including
on the
the word given.
4 We are pleased to announce the _ ____
of flight BA 635 from Barcelona. 1 I'd moved there in 2009.
5 The coach stops in Tamwort� but its final living
______ is Birmingham. I three years in 2012.
6 We had a tiny right at the 2 There were so many people on the train that we
bottom of the ship. had to stand.
7 Blackpool is a well-known holiday such
______ in the north west of England. There were _________ on the train
8 I had to walk up the train with my heavy suitcase that we had to stand.
because I'd got into the wrong ______ 3 You're too young to have a girlfriend!
enough
8 marks
You're to have
a girlfriend!
2 Write one word in each gap to complete the
4 I last had a holiday in June.
since
sentences.
I have June.
1 Could you me up outside the 5 Were you naughty when rou were a child?
supermarket at half past four? use
2 I love watching planes speed down the runway, W hen you were a child, ___ _____
______ off and disappear into the naughty?
distance. 6 I still find sharing a flat strange.
3 We have to in before we can go got
through to the departure lounge. I still haring a flat.
4 Adrian and Kelly have been out 7 We finally managed to persuade them to put us on
with each other for over a year. a later flight.
5 I don't know how Kelly up with succeeded
Adrian - he's so selfish! We finally them to put us
6 Could you after my hamster on a later flight.
while I'm away next weekend? 8 I was so bored in the lesson that I fell asleep!
7 Denise was up on a farm, so she such
knows a lot about tractors. It that I fell asleep!
8 Tim and Ed are going on holiday next Tuesday. 9 I wouldn't tolerate her treatina ·ou like that!
Shall we go to the airport to ______ put
them off? I don't knm how her
treating you like that.
18 marks
4 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line .....
to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.
.'t::
Jer0 :::::,

QI
Jerry is a bully and has one of the most ( 1) personalities
0
of anyone I know. He's totally (2)
his parents or teachers tell him to do, he's (3)
- he never does what
(he's always
OBEY
HONEST ...
0..
::I
0
telling lies), and I try to keep my (4) from him as much as DISTANT
possible. (5) , he's my brother, so that's not always easy! FORTUNE u
QI
It's strange having a (6) whom everyone dislikes. It makes RELATE u
me feel (7) at school, because sometimes people think I COMFORT
must be just like him, but in fact I'm completely (8) ______ DIFFER
I hope as Jerry grows older he' ll realise how important (9) ______ FRIEND
is and he' ll stop being so ( 10) to everyone. One thing is KIND
sure - he'll never get a girlfriend until he changes his ways!

10marks

5 Match. There is one letter you do not need to use.

a someone you know, but not very well
1 holidaymaker_
b someone you do not know at all
2 acquaintance_
c someone on vacation
3 colleague_
d someone who is almost an adult
4 stranger_
e someone who works for a holiday company
5 rep_
f someone from another country
6 adolescent_
g someone you work with

6marks

6 Write one word in each gap to complete the sentences.

1 Why don't you borrow some money your brother?
2 My mum's never approved me having an earring.
3 I don't believe ghosts.
4 Can you help me this exercise? I don't really understand it.
5 The room's not very clean. Do you think we should complain to the manager ______ it?
6 Carl offered to drive us, so that saved us having to take the train.
7 A technical fault prevented the bus leaving on time.
8 I'm responsible dealing with any complaints our guests have.

8 marks

Total: 60marks
 Reading 1 " 1.13

Looking Forward 3000

The future is here already, they say, and in the field of
technology it's certainly true that events are unfolding fast.
app • domestic appliance • download Here at Looking Forward 3000, we take pride in our ability to
gaming• mobile device• search engine bring you the best articles and the most up-to-date information
about technological developments. In fact, next month, we will
have been predicting the future with great accuracy for exactly

Starting point a decade. Happy Birthday to us, then, and to celebrate, we're
offering some fantastic prizes in our competition (click here,
or on the link below to enter). On this website, you'll be able
In which areas of your life is technology to find the latest developments in technology, as well as our
important? predictions for what is going to happen in the near (and not so
How long do you spend online\ach week? near) future.
In our feature article you can find out why computers cannot
Which computer programs or services do you yet translate successfully from one language to another. We've
use most? grown used to being able to have what we want at the touch of
a button or the click of a mouse. We have online dictionaries
1 Say y',;hich of the two statements below you
with huge databases, so why can't we use them to translate
perfectly into other languages? As Paul Mcintyre explains,
agree with most, giving reasons. Consider English has many words with similar meanings. Consider chair
the use of technology in some of thes,e and seat- how would a piece of software know which one is
tasks: best suited to the context? And how would a machine know
how to translate Take a seat! as Sit down! rather than Pick up
shopping • solving mathematical problems a seat!, for instance, or, in American English, He got the chair,
meaning He was sentenced to death in the electric chair? Of
writing essays• doing housework course, we can also use these two words as verbs (as in to
learning languages • making music chair a meeting, or The restaurant seats 200 people). For all the
finding information• communication millions of pounds and many years spent on development, we
still need people to translate for us if we don't want to end up
with mistakes in the text because a machine does it literally,
1 I'm t9tally in.favour of technology.r word for word. Yet we will have better machine translation in the
Computers and labour-saving-devices tan future, and experts are making progress using a similar method
ltelp,us do things more quicklx;t'""' leaving us to predictive text on mobile phones.
Read more ...
free to do more important.things. In.telligent There's also a new article on technology in the home. Jeremy
devices and things like,
··· srriattphones are the Fletcher looks into intelligent labour-saving devices, including
·,.future. the Smart Manager fridge, made by LG. For around €2,000, you
can take a step into the future with this home appliance. What
2 The.more w.e, left1chnology interfere in our
lives, the;:inore we move away from a natural
existence. Technology and computers can
help us..do nearly everything but it is not
always a good thing. We need to learn to do
thing� and to think, for ourselves. 3 exam practice
Read the text quickly and answer the Read the text and decide if each statement is true (T),
following questions. false (F) or not stated (NS).

1 Which aspects of technology are 1 The website is just over 10 years old.
2 English is more difficult than other languages for
talked about?
computers to translate.
2 In which area has technology been
3 Text message software is helping improve
unsuccessful up to now? machine translation.
3 Is the writer for or against technology? How 4 One way to communicate with the Smart Manager
do we know? fridge is to talk to it.
 4 Find words and phrases in the text to replace the
words in italics in these sentences.
1 We expect lots of interesting changes in the next
you do is scan the barcodes of your shopping (or your few years.
receipt) before you put the items in the fridge. There's
a handy scanner on the door to help you to do this.
2 If you press the mouse button on this word, it takes
ernatively, you can describe the item using the fridge's you to the main article.
built-in voice-recognition technology or scan the receipt 3 This is the program that I use most.
with a smartphone and send the information to the fridge 4 When sending text messages, I use the program
that way. The computer in the fridge will then monitor your
food and add things to an online shopping list before that guesses the word you are writing.
you run out. If you prefer to do your shopping the old­ 5 In the supermarket, they pass a special machine
fashioned way, you can communicate with your fridge over items to find the price.
ing a smartphone app while you're in the supermarket,
so you can find out exactly what you need. By the way, the 6 In the future, all computers might work with a
Smart Manager will also notify you on your smartphone program that allows you to speak directly to them.
- you've accidentally left the fridge door open. It even 7 The cameras outside help you watch what is
suggests recipes for you, based on the ingredients inside
and any other information you provide it with, such as
happening in the garden.
- you are on a diet or you have food allergies. The LCD 8 I spend all my money on small electronic devices.
screen on the door tells you exactly what to do to follow
the recipe. The fridge can also switch the oven on for you
{as long as it's an LG Smart Oven). Think these �dern
devices might suit your lifestyle? Want to get information
on your TV screen about what your washing machine is
doing at this very moment? Like the idea of a vacuum
cleaner that cleans the house ready for you when you
come home? There's probably a smart device just for you.
ead more...
d, of course, in the gadgets section, you can find out
WORK IT OUT!
what we'll all be buying next year, as well as what's hot
- the market right now. There's plenty to choose from, Find these words and phrases in the text and
· eluding the latest generation of tablets and readers, underline them. Can you work out what they mean
robust helmet-mounted cameras for extreme sports
enthusiasts, internet radios and TVs, incredible mobile from the context?
devices and other must-have items.
Read more... handy • notify• robust • take pride in • unfolding

Have your say!

Browse our archives

SUBSCRIBE TO THE MAGAZINE VERSION - CLICK

HERE • Do you think a machine will ever be able to
translate languages as well as a person?
Click here for details of our LF3000 Birthday Why? I Why not?
Competition. Hurry, the competition closes in
days • Do you like the idea of an intelligent fridge?
Why? I Why not?
• Are you interested in gadgets? Which ones do you
own? What would you like to own?

EXAM EXPERT
5 The Smart Manager can tell you when your fridge How should you do the exam practice task?
needs cleaning. a Remember that 'false' means that contradictory i.:
6 Recipes produced by the Smart Manager take into information is given in the text, whereas 'not I

account what you can and can't eat. stated' means that we don't know from the text if
7 The Smart Manager fridge is able to communicate it's true or not.
i
with other kitchen appliances. b Remember that 'false' means that contradictory '

8 None of the gadgets mentioned are available to buy information is given in the text, whereas 'not
yet. stated' means that it's true, but not mentioned.

e
..
 Grammarl 3 Use the words in brackets and the verbs in the
box in an appropriate tense to complete this text.
You can use the verbs more than once.
The future be • do • drive • find • implant
Which different forms of the verb open can be get • introduce • leave • live
used to fill this gap?
The Museum of Technology next week. I wonder what (1) (the world) like in ten
years'time. (2) (I) twenty-four years old.
There are a number of different ways of expressing
the future in English. (3) (I) school by then, of course, and
(4) (I I probably) my degree.
will: No-one will use cash in a hundred years' time.
(5) (I I still) in the same town? I've no idea!
be going to: We're all going to have implants in our Maybe. If I am, (6) (I) here for twenty years.
teeth in the future.
That's a long time! (7) (I) a job? I hope so! I
present continuous: We're getting our new computer don't think (8) (robots) everything.
next week. (9) (there I still) jobs, won't there?
present simple: My physics exam is next Tuesday. A lot of new technology (1O) between
medals: Do you think humans might live on other now and then, of course. Perhaps (11) _____
planets in the future? (we I all) around in electric cars, and (12) _____
shall: Shall we download and watch a film tonight? (there I not) so much pollution. I don't think
Remember that will is often more formal than be (13) (doctors) mobile phones in everyone's
going to. teeth by then. That sounds like a silly idea to me.
w
Remember that there is often rriore than one way of
expressing the same idea.
See Grammar database 6 on pages 176-177 for more
information.
Future perfect simple and
future continuous
Circle the correct form of the verb to complete
1 What difference do these phrases make to the this sentence.
meaning of the sentence? By the end of today, I'll send I I'll have sent I I'll have
What sources of energy been sending I I'll be sending over 25 emails.
to power cars
in the future? We use the future perfect simple to show that
something is completed at some time between now
1 will we use 4 could we use and a point in the future.
2 are we going to use 5 might we use We'll have stopped using notes and coins by the year
3 are we using 6 shall we use 2030.
We use the future perfect continuous to show that an
2 Complete the sentences using will, shall, be action is in progress up to a point in the future.
going to, present continuous or present simple. By the year 2032, we'll have been doing our shopping
with digital money for about two years.
1 Hurry up! _____ (thebus/leave) in a
We use the future continuous to talk about an
few minutes.
action in progress at a point in the future or habits or
2 One day, (everyone I have) solar- repeated actions at a point in the future.
powered cars which can fly. This time next week, we'll be visiting Phil's laboratory
3 I know! (I I buy) Tim some again.
rechargeable batteries for his birthday. In a hundred years' time, we'll all be flying around in
4 When I grow up, (I Ibe) an flying cars.
inventor. See Grammar database 6 on page 177 for more
5 _____ (we I help) you set up your new information.
computer?
6 I'm sorry but _____ (I I lend) you any
more CDs.
 Vocabulary
Technology
1 Match each of the words or phrases
with an item in the picture.
bulb_ microwave_
clock_ plug_
cooker_ socket_
dishwasher_ toasted sandwich maker_
freezer_
fridge_
vacuum cleaner_ 5 Confusable words
washing machine_
kettle_ Choose the correct word to complete each
sentence.
2 Phrasalverbs 1 Do you know who discovered I invented the
biro?
Use the correct form of these phrasal verbs about 2 The company is currently developing I
technology to complete the sentences. inventing a more powerful microchip.
break down • come on • come up with 3 Scientists do investigation I research.
cut off • get through • look into • ptft i n· 4 The car engine I machine caught fire and we
had to call the fire brigade!
1 If you an appliance like a washing 5 We've bought a small mobile I portable TV to
machine, you install it. take on holiday with us.
2 If you a new idea for a product, you 6 Kitchen tools I appliances, such as fridges and
have an idea. washing machines, have become much cheaper
3 If you ______ a new development, you recently.
investigate it. 7 Tents and rucksacks are examples of camping
4 If a car _____ , it stops working. equipment I tools.
5 If your electricity is _____ , it is
disconnected.
6 If you can't to someone on the Be careful!
phone, you can't connect to them. invent= create something that didn't exist before
7 If something has , it has developed discover= find or find out something for the first
or improved. time

3 Word formation
6 Word patterns
Complete each phrase using a form of the word in
bold. Use these words to complete the sentences.
You will use one of the words twice.
1 a great achieve
2 highly benefit with • in • .to • on • for • of
3 a person create
4 a recent develop 1 Dana's not very interested_ computer games.
5 an important discover 2 I'm really looking forward_ starting our
6 a major in something improve science project next week.
7 a useful invent 3 Al's involved_ making sure our equipment is
8 bring out a new produce safe to use.
9 a fact science 4 Our whole way of life depends_ us having
10 a to a problem solve electricity and oil.
5 Are you going to apply_ a job in a factory?
4 Find other forms of the words in exercise 3. Put 6 Let me know when you've finished_ the
them into four categories: Verb, Person, Other newspaper.
nouns and Adjectives. 7 The article was full_ useful advice on how to
take good photos.
 Listening

Word power! 2 Read the opinions in exercise 3 and choose one.

Try to express that opinion in your own words.
digital camera • electric typewriter • wheel Ask your partner to guess which it is. Now guess
obsolete • old-fashioned • groundbreaking which opinion your partner is expressing. Which
words helped you and your partner guess
correctly?
Starting point
Do the things in the pictures have anything in 3 " 1.14 exam practice
common? In what ways are they different? You will hear five people talking about technology.
For questions 1-5, choose which of the opinions
(A-F) each speaker expresses. Use the letters only
once. There is one extra letter which you do not
need to use.
A Some modern technology is unnecessary.
B It is impossible to survive without technology.
C Technology is nothing new.
D Expect major technological advances in the
near future.
E Don't expect major technological advances in the
near future.
F It's amazing what you can buy these days.
Speaker 1
Speaker2
Speaker 3
Speaker4
Speaker 5

EXAM EXPERT
How should you do the exam practice task?

1 Match each word or phrase with its definition.

a Note down key words and phrases you hear as
you listen the first time.
1 agriculture a not wasting time, money b Do not make any notes because this is listening
2 catalogue or energy and not writing.
3 efficient b completely changing the way

4
4 handy something is done
Did you note down any key words and phrases?
5 revolutionary c the work or study of farming
What were they? Compare your notes with the
6 virtual reality d situations, images and sounds rest of the class.
7 gadget that seem real but are in fact
produced by computers
e a book or magazine which Have your say!
advertises products you
can buy • Look back at the different opinions in exercise 3.
• Which do you agree/disagree with?
f a small tool or piece of
equipment
g useful
 Speaking

Word power!
air conditioner • drinks machine
MP3 player • laptop

Starting point
Choose one of the items in the pictures in exercise 4.
Do not say what it is, but describe what it looks like
and what we use it for. Ask your partner to guess
which item you are describing.

1 Look at the pictures again. Make notes about

how each item could be used by a youth club.

2 Tick (.I') the phrases that are correct. Use the

correct phrases to suggest an item. Say how it
could be used by the youth club� 0

1 ... would be useful as it's ...

2 ... would be useful because it's ...
3 ... would be useful since it's ... Talk to each other about how useful these things
4 What do you think about getting the ... ? would be for the youth club. Then, decide on the
5 What are you thinking about getting the ... ? two items that you should definitely buy. You have
6 What about getting ... ? about three minutes for this.
7 How about getting ... ? • How useful would these things be for the youth club?
8 I'm liking to suggest getting ... • Which two should you definitely buy?
9 I'd like to suggest getting ...
10 I'd like to suggest to get ... 5 exam practice
11 Wouldn't it be better to get ... ? Does technology make our lives easier?

3 " 1.1 S Listen to two candidates doing Do we rely too much on technology?
exercise 4. Is there anything they could have What technological advances can you see
done better? happening in your lifetime?
Would you like to be an inventor? What kind of
4 exam practice things would you invent?
I'd like you to imagine that your local youth club How do you think the world will change over the
has been awarded some money by the local next 50 years?
council. Here are some of the things that you are
considering buying.

EXAM EXPERT
EXAM EXPERT How should you do the exam practice task?
How should you do the exam practice task? a Remember that it's fine to say you're not sure
a Always wait for the other candidate to speak first, about something.
and always agree with him/her. b Never say you're not sure about something
b Try to have a natural conversation with the other because it makes you sound stupid.
candidate. See Speaking database on page 193.
 A The Safety Pin
Reading 2 g 1.16_ Walter Hunt had come up with
numerous other inventions before he
created the safety pin in 1849. None
Word power! of them, however, had made him
any money! Owing fifteen dollars
ice-cream cone • safety pin to a friend, he decided to invent
tin opener • correction fluid something new to make enough to
pay back the debt. He took a piece

Starting point of wire, coiled it in the centre, shielded

one end and - hey presto - he'd created
What do we use each of the items in the Wordpower! box for? the world's first safety pin. He took out a
When do you think they were invented? patent on his invention, sold the rights
to it for four hundred dollars, paid his
1 Read the article quickly and find information to complete friend back and had 385 dollars to spare.
the table. If the information is not given in the article, put a Then he watched his latest brainwave go
cross in the box. on to become a million dollar earner for
lnventor(s} Date(s} Place(s} someone else!
invented invented
Safety pin B The Ice-Cream Cone
Ice-cream cone The first ice-cream cone was produced
in New York in 1896 by Italo Marchiony,
Correction fluid
who had emigrated
Tin opener from Italy only a
few years before.
2 exam practice He was granted a
patent in December
You are going to read a magazine article about some
1903. As with many
inventions. For questions 1-15, choose from the inventions
great inventions,
(A-D).The inventions may be chosen more than once.
a similar creation
In which of the paragraphs does the writer state the following? was independently
1 The inventor had a famous son. introduced - in
2 The inventor had not been in the country long. 1904 by Charles
Menches. He was
3 Someone else became rich because of the invention.
selling ice cream
4 Not everyone was interested in the invention at first.
- in dishes, like all ice-cream sellers at
5 The inventor made and sold this product in his/her the time - at the St Louis World Fair. So
spare time. many people were ordering ice cream that
6 This was not the inventor's first invention. he ran out of dishes. He looked around,
7 Members of the public never used the first version. and saw a Syrian man selling a Middle
8 The inventor was not very skilled at his/her job.
9 Two people came up with the idea separately.
10 A change in production resulted in the creation of a new
product. EXAM EXPERT
11 He/She quickly adapted an existing product. How should you do the exam
12 It's surprising that this wasn't invented earlier. practice task?
13 The inventor had borrowed some money. a Read the text very slowly and
14 The invention eventually led to great wealth for carefully from start to finish before
the inventor. you look at the questions.
15 The inventor got an idea from another culture. b Skim read the text first. Then, for
each question, scan the text from the
beginning until you find the answer.
 . .. -�-- �-----------------------------

Where did they come from?

gela Stewart looks at four everyday items we take for granted and asks 'Where did they come from?'

Eastern dessert called 'Zalabia', a wafer-like pastry D The Tin Opener

sold with syrup. 'Give me Zalabia; cried Menches.
e rolled up the Zalabia into a cone, scooped his ice
cream onto the top and the second ice-cream cone
·as born!

C Correction Fluid
·ou know that white stuff you paint on paper to
cover mistakes? It was originally called 'Mistake Out' Strangely enough, the first practical tin opener was
and was the invention of Bette Nesmith Graham. developed more than forty years after the metal tin
.-\fter her divorce, she realised she would have to find was introduced. Tinned food was developed for
a job to support herself and her son, the British Navy in 1813. Made of solid iron, the
so in 1951 she became a typist. l;.;, tins usually weighed more than the food they held!
·nfortunately, she was not a particularly Although the inventor, Peter Durand, successfully
ood one, and soon recognised. the need for a figured out how to seal food into tins, he gave little
, ·hite paint which could be used to cover all thought as to how to get it out again. The instructions
er mistakes. Using her kitchen and garage read: 'Cut round the top with a chisel and hammer:
as a laboratory and factory, she gradually It was only when steel tins were brought out that the
developed a product that other secretaries tin opener was invented. The first was devised by Ezra
and office workers began to buy. While continuing to Warner in 1858. This type never left the shop, as a
·ark as a secretary, she educated herself in business shop assistant opened all tins before they were tak�n
methods and promotion. Bette offered 'Mistake Out' to away! The more modern tin opener, with a cutting
IBM, who turned it down. Undeterred, she wheel, was invented by William Lyman in 1870. Pull­
hanged the name to 'Liquid Paper' and continued open tins, which do not need a tin opener at all, were
o sell it from home for the next seventeen years. In introduced in 1966.
1979, 'Liquid Paper' was bought by Gillette for $47.5
million plus royalties! Incidentally, Bette was also the
mother of Mike Nesmith, a member of the well­
known sixties pop group 'The Monkees'. WORK IT OUT!
Find these words and phrases in the text and
underline them. Can you work out what they mean
from the context?
debt • brainwave • emigrated
3 Find words or phrases in the article which are undeterred • chisel • ran out of
similar in meaning to these words and phrases.
1 don't think about (subtitle)
2 lots of (paragraph A)
3 suddenly (paragraph A)
4
5
given, allowed to have (paragraph B)
slowly, step by step (paragraph C)
Have your say!
6 unrelated to the subject (paragraph C) • How important were each of these inventions?
7 solved the problem (paragraph D) • How different would the modern world be if they
8 close (so the air can' t get in or out) (paragraph D) hadn't been invented?
 GrammarZ Be careful!
She's at school. (as a student or teacher)
Articles She's at the school. (as a visitor)
Which box in the table below should each of these sentences
be put into?
The digital camera I bought is great!
I'm going to get a digital camera. Time clauses
The digital camera has changed the nature of photography. Choose the correct form of the verb
Digital cameras are still quite expensive. to complete this sentence.
singular countable plural uncountable I want to be an astronaut when I
nouns countable nouns will grow I grow up.
nouns After certain time words and phrases,
a/an one non-specific x x we use a present tense (present simple,
thing: present continuous, present perfect)
I haven't got a even though we are referring to the
computer. future.
If the next word
begins with a vowel when: I'll buy a computer when I have
sound, use an: enough money.
I haven't got an
as soon as: Send me a text message as
umbrella. "
soon as you arrive.
the one specific thing: several specific:
This is the computer specific The before: I'll turn offthe lights before I leave.
which I told you about. things: technology in after: Can you lend me that DVD after
general group or These are this equipment you've watched it?
category: the CDs/ is very
The tin opener is a told you advanced. until/till: I'll wait until you get online.
great invention. about. while: I'll think of you while you're doing
your science exam.
no generally: generally: See Grammar database 8 on page 178
article Cars cause Technology is
pollution. nothing new.
for more information.

See Grammar database 7 on pages 177-178 for more information.

3 Join these sentences using the word
or phrase in bold.
1 Look at these phrases from the article on pages 38 and 39
1 The price of smartphones will come
and answer the questions.
down soon. Then my brother will buy
... more than forty years after the metal tin was introduced.
1 Is this one specific tin or metal tins generally? one. when
... a member ofthe ... pop group ... 2 I'll finish the science report. Then I'll
2 Is this one specific pop group or pop groups generally? hand it in immediately. as soon as
3 You'll fall asleep. After that, the doctors
2 There are ten mistakes with articles in this paragraph. Find will start the operation. before
4 You can't use your bank card at the
them and correct them.
moment. The bank will send you a PIN,
The Jason Tarbuck, a inventor and then you can use it. until
from UK, has come up with 5 I'm going to watch that movie tonight
an unique way to prevent the on TV. I'll record it for you at the same
people from locking themselves time. while
out of their houses. Invention,
called the LockSafe, uses the
small electronic sensor on a 4 Complete these sentences about you.
door lock to check that key is 1 As soon as I ... later today, ...
outside the door before it locks.
A sensor detects an infra-red 2 Before I ... tonight, ...
light beam from the key or key 3 I won't ... until I ...
chain. 4 When I ... tomorrow, ...
5 While I ... this evening, ...
 Use of English

1 Read the text in exercise 2 2 exam practice

quickly and decide if these
Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use
statements are true (T) or
only one word in each gap. Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS.
false (F).
1 The text mentions how Wireless electricity
we use power today. TIP All of us in the developed world use electricity every day in many
2 The text describes a new different ways. As (1) as we walk into a room we turn
way of getting power. TIP on lights without even thinking about it. We expect that when we flick
3 The text says some people a switch, the power (2) be there any time of the night or
already have wireless day and if for any reason our power is cut (3) , it creates
electricity. TIP major problems. Today's homes are full (4) electrical
sockets and every day millions of us plug our mobile phones, laptops
and PDAs in to charge (5) batteries. This could become
EXAM EXPERT a thing of the past, though, if scientists succeed (6) _____
How should you do the exam developing wireless electricity. Think of Wifi. Until quite recently,
practice task? . all computers connected to (7) internet had to be
.,c�mnected to a phone line. Today, many computers are capable of using
a Only look at two words wireless connection, giving the computer user much
on each side of each gap (8)
because they always tell you (9) freedom. Researchers want to do the same with
what the missing word is. electricity. In the future, instead of plugging your mobile into the wall,
you' ll be able to charge it simply (10) leaving it near the
b Look carefully at all the
words in a sentence because power supply in your home. We can all (11) forward to
clues to the missing word a day when the idea of connecting a TV to a hole in the wall will seem
could appear anywhere. very old-fashioned. (12) then, we'll all just have to keep
plugging things in.

3 Look at the gaps in exercise 4 and decide what kind of

EXAM EXPERT
word (noun, adjective, etc) is required for each gap.
How should you do the exam practice task? 11
4 exam practice a Don't worry too much about spelling
because you get a mark if it's nearly right.
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the 11
end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap b Be very careful with your spelling because if
you make one spelling mistake, it's wrong.
in the same line. Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS.

The Modern Kitchen

Thomas Edison knew his new (1) _, the light bulb, INVENT
would be (2) _, but it's unlikely that he realised quite REVOLUTION
how much we would come to rely on this new source
of power. For example, the (3) _of electricity has INTRODUCE
completely changed the kitchen. The modern kitchen is
overflowing with electrical (4) _. We boil our water with APPLY
electric kettles, cook on electric cookers and put our dirty
dishes in the (5) _. It's hard to imagine how we would DISH
survive without all this (6) _. Before electricity, people EQUIP
spent much longer preparing food. These days, for a busy
parent whose kids are hungry, the simplest (7) _is to SOLVE
take some (8) _food out of the freezer and pop it in FREEZE
the microwave. It might not always be the healthiest option, but at least it's quick. That's
rather an (9) _on having to cook a meal from scratch. It's been particularly IMPROVE
(10) _ for women - no longer do they have to stay all day chained to the cooker. BENEFIT
 Writing: article

Starting point
Look at the pictures. How much do we
depend on
the technology shown?
What are some of the drawbacks of
relying on
technology?

1 Read this article and underline any of

the
drawbacks you mentioned.

Wh� I'm not a fan of modern tuhno\09�

/\re iOU worried about how mulh we reli on tuhnologi? I am, and the f>ituation'f> getting worf>e eve� iear.

1elhnologi makef> Uf> lnl I've got friendf> in mi daf>f> who lan't do f>imple mathr, - thei have to uf>e a lalwlator
juf>t to work out f>ir- timef> r,even! And mani teenagerf> I know would rather f>pend their free time in front of their
GOmputer than meet their frieXa�.1hat'f> not healthi! What'f> more, _______________

What will life be like in a hundred iearn? Will eve�one be unemploied buauf>e robotf> will be doing all the jobf>?
Will the environment be GOmpleteli polluted? Will ___________________

--------------------? I think that'f> a pof>f>ibiliti, and it'f> frightening.

1uhnologi if> here to f>tai, and f>ome of it if> ve� benefilial, but we have to be lareful. We f>hould Uf>e tuhnologi to
make our livef> ear,ier, not let it def>troi our wai of life.

2 Read the article again and answer the

se 5 Where do you think you would find
questions. an article like
this?
1 Does the writer use
a) in a scientific journal
• contractions (I've, I'll, etc)? b) in a magazine for teenagers
• formal expressions like Moreover c) in a physics textbook
,
Furthermore, etc? 6 If the article appeared in either of
the other two

j
• very formal, semi-formal, or ver options, how would it be different?
y
informal language?
2 Find two examples that the writer
gives to 3 Complete the unfinished sentences in
illustrate a point. �aragraphs 2 and 3 using your own words and
3 Find an expression that means ideas. Make sure you use the right styl
the same e.
as Moreover.
4 Why does the writer ask questio
ns in the article? Have your say!
• Do you agree with the opinions of
the writer in
the article?
1 exam practice: article 3 Make a list in note form of general benefits of
modern technology. Next to each point in your
Your school magazine is running a series of
list, note down an example. Discuss these with
articles under the title'Why I'm a fan of modern
the class.
technology: Write an article to appear in the series
expressing your opinion.
General benefit Example
helps us communicate if stuck in traffic- can
EXAM EXPERT call on your mobile
How should you write an article?
a Look at who the readers of your article will be,
and choose the appropriate level of formality.
b Be as formal as you can to impress the person
marking your paper.
See Writing database on page 194 for further
information.

4 Complete Writing Planner 3 on page 207.

2 Answer these questions.
Who is going,to read your article?
5 Write your article in 120-180 words in an
appropriate style.
2 Should it be very formal?
3 Should you have an introductory paragraph? 6 When you have written your article, make sure
4 Should you give some examples to support your that you have:
opinion? written the title of the article at the top D
5 Should you come to a conclusion at the end? used semi-formal language D
fo llowed your paragraph plan D
given some examples D
tried to interest the reader D
checked your spelling and grammar. 0
G
 " 1.17

You are going to read an article from a magazine about business. For
questions 1-15, choose from the people (A-E).The people may be chosen
more than once. When more than one answer is required, these may be
given in any order.
A MARC MAIFFRET

Word power!
B MIKE BECKER
C ANDYWOLF
D ROBERT TUCHMAN
wealthy• afford • poverty
well off• badly off• get by E JOHN CHRISTAKOS
Which of the people mention the following?

Starting point I like making money out of something I love doing. 1 2

You should learn from how other companies
do things. 3
Most people don't try to benefit from their ideas. 4
You may have to learn new skills. 5
You shouldn't follow all the advice you are given. 6 7
I didn't get the right experience before I started. 8
Young people have to work harder to be successful. 9
It's important to have a clear idea of your aims. 10 11 12
You need to allow time for enjoying yourself. 13
I found a new way to do something. 14
You shouldn't give up if you fail. 15

How should you do the exam practice task?

Compare these two photographs When you find words or phrases in the text which have a similar
of different people. Describe meaning to words or phrases in the questions you should
what you think their lives are like. a choose that paragraph/person as the correct answer.
b read the relevant sentences very carefully before choosing your
1 Read the title and subtitle of answer.
the article on page 45. What is
it about?

2 Read the article quickly and 4 Find these words and phrases in the text. Match them to the
correct definitions.
find what kind of business
each person runs. 1 fortune a put money into a business
1 Marc Maiffret 2 set up b customers
2 Mike Becker 3 invested c businessmen/women
3 AndyWolf 4 company d start (a business)
4 Robert Tuchman 5 product e a business
5 John Christakos 6 clients f large amount of money
7 cheap g what a business sells
8 entrepreneurs h inexpensive
 Ready to take your first
steps down the road to
independence? Then take
the advice of these young
millionaires all under 30. They
know what it takes to succeed.

Marc Maiffret was once a seventeen year old who hated Sport has made Robert Tuchman well off, but he started
going to school and turned to hacking out of boredom. with nothing. After university, he couldn't find a job in
Now twenty-one, he has made a fortune out of computer television, so he worked in advertising. 'What companies
security. 'The thing I'm happy about is that my biggest really wanted was to take their clients to sporting events.
passion in life is something that actually makes a good I established a business to do that. We now make around
business,' says Maiffret. So what advice does Marc $10 million a year. If you want to be successful, you've
have for young people? 'Be ready to work a lot. If you're got to go for it. Don't ever let anyone say it can't be done.
younger, it is harder to impress people. You'd better be If it doesn't work the first time, give it another try and
ready to make work your only focus and know what you another try, until you find a way to make it work.'
want to achieve. You've still got to have,fyn and make
time for that, but it takes a lot of hard work and a lot of John Christakos and his business partners couldn't
dedication,' he says. afford designer furniture when they were students so
they decided to produce their own. They all studied
Rather than going high-tech, Mike Becker went in the business and knew that there was a large market for
opposite direction. As a teenager, he collected toys and cheap but stylish furniture. Their business is now worth
items from his childhood. 'I knew there were people like about $3 million a year. When asked for his advice
me out there so I set up a cool little business based on to young entrepreneurs, John says: 'Work for other
what I love,' he says. Becker decided to bring back the small companies in other fields. I never did that, so we
bobblehead (a plastic toy that you wear on your head) discovered problems and solutions for the first time. If you
and invested his savings of $35,000 in his business. His were thinking of going into business on your own, you'd
company now makes around $2 million a year. 'Be very learn a lot from the right kind of experience.'
clear about what it is you're selling. Ask yourself whether
there is a market for it. Be prepared to extend your range So, whatever your interests are, if you want to make a
of abilities,' Becker advises. 'Everyone comes across a million, the opportunities are there. Every billionaire has
good idea in their life, but they seldom do anything about to start somewhere!
it. It's really about putting things into practice.'

The good idea that Andy Wolf came up with was WORK IT OUT!
the snowskate. 'If you snowboard,' he says, 'you are
Find these words and phrases in the text and
surrounded by snow and you can't do skateboard tricks. I
underline them. Can you work out what they mean
wanted to do both, so I came up with the snowskate. It's
from the context?
like a snowboard you don't tie to your feet.' His product is
hacking • dedication • savings • seldom
becoming so popular that mountain resorts are starting
give up • go for it • billionaire
to build snowskate parks. His advice? 'There are definitely
set ideas on how you should run a business. Not all those
things are right. Believe in yourself and don't give up. You
have to have a plan and stick to it.' · Ha'fe your say!"
• What are the possible problems of being very
wealthy?
• Would you like to be extremely rich?
 (B Grammar:1 3 Use these prompts to write sentences using if.
1 I/be/you/I/ask my parents for more pocket money
2 you/win/the lottery/what/you/do with the money?
Conditionals (1 ): zero, first, second 3 the shops/ busy this afternoon/we/drive to the new
Does this sentence refer to the past or the supermarket
present? 4 charities/have more money/people/be/more
IfI had more money, I would buy another CD.
generous
5 you/go/to the police/you/find/someone's wallet?
zero conditional
if+ a present tense+a present tense
used for general or scientific truths
4 Complete these sentences for yourself.
Ifyou have your own business, you work very hard. 1 If charities ask me for money, ...
first conditional 2 IfI go shopping, ...
if+ present tense+ will (or other modal)+ bare 3 IfI have a little extra money, ...
infinitive 4 IfI needed more money, ...
if+ present tense+imperative
used for real or likely situations
Ifyau are having problems, your bank manager will try
to help.
unless, in case, as long as,
provided that
(B
Ifyou are having problems, speak to your bank
Take some money you see something you
manager.
want to buy:.
. secondconditional
if+past (simple or continuous)+ would (or other Which of these words and phrases completes
· modal)+ bare infinitive the sentence above?
u�ed f9�-irnpossiple, unlikely Qr. pypothetical _unless, in case, as long as, provided that
situations� unless:;:: except if
"IfI.were yoµ, I would set up my Ql:Yn /Jusine�st I'll get you some new trainers, u�ss they're too
;,:- ,, ;1:, C!.'.;' ,,
expensive.
See. Grammar databg;J·9 on pages 178-l79 for more •·
.,. " .�. � in case; because ... might
informatipn.' �
=Let's leave now in case the shops close early.
as long as/provided that:;:: only if
tll lenclyou some money as tong as/provided that you
1 Find this sentence in the article on page 45 and ;;, pdJme bac�tomorrow:
underline it.
If you're younger, it is harder to impress people.
Find another five conditional sentences and
underline them. Decide whether each one is a
zero, first or second conditional. 5 Use the phrases in the box to complete the text.
You can use the phrases more than once.
2 Circle the correct words or phrases to complete unless• in case • as long as
these sentences.
1 IfI had enough money, I will I would buy a new
computer. WINNING ntE LOTTERY.
2 We'll I We'd get there before the shops close if we Claire Owen_,had never won anything,(1) you
hurry up. count a spelling contest when she was seven. Then, one da�t
3 I always buy clothes in the latest style, ifI can I she won tw�nty million euros on the national lottery. 'I asked
could afford it. my husband to pinch me(2) I was dreaming!'
4 If you don't have the receipt, they won't I laughsCla,ire. 'Then I.started to panic(3) I'd lost
wouldn't give you your money back. the &ket; but (had it safely in my purse. I knew the win
5 I always spend I would spend too much money if could affect ,(rlY life badly(4) I was careful, but I
I go I went shopping. thougpt I would..be okay(5) I used the,money
1
wisely. I invested some,(6) I needed it i.n the
future, and I gave;ome to friends and family. Being rich is
okay,(7) you remember who you are and whoJ
your true friends are:
 Vocabulary
Money
1 Each of the nouns in bold is in the wrong sentence. Write a word or phrase
in bold from another sentence to replace the incorrect one.
1 Ifyou don't have the discount, I'm afraid we can't give you your money back.
2 This computer game I bought from here doesn't work so I'd like a receipt,
please.
3 Only€20 for such a nice dress? That's a real checkout!
4 Buy two boxes ofwashing powder and we'll give you a cashpoint of 20%!
5 I went back to the newsagent's because the assistant had given me too much
credit card.
6 You can pay for your flight over the phone ifyou have a currency.
7 Just a second. I need to go to the change to get some money.
8 I was at the supermarket and I got to the bargain and suddenly realised I
didn't have any money!
9 To order your copy of TeenScene, send a refund for€5 to the address below.
10 The cheque in Italy used to be the lira, until they started using the euro.

2 Phrasalverbs
Match each phrasal verb to do with business and money to the correct
meaning.
1 Tom doesn't have much money so he often has to a avoid spending money, often for a specific purpose
do without expensive holidays. b stop doing business completely
2 I'm saving up to get a new skateboard. c live without having something you can't afford
3 They don't have much money, but they get by. d return something to the shop you bought it from
4 Sarah was shocked to hear that she had come into e manage to survive on a small amount ofmoney
a large amount ofmoney. f start (a business, etc)
5 I'm thinking ofsetting up a company to g inherit
sell jewellery.
6 Ifyour new watch doesn't work, take it back.
7 Lots oflocal businesses have closed down recently. Be careful!
./ It isn't worth it. X It doesn't worth it.
3 Word formation
Complete this table. Include all possible forms you can pay
think of, including negative forms.
Noun*'. 4 Confusable words
Choose the correct word to complete each
sentence.
x poor
1 The country is facing serious economic I
style style economical problems.
stylist 2 It would be more economic I economical if
fashion x we all went in one car instead oftwo.
advertise 3 Do you think you could lend I borrow me ten
finance finance euros until tomorrow?
4 I don't like lending I borrowing money from
commerce commercialise
commercial my friends.
5 My dad has decided to go into business I
expense x company as an accountant.
expenses
6 My family has a dry-cleaning industry I
invest company, so I help out at weekends.
G
Word power! 3 "1.1a exam practice
You will hear an interview with a financial expert.
allowance • chores
For questions 1-7, choose the best answer (A, B or C).
pocket money
1 What is the main purpose ofMoneyspot?
A to advise young people on saving money
Starting point B to persuade people to save more money
C to provide information about
Do your parents give you an amount of money economic conditions
every week?
2 What does Alison say about teenagers in the past?
Do you have to do anything for the money they A They got less money than teenagers today.
give you? B They got their money from different sources
1 Decide whether you agree (A) or disagree (D)
than teenagers today.
C They got more money from working than
with these statements. Explain your choices. teenagers today.
1 Teenagers today have more money than 3 Alison says that many parents today
teenagers in the past. AID A don't like giving their teenage children money.
2 There is more to spend yollj· !JlOney
- on B put money into a bank account for their
today than in the past. AID teenagers.
3 Teenagers are more likely to work for C are too busy to remember to give their
money than in the past. AID children money.

2 Read the questions in exercise 3 and decide

4 Most teenagers' money today is spent on
A things that weren't available to buy in the past.
whether the following statements are probably B things that teenagers in the past weren't
true (T) or false (F). interested in.
1 The person being interviewed works for an C the same things teenagers in the past spent their
organisation called Moneyspot. TIP money on.
2 Alison is the name of the person asking the 5 What difference does Alison say the internet has
questions in the interview. TIP made?
3 Alison talks about how parents today A Teenagers can buy things they couldn't find in
give money to their children. TIP the shops in the past.
4 Alison talks about how teenagers today B Teenagers are less likely to want to learn how to
spend their money. TIP drive than in the past.
5 Alison mentions how teenagers use the C Teenagers can find things much cheaper than
internet to spend money. TIP they are in the shops.
6 Alison only talks about what teenagers 6 Alison suggests that parents generally
do, not their parents. TIP A don't understand how good teenagers are
7 Alison thinks getting a part-time job is a with money.
bad idea for teenagers. TIP B don't give their teenage children enough money.
C don't encourage their teenage children to
save properly.
EXAM EXPERT 7 Alison suggests teenagers work part time even
though
How should you do the exam practice task? A it's unlikely to help them in their future careers.
a The questions don't come in the same order as B nobody really wants to employ young people.
the information in the listening so remember C the law limits the amount of work they can do.
that the answers to earlier questions could come
at the end.
b The questions come in the same order as the
information in the listening so the answer to • What is the right amount of pocket money for
earlier questions is always near the beginning. someone your age?
• What do young people learn from having their
own money?
 Speaking

Word power!
corner shop
convenient range of products
4 Make notes to complete this table.
Starting point at a street market on the internet
Which of the places in the pictures do Have you ever bought
you prefer to shop at? Why? anything ...?
What kinds of things do
1 Do you agree or disagree with these people buy ...?
statements? Explain why. What are two advantages
Shopping on the internet can be dangerous of shopping ...?
because you never know who to trust. What are two
Small corner shops have more character disadvantages of
than large department stores. shopping ...?
We should just have huge supermarkets.. How do you feel about
that sell everything. shopping ...?

2 " 1.19 Listen to this candidate 5 Compare your answers. Make a note of good ideas you hear.
comparing two photographs. What
do you think the photographs he is
talking about might show?
6 exam practice
Here are two photographs showing different ways of shopping.
3 Listen again. The candidate uses I'd like you to compare them and tell us how you feel about
five different words and phrases for these ways of shopping. You have about one minute to do this,
giving examples. Make a note of so don't worry if I interrupt you.
them.
How do you feel about these ways of shopping?

EXAM EXPERT
How should you do the
exam practice task?
While the other candidate
is speaking, you should
a try to plan what you are
going to say in Part 2.
b listen to what they are
saying.
See Speaking database on
page 193.

Candidate B, which kind of shopping do you prefer?

 V
iews· concerning advertising aimed at
Reading 2 g 1.20 children differ widely in Europe. In Sweden, it
is considered unacceptable and is banned for
children under 12 with the approval of the majority
Word power! of the population. In France, advertisements are.
seen as part of preparing children for future life in a
ad • aimed at • brand • marketing consumer society.
There seems to be agreement that certain
Starting point regulations at least are necessary. However, the
degree to which advertising to children is regulated
What does this picture show? again varies widely from country to country.
Do you think there are too many ads on TV? In the UK, there are rules on food advertising,
1 Read the first two paragraphs of the article and match each
health, hygiene, safety and decency and there
are restrictions on broadcast time (for alcohol,
country to the statement that describes that country.
medicines and slimming products). Greece has a
1 Sweden a people think children learn something useful ban on advertisements for children's toys between
2 France from advertisements lam and 10pm and a total ban on advertisements
3 the UK b advertisements for toys are not allowed at certain for war toys.
4 Greece times
Children's reactions to advertisements can be very
c all advertising aimed at young children is banned
different from grown-ups. If adults see a product
d advertising foo8- to children is controlled
advertised and don't find it when they go shopping,

2 exam practice
You are going to read a newspaper article about children and advertising. For questions 1-8, choose the
answer (A-D) which you think fits best according to the text.
1 Most people in Sweden 5 Ads aimed at children are more powerful when
A agree with the ban on advertising to children. they are
B would prefer children to learn about A connected to schoolwork.
advertising. B shown during children's programmes.
C think children have a right to view C shown at breakfast time.
advertisements. D shown on a weekday.
D would like to introduce a ban on advertising to
children. 6 The text implies that advertisements in the past
A presented a different lifestyle.
2 According to the text, which of these ads would be B were more attractive to children.
allowed in Greece? C focused more on the product.
A an ad for toy soldiers at 11pm D showed toys children didn't want.
B an ad for a new game at 1 pm
C an ad for a doll at 6am 7 What do children learn from advertising?
D an ad for a remote-controlled car at 9pm A how to live in a modern economy
B how to have a successful career
3 When adults don't find something they have seen C which TV characters are popular
in an advertisement, D what to do to work in advertising
A they can often be quite childish about it.
B it becomes irrelevant to them. 8 Why is the writer worried about the power of
C they don't understand why it was advertised. companies?
D they continue looking until they find it. A They often sell products which are unsafe.
B They often use children in their
4 According to the text, why do companies spend a advertisements.
lot on advertising? C They don't understand how children react
A It is successful at persuading people to buy to ads.
their products. D They just want to make a lot of money out
B It means they are able to influence the content of children.
of TV programmes.
C It teaches people how advertising works.
D They know that people prefer the ads to
the programmes.
 able to deal with ads, could not be influenced in their decisions to
choose or buy products, then no company would spend·millions on
advertising. Research has also confirmed the influence of the media
upon the close match between children's tastes and the content of
the programmes they watch. Teachers say they know what has been
on TV the night before by the games the children play the next day.
The effectiveness of advertising increases when the ads are shown in
between or around programmes aimed at children, or when children
perceive an advertisement to be made 'for them' as, for example,
with toys or breakfast cereals.
Advertisements today are not so much about the products but rather
about the character of the consumers and how they should feel when
they use or possess the advertised product. Messages to children are
all about the happiness, social status or success which accompany the
possession or consumption of a certain toy or type of food.
Advertisement research found that the media can shape children's
preferences for different toys, TV characters, lifestyles, etc at different
ages. Children's preferences are formed by the media and presented
to them again in advertising. Children who are exposed to a lot of
�-·:..
advertising are thus educated about a particular lifestyle: they are
they forget about it. As children develop the ability to recognise and educated about living in a consumer society. They learn certain
understand ads and their purpose, they start making demands. attitudes - the importance of money, what products are needed,
If these demands are not fulfilled, they might start screaming or how they are used and how products are supposed to make them
throwing themselves to the floor. It is difficult to explain to young feel.
children the reasons why they cannot have everything which -
Allowing business interests and economic criteria to determine what
according to advertising - is 'for them'.
children are exposed to when watching ads will undoubtedly have
Research by advertising agencies has confirmed that children's some effect on their future view of society. After all, the companies
personal preferences can be targeted and changed by TV advertising. certainly do not have the children's moral or social well-being in
If adults, who have had years of practice in seeing through and being mind; they are only concerned about profits.

3 Find words or phrases in the text to match these

definitions. , 5W'ORK IT OUT!
1 shopper (paragraph 1) Find these words and phrases in the text and
2 rules (paragraph 2) underlir,e them. Can you work out what they mean
3 rule saying something is not allowed (paragraph 2) from the context?
4 companies that produce ads (paragraph 4) hygiene • demands • seeing through
5 how high up you are in society (paragraph 5) t influenced • possess • well-being
6 way of living your life (paragraph 6)

EXAM EXPERT
If
_Have your,;say!
_;..-----....;;,-
How should you do the exam practice task? Do you agree with these statements?
a Read the text from start to finish and think about
the first question. Then read it all again and think • Advertising aimed at young children should
about the next question. Continue like this. be controlled.
1 • Parents should let young children watch anything
b Find the paragraph that each question refers to they want on TV.
and study that paragraph carefully while you
think about that question.
 1 Choose the correct words to complete this text.
Grammar2
LAKSHMI MITTAL
Countable and uncountable Lakshmi Mittal is the
nouns richest man in Britain,
but not (1) many I much
Is this sentence correct or incorrect? people outside the world
Explain why I why not. of business know his
Your money are on your desk where you name. He was born in
left them. India in 1950, where his
Some nouns are countable. We can use a father ran (2) a I - steel
or an with these words. company. Lakshmi went into the family business and after
a dog, two dogs, many dogs (3) few I a few years started his own company, Mittal Steel.
There is so (4) many I much demand for steel that he made a
Some nouns are uncountable.We can't
huge amount of money from it. He is worth over $20 billion!
use a or an with these words. Most of
However, his money (5) is I are invested in his companies
these are singular and take a singular verb
around the world, and a drop in the price of steel can mean the
(is, not are).
value of his wealth (6) fall I falls. Lakshmi gives (7) an I - advice
money, some money, not much money,
to many organisations, and helps people with (8) little I a little
The money is ...
money through the charities he is involved in. But he also likes
Some of th"em are plural and take a plural to spend his money on himself and his family. His daughter's
verb. �.,, ,. wedding in 2004 cost $78 million!
jeans, somejeans, Myjeans are ...
-
Quantifiers 2 Explain the difference in meaning between each of these
much:uncountable noun�, usually in pairs of words.
negative sentences and questions
I don't have much money. wood/a wood paper I a paper
coffee I a coffee iron I an iron
many:countable nouns, usually in
chicken I a chicken chocolate I a chocolate
negative sentences
� ar:id qu�stions
.

I don't have.many CDs.

,. -· ;.:;;;:.:: .. ;::
glass I a glass
a lot of, lots of: both countable and
uncountable nouns
3 Complete these phrases using the words in the box. Find all
the possible answers.
I have lots of friends.
Mr Jones has a lot of money. advice • bread • clothing • fruit • information • jeans
few: countable nouns, = 'noUnany' · knpwledge • luggage • news • paper• scissors
. I have few friends in my neighbourhood.
a few: cou_ntable nouns, = 'some,·not · 1 a bit of
rrone'- 2 a piece of
Be careful!
/ am happy if/ ha.ve a few close friends:' a slice of
little:uricountable nouns, =�hot much' 4 a pair of ./ I need some new clothes.
I have little morzey, so I r:an't �ffor<j to c;rne. 5 a sheet of x I need a new clothes.
a little:uncbuntable riouns, = fs9me', no{' 6 an item of
mme'
l havep Hfrie money, so t'can afford t6 comi. 4 Circle the correct words or phrases to complete these
Grammar databases 7 7a'nd 72011 sentences.
i _pag�' s 1�,9-180 for rrior�' l'nf6.frh'atior,f;" 1 I have little I a little free time, so why don't we go shopping?
2 The boss is a very private man and has few I a few contacts with
the press.
3 I have so little I a little money that I don't know how I'm going
to pay the rent.
4 Can I give you back the money I owe you in few I a few days?
5 I've only been to this shop few I a few times before.
6 You might succeed in business if you make little I a little effort.
 Use of English

1 Read the text in exercise Teen spending

2 quickly to answer this A large-scale (1) _ has been done by advertisers on the spending (2) _
question. of today's teenagers. It has (3) _ with some fascinating results. Girls across
How do German teenagers Europe ranging in age from 15 to 18 were interviewed. The researchers (4)
differ from French and _ that these girls want to be successful and sophisticated and are willing to
British teenagers? spend to (5) _ the look they want - when they have the money, that is!
Feeling confident is the most important factor when it (6) _ to buying
2 exam practice clothes. Another interesting (7) _ of information coming out of the study
Read the text right and is that German teenagers (8) _ clothes that are practical and comfortable,
decide which answer (A, B, while British and French teenagers are more (9) _ about appearance,
C or D) best fits each gap. although they all agreed that the clothes should (10) _ them properly.
All the girls who were interviewed (11) _ for clothes regularly, half of them
buying something from a department store or a large clothes shop at least
EXAM EXPERT once a month. They also see it as a (12) _ activity and going round the
How should you do the shops with their friends is the main way they learn what the latest trends are.
exam practice task?
1 A research B study C question D search
If you don't know what 2 - customs B actions C habits D methods
one of the answers means, 3 A turned out B come up C gone down D brought out
you should 4 A created B invented C discovered D portrayed
a choose it if you think 5 A reach B succeed C manage D achieve
the other words are 6 A goes B makes C comes D brings
wrong. 7 A amount B lot C piece D unit
b never choose it because 8 A go for B wear out C take back D make up
it might be wrong. 9 A concerned B interested C keen D focused
10 A dress B match C wear D fit
11 A shop B buy C purchase D pay
12 A friendly B team C linked D social

3 exam practice EXAM EXPERT

Complete the second sentence so that it has How should you do the exam practice task?
a similar meaning to the first sentence using
the word given. Do not change the word When you have completed the second sentence, you should
given. You must use between two and five a read both sentences again to check the meaning.
words, including the word given. Write the b immediately write your answer on the answer sheet.
missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS.
1 You'll never have enough money for a new mobile 4 A great deal has changed in this area since the new
if you don't save a little each week. shopping centre opened.
unless many
You'll never have enough money for a new mobile There in this area since the new
_____ a little each week. shopping centre opened.
2 I'll get you a book for your birthday, provided that 5 I lent Frances 50 euros last month and she still
I've got enough money. hasn't given it back.
long from
I'll get you a book for your birthday, Frances _____ last month and she still
_____ I've got enough money. hasn't given it back.
3 There isn't much money left in my bank account. 6 I started work at nine o'clock this morning and I
only still haven't finished!
There _____ money left in my been
bank account. I nine this morning and I still
haven't finished!
 Writing: essay

Starting point
What do these photographs show?
Do you do any of these chores at home? Who
does these jobs?
• washing up
• taking out the rubbish
• tidying up your room
• cleaning the car

1 Read this writing task and these extracts

from two essays. Do the extracts come from
the beginning or the end of the essays?

You have had a class discussion on money and

your teacher has asked you to write an essay
giving your opinion on the following question:

Should teenagers earn their pocket,f?_oney?

Write your essay in 120-180 words in an

appropriate style.

2 Decide how good you think the two extracts

are. Consider the following points. Compare
your answers.
• formality
• use of grammar
• vocabulary
• relevance to topic
• use of discursive phrases
• sentence length I complexity

av e­
... avid pave-vit� avid te,e,vi;;ig,v�jv�t g
;;ibovt wovk all fhe, tiM e-, olVl�Wol�.
viot
Avid kid� tod;;i� ;;il�o wovk h;;ivd. It'�
f o1iv to Make, fhe,rv, wovk ;;it horvi e- ;;i�
oolworl:::.
we-II. W e- hwe- to do ;;i lot of �d,
t e-vi
Mo�t of fhe, kid� ivi M� J�� wovk
do fhe,
hovv� ;;i we-d; �o wh� .�hovld fhe,�
w;;i�hi vp? W e- ave- t1ve-d be-�;;iv� of
e-

e-xo1rr1� ivi �8'�h, rr1o1fh�,

vis- vh e-rr-11��' e-tc..-.
So, pb�e-, jv�� li�te-vi to �ovv te,e,vi;;i�
fhe,�
u,;/Jve-V\ olV\d 81/e- fhe-M fhe, MOV\ e-�
vie,e,d.
In C..onc../us/on, I tvould a.r3ue
that ...
 Plan ahead
1 exam practice: essay
You have had a class discussion on money and your
teacher has asked you to write an essay giving your
opinion on the following question:
Should teenagers work part time to earn money?

EXAM EXPERT
How should you write an essay?
a Try to present a clear argument using formal
language.
b Try to entertain your reader with interesting
descriptions.
See Writing database on page 195 for further
information.

2 Do you think teenagers should work part time

to earn money? Try to find three main reasons.
Compare your ideas. Make a note of any good
ideas you hear.

3 Complete Writing Planner 4 on page 207.

4 Write your essay in 120-180 words in an

appropriate style.
3 Complete the final paragraph from extract B
using your imagination. Compare your ideas. 5 When you have written your essay, make sure
In conclusion, I would argue that teenagers should that you have:
not be asked to do chores to earn their allowance checked your spelling and grammar O
because ...
used paragraphs D
4 Find words or phrases in extract B to answer used formal language D
these questions. used good discursive phrases D
1 Which words are used to introduce the point of presented a clear argument. D
the paragraph?
2 Which word means 'whereas'?
3 Which phrase introduces the final paragraph of
the essay?

5 Choose the odd one out.

1 a for example b in contrast c for instance
2 a in addition b furthermore c on the other hand
3 a but b yet c so
4 a in my opinion b moreover c as far as I'm concerned
5 a to begin with b firstly c as a result
6 a in conclusion b to sum up c despite this
 Check your progress!
Units 3-4
1 Match. There is one letter you do not need to use. 2 Choose the correct preposition to complete each
sentence.
1 kettle_ a a portable computer
2 freezer_ b the glass part of a light 1 My dad has been involved on I in I for computer
socket_ c a device for storing programming all his life.
bulb_ frozen food 2 I've decided to apply in I on I for a job in a
cashpoint_ d a machine for getting software company.
plug_ money 3 When you've finished with I for I at the computer,
laptop_ e a device for boiling water turn it off.
f what connects a device to 4 This article is full with I of I for scientific wordsI
the electricity supply don't understand.
g a machine that washes 5 Are you looking forward to I on I at your first day
cups, plates, etc at work?
h a place in a wall that 6 How successful you are in business depends for I
provides electricity on I to how hard you work.
�-' 7 My sister isn't as interested on I of I in high-tech
gadgets asI am.
7 marks
7 marks

3 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given.
Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.
1 If you don't have any money, why not borrow some 6 IfI can afford it, I'll get you a CD for your birthday.
from a friend? unless
lend I'll get you a CD for your birthday,
Why don't you ask a friend ------------ enough money.
____________ money, if you 7 Henry Ford thought of the assembly line, with
don't have any? each factory worker doing one small job.
2 There aren't many successful businesses in this came
area. Henry Ford idea
only of the assembly line, with each factory worker
There are ____________ doing one small job.
succeed in this area. 8 Pay me back on Tuesday andI'll lend you €50.
3 You might need to get a taxi home, so take some long
more money. I'll lend you €50, ----------­
case me back on Tuesday.
Take some more money 9 I have to go to the launderette because our washing
------------ to get a taxi machine has stopped working.
home. down
4 I want to study computing, but my grades aren't Our washing machine
good enough. ------------ , soI have to go
would to the launderette.
If my grades ___________ 10 I can't install this game because there isn't much
study computing. space in my computer's memory.
5 I started working here in 2001. only
been There space in
I 2001. my computer's memory, soI can't install this game.

20 marks
4 Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the 6 Write a word from the box
end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in each gap to complete the
in the same line. sentences.

Career File: Working in Science obsolete • revolutionary

Ill
wealthy • mature • gullible Ill
Many people are attracted to a career as a (1) _ and
it can certainly be very rewarding. Finding (2) _ to
SCIENCE
SOLVE
numerous • convenient
sceptical
°'0
QJ

problems that affect people's lives can be very (3) _ CREATE a.

I,.

and give you a real sense of (4) _. If you are one of the ACHIEVE 1 It's much more important :J
0
lucky ones, you might even come up with something that to be happy than it is to be >.
�
u
is (5) _ to large numbers of people around the world. BENEFIT QJ
..c:
At the same time, though, it's important to realise that 2 I'm quite about u
success in science demands ( 6) _ and a lot of hard work. DEDICATE claims that computers can
Behind every great (7) _lie long hours of work in the DISCOVER think like humans. I don't
laboratory, not to mention years of (8) _ education. EXPENSE think it's really possible.
It's a big (9) _ of time and money, but the chance INVEST 3 Your father and I have
to be involved in the latest (10) _ makes it worthwhile. DEVELOP decided that you're probably
old enough and ____
enough to be left on your
10 marks
own for the evening.
\L 4 The company is bringing
5 Choose the correct phrasal verb to fill the gap in each sentence. out a(n) new
design for a car that runs off
1 The computer has_ a long way over the last thirty years.
hydrogen.
A taken on Bcome on Cbroken down Dput in
5 I know that large
2 I heard that they are_ a new software company in town. supermarkets have a
A putting in Bgetting through Ctaking back Dsetting up broader range, but the old
3 I don't want to go out tonight because I'm_ for my holidays. corner shop used to be
A saving up Bkeeping up Cgetting by so when all I
Dmaking out
needed was a pint of milk.
4 I_ quite a lot of money when my grandfather died. 6 Things change so fast that a
A came into Blooked into Ctook off Dlet down computer that is new today
5 Did you manage to_ to Dennis on the phone yesterday? will be in a few
A put in Bget through Ctake back Dcheck in years' time.
7 We have had ____
6 The Carters don't have a lot of money, but they seem to_ .
complaints about this
A get by Bbreak down Cgive up Dclose down
video game and we shall
7 My dad's decided to_a new washing machine. be investigating it very
A cut off Btake after Cput in Dcome on carefully.
8 Scientists are_ the possibility of life on other planets. 8 I just told John that they've
A doing without Btaking back Cseeing off Dlooking into invented a robot that does
your English homework
8 marks and he believed me! He's so

8 marks

Total: 60 marks
 Turn off the Wii™ , kids, and we'll
go on a bear hunt
As family life suffers, what can parents do to fight the lure of the
screen, asks Margarette Driscoll

W hen Mark Wright told his son Joe, 15, he was taking him on a trip
- but that he had to leave his computer behind for a week - Joe
was horrified, 1-1 I
Like many parents, Wright, who runs an adventure
travel company, Families Worldwide, had become exasperated by his
son's 'addiction' to computer games and decided it was time to do some
father-son bonding, away from XboxD, Wii'" and DS=.
The trip last May achieved its goal, at least for as long as it lasted. Joe
admits that he forgot about the internet after a couple of days. 'You
can't really compare it with seeing bears up close. That was amazing,'
he says. But when they got home, Joe was back on the laptop 2 · I I'It
drives me berserk,' says Melanie, his mother. As a parent of teenagers,
I can understand how she feels. My two girls (aged 16 and 19) tell
me they and their friends are kept glued to Facebook by what they call
'fomo' - fear of missing out. Friends with teenage sons report, like the
Wrights, an endless war against games sneakily being played instead. of
homework done.
Barnaby Lenon, former headmaster of Harrow school, shone a spotlight
on the problem. He said that many teenagers - especially boys - had
become 'addicted' to computers and that this was affecting their
development: 'Children spend far too long on computers and as a result
they are not doing the two things that we want them to do, which are
reading and talking.' Lenon, now chairman of the Independent Schools

;norlng the gaps for now, and decide

+i
ts below best sums up the passage.
,s,,c::-�

;�;ut� ,,_ m�,J.!::1';/0J1 .ofi';TV screen or computer damages

.our eyesan,ci ru)l?�i�'Gs�unhealthy because we don't get enough
_fresh' air aud.exerci'se:,
'• Using comput�isJ?a_ other electronic devices can cause
"- relationship pr.
-• obl�ins
. . .. and stop us from developing important
" �, skil1s.
= 2� Read the text again;ignoring the gaps, and match the people
_ to the things they believe.
• Mark Wright_
Melanie Wright_
The writer of the article_
4 Barnaby Lenon, and probably Dr Sigman_
5 Dr Sigman, but probably not Mr Lenon_
6 The French government and Dr Sigman_
a We must not make TV programmes for children under three.
b The government should suggest how many hours of screen time
is safe.
c My son needed time away from the computer.
d My daughters are scared they might miss something important.
e Children are not learning to read and talk properly.
f I get very annoyed.
Council, says it is not only educational He would like to see schools setting The French government has already
attainment but family relationships guidelines for computer use above and outlawed broadcasting to children under
that are being damaged f.J'Ji I It beyond that needed for homework. 'It three years old [6� I Sigman agrees
seems that Lenon is not the only one may still be a question of persuasion with a total ban on screen time before
who believes this. 'The amount of time and negotiation, but having guidelines the age of three. Then he recommends
families spend together is dropping from . school gives authority to what time limits of half an hour a day for 3 to
rapidly and we ought to be worried about parents are saying; he says. 7 year olds, one hour for 7-12s, one and
that, as children need conversation to Sigman goes further and suggests a half hours for 12-15s and two hours
learn to interpret facial expressions as the government should issue advice (over and above work) for adults.
part of their development; says Dr Arie on time spent using computers or The bear-hunting trip inspired Wright to
Sigman, a psychologist who has written watching television. 'Screen time needs devise other trips to take parent and
a report for the European parliament on to be regarded as just another form of child out of their normal environment and
the impact of computer use on children. consumption that we measure in units encourage communication. l,,7j I But
Lenon suggests that parents limit per day; he says. 'It seems odd to me for those who can't afford or can't face
computer use to an hour or two a that the government gives guidance on a trip to the wilderness as an antidote
day. He also says they should not buy our eating patterns yet there is nothing to Facebook, XboxD and the rest, there
smartphones or other handheld devices on our children's main leisure activity seems to be no alternative to that old
1
for children 11 '4�1I �i� ,. parental standby - nagging.

EXAM EXPERT
How should you do the exam practice task?
a If a sentence ending fits grammatically, it must be r:line_�them. Can you
the correct answer. m toe context?
b A sentence ending must fit grammatically and must
antidote • berserk • bonding • exasperated
make logical sense for it to be the correct answer.
hamper • negotiation • outlawed

3 exam practice 4 Write a word or phrase from the article in each gap to
complete the sentences.
You are going to read a newspaper
article about how young people spend 1 Jimmy plays games all day and all night - it's like an
their free time. Seven sentence endings ____ with him. (paragraph 1)
have been removed from the text. 2 Sue always thinks she's on something so she
Choose from sentence endings A-H the phones her friends every night. (paragraph 2)
one which fits each gap (1-7). There is 3 I told him he couldn't use my laptop but he came
one extra sentence ending which you do into my room and took it when I was out. (paragraph 2)
not need to use. 4 You too much time playing games and not enough
on your schoolwork. (paragraph 3)
A until they are at least 15 years old.
5 Our teacher gave us some useful for how to use the
B even if only for a short time.
internet safely. (paragraph 4)
C and the family arguments over
6 My parents think mobiles are to our health so I
computer use continued.
haven't got one. (paragraph 5)
D even though the week involved
7 James has got an problem - he never really listens
trekking and bear-hunting in the Tatra
to his teacher. (paragraph 6)
mountains of Slovakia.
8 Joni's mum thinks her is the only way to get her to
E because of fears that watching
do her homework. (paragraph 7)
television might hamper language
development and attention.
F even though it may be harmful. Have ,your say!
G unless they are carefully monitored by
caregivers. • Do you agree with Dr Sigman's screen time limits?
H by allowing children too much time on • How do your parents feel about your daily screen time?
computers. • Who in the article do you relate to or agree with most?
 2
Grammar 1 Choose the correct word or phrase.

I still can't believe I to

Modals (1 ): ability, permission, believe it's true, but
advice/criticism, obligation my parents finally said I
mustn't I didn't have to
Which of these sentences offer advice? go with them to visit my
What does the other one do? aunt and uncle, and that
a You must phone us as soon as the concert I can I could go with Billy
finishes. and Angela to the Lady
b You should get there early as there'll be a Gaga concert! We had to
big queue. I must queue up for over
We can use modals and semi-modals to an hour to get tickets,
express permission, ability, obligation, but it was definitely
advice and criticism. worth it. The concert
was fantastic! She sang
Permission
all the songs from her
Can/Could!May I stay at Pauline's house
new album. You ought I
tonight?
should get it - it's great!
Ability We should have taken I
Nate can play the guitar really well. take some water with us, though, as the drinks at the venue
I couldn't swim until I was five y'-°_rs old. were really expensive. I couldn't even afford I have afforded
She could have gone to the party but she a can of lemonade, so I had borrow I to borrow some money
didn't want to. from Angela. (I must I ought to remember to pay her back!)
Obligation Anyway, it was one of the best days of my life. I wish you could
You must be home by eleven o'clock. have come/ come too!
Do I have to be 6ome by eleven o'clock?
Advice/criticism
You ought to/should take a break. You've
been working too hard. 3 Choose a word or phrase from the box to complete each
..You ought to/should have booked tickets sentence.
beforehand.
don't have to • should have • can't • had to
See Grammar database 7 3 on pages
mustn't • could • shouldn't • be able to
180-181 for more'information.

1 You sit in front of the computer all day.

Why don't you go out and get some fresh air?
1 Find these phrases from the article on 2 I'd love to take a day off, but I
pages 58-59 and use the correct modal
or semi-modal in the gap. Then choose
the function of the modal or semi­
3 We _ _ _ _ got Christine a ticket too.
modal. 4 Do you think I ____ _ invite a few people round.
next Saturday night?
1 ... but that he _ _ _ _ leave his 5 You can go to the party, but you _____ stay out too
computer behind for a week ... late.
obligation I ability 6 You come with us, but you can if you like.
2 ... I understand how she 7 Lizzie beg her dad for ages before he agreed
feels. to take her to the fair.
permission I ability
3 ... we be worried about 4 Talk about yourself.
that ...
1 What can you do really well?
advice and criticism I obligation
2 What should you do every day?
4 He also says they buy
3 What do you have to do this evening?
smartphones ...
4 What could you have done last weekend but didn't do?
advice I obligation
Why not?
 Vocabulary
People associated with leisure time
activities
1 Match the people with their definitions.
I cast a a person watching a sporting
- audience event
3 spectator b a large group of people
-! lifeguard c the actors in a play
5 host d a person who organises a party,
6 guest etc
7 viewer e a person watching T V 3 Word formation
sightseer f the people watching a play, Complete this table. Include all possible forms you
9 crowd attending a concert, etc can think of, including negative forms.
g a person looking at a tourist
attraction
h a person who i�f?:Vited to a
party
i a person who saves swimmers
who are in trouble

2 Phrasal verbs
Use a phrasal verb to do with leisure in the correct
form to complete each sentence.
catch on • come across• come round
flick through• get away• take to• take up

I I saw the ad for the water park as I was

_____ a magazine.
2 I some really old comics as I was 4 Word patterns
looking round the second-hand bookshop.
Choose the correct word or phrase to complete each
3 My dad's decided to hang-gliding. I
sentence.
hope he doesn't hurt himself!
1 I finally succeeded to get I in getting a couple of
4 A few of my friends last night and
tickets for the concert.
we watched some DVDs.
2 How did you manage to organise I in organising
5 Hip-hop has really in the last few
the party in such a short time?
years - it's more popular than pop these days.
3 I hope you're able to come I coming bowling with
6 She said she'd meet me for a coffee if she could
us on Tuesday.
_____ from work for an hour or two.
4 I wish I was capable to take I of taking such great
7 Sean and I have going for a walk
photos.
every Sunday afternoon. It's so relaxing!
5 We've arranged to meet I meeting in the park at
half past eight.
Be careful! 6 I've never enjoyed to go I going to the circus.
./ Thanks for the party. I really enjoyed myself! 7 My parents don't allow me stay I to stay out after
X Thanks for the party. I really entertained myself!
midnight.
8 My mum lets me buy I to buy my own clothes.
 Listening
Starting point 2 g 2.03 exam practice
Look at the picture. What doyou You will hear people talking in six different situations. For questions
think has happened here? 1-6, choose the best answer (A, B or C).
What wouldyou do in this
situation? 1 You hear two teenagers playing a computer game. How do they think
the game could be improved?
A by making it more competitive
B by making it easier to enter the castle
C by giving the players more information
2 You hear a woman talking about a trip to a funfair. How did she feel on
the ride she describes?
A She enjoyed it more than her son.
B She was more scared than her son.
C She regretted taking her son on it.
3 You hear two people deciding what to do for the evening. What do
they finally decide to do?
A go to the cinema
B play pool
C stay at home

1 " 2.02 Read the questions 4 You hear this woman talking on her mobile phone in a cafe. What
probably happened to the person she is speaking to?
in exercise 2. Listen to the
beginnings of the six extracts. A She got stuck in traffic.
Match each extract to one of B She had an accident.
the questions 1-6 and write
down a word or phrase which C She got held up at work.
gaveyou the answe� 5 You hear a man talking about camping. What does he say about it?
Extract A A The campers get on well with each other in the campsite.
Extract B B It's nice to live without electrical appliances for a few days.
ExtractC C He takes the whole family camping every year.
Extract D _________
ExtractE 6 You hear a telephone information service. What kind of show can you
see at the theatre next Saturday?
Extract F
A a musical
EXAM EXPERT B a comedy
C a science fiction play
How shouldyou do the exam
practice task?

Have your say!

a If you're not absolutely sure
of the answer, don't write
anything on the answer
sheet. • Have you been in any situations similar to the ones you've just listened
b If you're not absolutely sure to? In what ways were they the same and in what ways were they
of the answer, make an different?
educated guess based on
what you understood.
 Speaking

Word power! 3 exam practice

I'd like you to imagine that you are both going camping for a
basics • campfire • open air
week in the summer with some friends. Here are some things
penknife • put up (a tent) • torch
you might take with you. Talk to each other about how useful
these things would be and then decide which two things
Starting point you would definitely not take with you. You have about three
minutes.
What do people usually do when they go
• How useful would these things be?
camping?
• Which two would you definitely not take with you?
How do they cope without electricity
and other things we take for granted at
home?

1 Match to make phrases connected

with camping. Then match each
phrase with a picture in exercise 3.
1
2
Swiss army
inflatable
a
b
bag
rod �--
3 sleeping c knife
4 MP3 d cooker
5 fishing e player
6 gas f boat
4 Do exercise 3 with
2 " 2.04 Look at the exam task in two students as the
exercise 3 and listen to these students candidates. The rest
doing the task. For each extract, write of the class is going
a word in the gap to complete the to provide feedback.
useful phrase. When you have
finished, swap roles.
1 I think X would be _ __ _ _
because/since ...
_ Xwould _____ be EXAM EXPERT
useful ...
3 I'm not we'd (really) How should you do the exam practice task?
X ... a Remember there are two parts to the task and try to do both
4 What do you about of them within the three minutes.
X? b Don't even try to do the second part of the task as you
5 I think X is a good probably won't have time for it.
6 X would/might/could See Speaking database on page 193.
useful ...
Let's _____
1a _____ to _____ 5 exam practice
Would you like to go on a camping trip like this with your
EXAM EXPERT friends?
How should you do the exam practice Why does camping appeal to so many people?
task?
a Don't disagree with the interviewer Does what someone likes doing in their spare time change as
because your opinions affect your marks. they get older?
b Don't worry about the opinions you In what ways are leisure facilities different in small towns and
express, as long as they are logical, villages compared to large towns and cities?
because you are being marked on your

e
ability to speak English. What are the leisure facilities like in the area where you live?
 Reading 2 g 2.os

Word power! 3 exam practice

You are going to read an article about water parks. For questions 1-8,
slide • diving board
choose the answer (A-D) which you think fits best according to the
rubber ring • rapids
text.
1 What does the word 'that' (line
Starting point
5 How do water park slides differ
17) refer to? from leisure centre slides?
A the drinks machine A Water park slides are much
B a day out in the 1970s faster.
c the leisure centre's facilities B Water park slides are
D what you did after leaving connected to a water
the centre supply.
2 The idea behind water parks is c Water park slides are more
frightening.
that people
A want more than just a
D Water park slides are much
wider.
simple swimming pool.
B felt leisure centres were too 6 What do the rapids and the
expensive. lazy pool have in common?
c need to be entertained A The water is moving.
twenty-four hours a day. B They both take you round
D don't enjoy swimming. in a circle.
3 How do water parks in c They are designed for
Have you ever done any of the children.
Britain differ from those in
activities in the photos? Mediterranean countries?
D They are both very exciting.
Which do you think are the A Pools in British water parks 7 What is the effect of the word
most enjoyable I exciting I are always inside. 'boast' in line 87?
frightening? B Pools in Mediterranean A It emphasises that what
1 What different activities can
water parks are always in
the open air.
follow are positive
attractions.
you do (a) at the beach, (b) at a
water park, (c) at a traditional
c Mediterranean water parks B It shows that water parks
are sometimes connected advertise heavily.
swimming pool? Make a list.
to a holiday resort. c It demonstrates that water
2 Quickly read the first
D British water parks have
indoor and outdoor
parks are always expanding.
D It reminds us that water
paragraph of the article. What
were leisure centres like in the facilities. parks are very modern.
1970s? 4 What point is the writer 8 What is the purpose of this
making in the fourth article?
paragraph? A to persuade towns to build
EXAM EXPERT I• A Water parks do not have more water parks
an entrance fee, whereas B to inform people about
How should you do the exam leisure centres do. their local water park
practice task? B Water parks provide value c to describe how leisure
a Try to answer the questions for money if you stay long facilities have changed
without looking back at the enough. D to advertise a particular
text.
Ii c People rarely spend more service
b Where possible, read the than a couple of hours at a
question, find the answer in leisure centre.
the text and then match it to D Despite their benefits,
the best option. water parks are too
expensive.
 B ack in the 1970s, a typical
family day out was a trip to the
local leisure centre. Every town
a one and they were basically all
- e same, with a large rectangular
:::,,;imming pool (shallow at one
= d, deep at the other), a separate
::eep-water area with several diving
.:: ards, and a kiddie-pool for babies
:· ose who couldn't swim. If you
. ere lucky, there was a short,
s-·aight slide that had to be kept
.. e with a bucket of water. And after
r leisure centre experience, there
as a drinks machine selling hot
- : -r colate for mum and cans of fizzy
.:: ·nks for the kids. And that was it.
--1 w things change! Now - thankfully
- • e have the water park, based on
--e notion that swimming on its own
3 ot the most interesting activity in
--e world. People get bored easily,
_ demand a lot more entertainment
- - heir money.
Britain, most water parks are
� combination of pools in an
"' closed area and in the open air. In ¥.
• are open, some are totally enclosed round a circular channel of water.
'editerranean countries, because
::" the warmer and drier climate, they tunnels, some are steep, some are It's relaxing more than exciting,
:::.·e more often than not completely bumpy, some twist sharply, some you and some lazy pools even have a
::Jtdoors. Some are dedicated water can go down in pairs or on rubber jacuzzi half way round.
:arks, and others are part of a larger rings. All of them have water flowing
down them. You can often choose Some larger water parks have
s·sure or holiday complex. All, a wave machine in the main
- wever, provide much more than how you want to go down - head
first, feet first, on your front or back, pool which makes waves up to a
-�e chance to swim a few lengths. metre high. That makes the whole
sitting up, lying down. Your position
like the leisure centre, there's little affects your speed - and how much swimming experience rather more
:: int just turning up for an hour or water will splash into your face! thrilling than in the old leisure
:- m. This is partly because there's centre days. Some have a 'death
so much to do, and partly because Other attractions often include the slide', where you hold onto a bar
-· ere's usually an entrance fee rapids - in which you make your way which slides down a cable over
• ich, although quite reasonable if through a man-made river, surviving the pool. When it hits the end, you
the obstacles such as backwards drop into the water! There's also
1 ou make the most of what's on offer, a lot more on offer than a drinks
not cheap. flowing currents, waterfalls and
rapids. It's exhilarating and - at machine. Many water parks boast 87
o what is there to do? All water times - a little scary, and for some shops, cafes, bars and restaurants,
::i.arks have a number of slides. These reason kids are much better at and a bar actually in the middle of
are not the old-fashioned straight getting round than adults. The baby­ the pool is not uncommon in many
-(ides of the 1970s, though. They brother of the rapids is the lazy pool, Mediterranean water parks. Just
:::ome in all shapes and sizes - some where the current gently takes you remember to keep your money dry!

4 Find a word from the article to

complete these phrases. WORK IT OUT!
1 day Find these words and phrases in the text and underline them.
2 drinks Can you work out what they mean from the context?
3 fizzy notion • combination • obstacles • steep • twist
-± leisure/holiday cable • current • reasonable • splash • thrilling
5 fee
6 all and sizes
7 wave Have your say!
• Which would you prefer to the beach, a water park or a traditional
swimming pool?
 Grammar2 Be careful!
./ Most people/things/etc = generally
Comparatives and superlatives
./ Most of the people/things/etc = one specific
Circle the correct words to complete these group
sentences. X The most of the people/things/etc
That was aI the more/the most exciting ride I've ever
been on.
This ride was more I most exciting than/from the 3 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
others. similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
Do you think this ride is as exciting than Ias the other word given. You must use between two and five
one we went on? words, including the word given.
We use the comparative to compare things and 1 The play wasn't nearly as boring as I'd expected it to
people that are different and separate from each be.
other. more
Coldplay are better than any other band. The play_____ _ _ _ I'd expected it to
We use the superlative to compare one member of a be.
group with the whole group. 2 Don't worry! It's the safest ride in the whole theme
Our town'.5 got the best water park in the area! park.
Be careful! The number of syllables in the original dangerous
adjective and the way it is spelt determine how we Don't worry! It's ride in
form the comparative and suplrrative, eg nicer and the whole theme park.
bigger but more interesting. 3 Sara said it was the best party she'd ever been to.
Be careful! There are a number of irregular never
comparatives and superlatives, eg bad/worse/worst. Sara said she'd party.
We use as ... as to compare two things that are similar 4 The museum was further than we'd been told.
or the same. as
The film isjust as good as the book. The museum_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ we'd been
told.
See Grammar database 14 on page 181 for more
information.
Questions
With the verb to be (as a main verb or an auxiliary
1 Find these extracts in the article on pages 64-65 verb), we form questions by inverting the subject
and write the correct word or phrase in each gap. and verb.
Were you scared when you went down the rapids?
1 ... the generation of water parks.
Are you going to go down again?
2 ... swimming on its own is not_ _ _ _ _ _
activity in the world. With the verb to have as an auxiliary verb, we form
questions by inverting the subject and verb.
3 ... because of the ______ climate, ...
Have you seen the new Meryl Streep movie?
4 All, however, provide the chance to
swim a few lengths. With all other verbs (including to have as a main
verb) we form questions using the verb to do.
2 Complete each sentence using the correct form Do you have a DVD player? Did you go to the fair?
Be careful! With question words, whether we use to do
of the word in brackets.
or not depends on whether the question word refers
1 That was the (funny) programme I've
to the subject or object of the verb.Compare:
seen for a very long time.
2 The Justin Bieber concert was great but I wish it What went wrong? (subject) What did you do
yesterday? (object)
had gone on (long).
3 The trip to Disneyland Paris ended up being Who bought the tickets? (subject) Who did you buy
_ _ __ (expensive) than we'd thought. tickets for? (object)
4 Going on that rollercoaster was one of the See Grammar database 15 on page 182 for more
____ (bad) experiences of my life! information.
5 The entrance fee cost (little) this year
than it did last year.
6 I only knew a few people at the party, as Jason had
4 Ask your partner four questions about a game or
free-time activity he/she enjoys. When you have
invited (many) of them.
finished, swap roles.
 Use of English

1 Quickly read the 2 exam practice EXAM EXPERT

text in exercise 2 How should you do the exam practice task?
Read the text below and
and answer these a Remember that most of the words tested here
think of the word which
questions. are lexical words like nouns and main verbs.
best fits each gap. Use
1 When was the first one word in each gap. b Remember that most of the words tested here
Write your answers IN are grammatical words like pronouns, articles,
Goosey Fair held? prepositions, etc.
2 Why is it called CAPITAL LETTERS.
Goosey Fair?
3 What happens to the
Tavistock Goosey Fair
Although many towns and cities in Britain have an annual fair, few are
town in the evening? (1) famous than Tavistock Goosey Fair, held on the second
Wednesday of October. Dating back to the 12th century, Goosey Fair is one of
(2) oldest fairs in the UK, and is still as popular
(3) ever.
Hundreds of years (4) , farmers (5) to bring their
geese for sale and drove them through the streets (6) Tavistock to
the markel, That's (7) the name 'goosey' comes from. These days,
there are (sY many geese to be found at Goosey Fair, but it is
(9) fact still possible to have a goose lunch at the various hotels
and restaurants in the town on the day of the fair.
Goosey Fair attracts visitors from all over the country. The streets are closed
(10) traffic and (11) are hundreds of stalls selling
everything from fruit and vegetables to the (12) up-to-date
electronic equipment. In the evening, the town becomes a large funfair, with lots
of different rides and attractions.

3 Quickly read the text in exercise 4. How does a EXAM EXPERT ,

music festival differ from a concert?

How should you do the exam practice task?
a This kind of task never tests plural forms, so you
4 exam practice don't need to ask yourself whether the missing
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals word should be singular or plural.
at the end of some of the lines to form a word that b This kind of task often tests plural forms, so you
fits in the gap in the same line. Write your answers IN need to ask yourself whether the missing word
CAPITAL LETTERS. is singular or plural.

Music Festivals
People have always gone to concerts to hear their favourite musicians
perform. Since the 1960s, a related form of (1) _has grown in ENTERTAIN
(2) _: the music festival. A music festival is usually organised over a POPULAR
couple of days and is like a series of mini-concerts from a number of artists.
The (3) _get to see different acts and usually have to pay an SPECTATE
(4) _ fee to get into the festival. At larger festivals, such as Glastonbury in ENTER
the UK, they can then choose which stage to visit. It can be very (5) _ EXCITE
and the crowd shows their (6) _of the musicians by dancing and APPRECIATE
cheering. At many festivals, other (7) _are also organised, such as ACTIVE
juggling or fire-eating displays.
The first major festival took place in America at a place called Woodstock.
It was free, and the (8) _ was very high - many thousands of people got ATTEND
together at this very (9) _event. Many of the musicians who performed ENJOY
there went on to become very (10) _. FAME
Starting point
lmagine �ou attended the music festival in the photo. What positive
_
thmgs might you say about the experience? What criticisms could you
make?

1 Read the letter below and answer these questions.

1 Does Leslie know the name of the person he is writing to?
2 Is the letter formal or informal?
3 Does Leslie use contractions (I'll, I'd, etc)?
4 Why is Leslie writing the letter? ( two reasons)
5 What positive aspects of the festival does he mention?
6 How many suggestions does he make in his letter?
7 Why didn't he write 'Yours sincerely; above his name?
8 Why did he write his surname as well as his first name?

2 Find these words and phrases

in the letter and choose their
correct meaning.
Pe-av Siv / MadaM,
1 with regard to
an vv� Mv�i� about I in support of
I atYI vvviti� with ve-�vcl to the- P � :
f1v�t t1tY1e- th1� �e:,av.
f"�tiv al, v.1t1ic.-h I atfe-nde-d fov the-
2 attended
went to I heard about
Prv�t of alt I vvovld like, to e,o�tvlate- ��v on a v'e-� 3 a particularly good
�vu:,e,��fvl e:,v'e-nt. I thov#it that havi� d1ffe-ve-nt �ta§-� the only good I a very good ·
,
fov diffe-ve-nt Mv�ic-- ��k-� � � p avt1c--vlavl� god 1�e-a. 4 thoroughly
The- fe,�tival � thovovgil� e:,�)o� abb and I atYI plann1¥1§- �o fairly I extremely
atte-nd ne-xt �e:, av. ttovve-ve-v, -tfie:,ve:, ave- � ve-val �vM-�t1on� 5 regarding
. �
I vvovld like, fo Mak-e- ve:,�vd,¥1§- ne-xt �e:,av � fe,�t1var about I watching
6 take ... into account
I be-lie-v'e- that the- e-nfvanc--e:, fe:,e:, of €4-0 i� too e-xpe:,n�ive­ obey I consider
fov �tvde-nt�. I vvovld like, to �vM-�t �ov intvodvc--e:, �
e,he- ape:,v �tvde-nt vate-. Se:,e,ond�,� althovgi the- c--atY1� 1te­
3 Use these notes to complete
Leslie's final suggestion in the
� lav e-nov�h the-ve- vve:,ve:, not e-novgi �oibt�. I think. third paragraph. Remember
g,
it i� iMpovtant tha t Move- of the:,�e:, ave- p irovicle:,cl. "final!�, that the letter is polite and
formal.

�
food in snac.l( bars
�
(almost all) _ with
�
meat!
Yov� faithfvll�, �
� not muc.h c.hoic.e for
� us vegetarians!
�
� vegetarian food too?
�
 Plan ahead
exam practice: formal letter
You are staying in Britain and have recently been How should you write a formal letter/email?
o a music festival. You enjoyed the festival but you
ave some suggestions to make so that the next a Always use the actual words in the notes in your
one will be better organised. letter/email.
b Use the ideas in the notes but use more formal
ead the advertisement for the festival and the grammar and vocabulary.
ates you have made beside it. Then write a letter
See Writing database on page 196 for further
o the organiser giving your opinion of this year's
information.
estival and making your suggestions for next year.

.,,.------ e;,xu:,lk,ntl e;,c;pa,icJII�:

fv-ie;,ncJI� cJfMoc;pkv-e;,

onl� one;, v-;ippe;,v- -

------- c;hovlcJ be;, Mov-e;, -
""P ve;,� popvlcJv-1

too (_;Mell! - ;ilc;o vc;e;,

fie;,lcJ ne;,xf to if?

2 Before you write, answer these questions. 4 Complete Writing Planner 5 on page 208.
1 Why are you writing the letter? 5 Write your letter in 120-150 words. You must use
_ Do you know the name of the organiser? grammatically correct sentences with accurate
3 What will you mention as being particularly good? spelling and punctuation in a style appropriate
4 What does 'beverages' mean in the advertisement? for the situation. Do not write any addresses.
5 Do you have to mention beverages in your letter?
Why? I Why not?
6 When you have written your letter, make sure
that you have:
6 How many suggestions will you make in your "LJ
followed your paragraph plan
letter?
7 What are they?
referred to all the notes D
8 Will you write 'Yours sincerely; or 'Yours
used formal, polite English D
faithfully; above your name? used some of the words and phrases from
exercise 2 and the model letter on page 68 D
3 For each suggestion, write a sentence or group started and finished your letter in an
of sentences to include in your letter. appropriate way. D
 Reading 1 g 2.06

Making every drop count

Lisa Campbell looks at the challenge of conserving water.

rip, trickle, splash. Do you ever think about the water we use
D every day for cleaning, drinking, cooking and growing plants?
Word power! Water is essential to life. It is one of the most common
substances in the universe, and our planet, with its vast oceans, is
lucky to have a generous share of it. Unfortunately, 97 per cent of
that share is salty, and much of the rest is in the form of ice at the
bottle bank• demonstration • collect

North and South Poles. Getting an adequate supply of fresh water is

litter • protest • recycle • dump • sort

not always easy, especially in the developing world, where drought is

Starting point a constant threat in some areas.

Half of the world's population still suffer from water services inferior
to those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans. More than
a billion people don't even have access to clean drinking water
and face problems caused by pollution and disease. As the world's
population grows, there is increasing pressure on agriculture, which
demands large amounts of water. Changing the course of rivers
and building dams threaten fish, with rare species of fish becoming
extinct in some seas and lakes.
Compare the two photographs.
What can we do to help protect our Throughout the first three quarters of the twentieth century, the
environment? quantity of freshwater used by each person doubled. The emphasis

Look at the title of the article that

follows. Which of these things do
you expect to be mentioned in the
article?
• how to use less water
3 exam practice
the chemistry of water You are going to read an article from a magazine. For questions
weather conditions at sea 1-7, choose the answer (A-D) which you think fits best
• how water is wasted according to the text.

2 Read the article quickly and check

1 Why does the writer mention the North and South Poles?
A They are badly affected by pollution.
your answers to exercise 1. B Most of the Earth's water is frozen there.
C They affect the amount of drinking water available.
D They provide many people with a water supply.

How should you do the exam 2 The water services in ancient Greece and Rome were
practice task? A more efficient than most people think.
B designed to provide water for half the world's population.
When a question asks why the writer C badly polluted and carried disease.
mentions something, you should D better than those in many parts of the world today.
a read the options (A, B, C, D) and
choose one which is factually true. 3 Why are some fish in danger, according to the writer?
b read the text carefully to find the A An increasing population means more fish are eaten.
reason and then choose the option B Lakes are becoming increasingly polluted.
that best expresses it. C Humans alter the direction that some rivers take.
D They are forced into areas with salty water.
 as on using more and more water. Despite this, a lot of water is still wasted. We can all do our bit for the
Large-scale facilities were built for environment by following a few simple water conservation dos and don'ts.
ater treatment and recycling and
arge numbers of reservoirs were
Bathroom
constructed to store wat�r. However,
The bathroom is a key area where you can save water. Short showers
any people have now realised that
use less water than baths, especially if you have a special water-saving
asic human and environmental
showerhead fitted. Toilets which use less water can be fitted, and even a
eeds are the top priority. The building
plastic bottle filled with water in the cistern will save a litre with each flush.
f new water facilities is now less
Up to 12 litres of water is lost every minute if you leave the tap running
· portant than using what we already
while you brush your teeth or wash your hands.
• ave efficiently and wisely. Repairing
e existing system could have huge Kitchen and Laundry
benefits. Through leaking pipes and Fill a sink to wash up instead of leaving the tap running and you can reduce
• ulty equipment, Mexico City, for the amount of water needed by half. Dishwashers and washing machines
example, loses enough water to meet should only be used when they are full, and then on a short cycle when
· e needs of a city the size of Rome. possible.

Over the last 25 years, new technology Outdoors

and greater awareness of the problem You can save water outside the home in a number of different ways.
ij_ "
ave meant that water is used more If you have a garden, rainwater can be recycled to water plants, which
efficiently. Industrial processes have should be done in the evening or early morning so that less water is lost
een discovered that use less water; through evaporation. Pavements and balconies should be swept instead of
· now takes only six tons of water to being washed. It can also help to save water if any leaks or waste in your
ake a ton of steel, compared to 60 neighbourhood are reported to your local council.
ons 60 years ago. People around
the world are also more effective at So, next time you have a shower or open a bottle of drinking water, think
protesting against the effects of water about where the water comes from and where it's going.
se on their local environment.

4 What do people now think is most important in 7 Which of these water-saving measures is not
water use? mentioned in the text?
A building large treatment facilities A informing the right people about waste
B finding less wasteful ways to use water B using rainwater to wash your balcony
C moving water from one city to another C turning the tap off when washing up
D storing water so that people can use more D making sure the dishwasher is full when used
5 What does the writer say has happened in
industry?
A Most steel is now made without using water.
WORK IT OUT!
B More efficient methods are used to create
Find these words and phrases in the text and
steel.
underline them. Can you work out what they mean
C Less steel is being produced due to a lack of from the context?
water.
D More steel is being made than ever before. trickle • the developing world • dams • reservoirs
conservation • sink • evaporation • leaks
6 The writer says that water can be saved in the
bathroom by
A having showers and baths less often.
B brushing your teeth in running water.
C using bottled water instead of tap water. Have your say!
D replacing bathroom fittings with more
efficient ones. • What other ways of saving water can you think of?
 3
Grammarl
Look at the photograph. What do you
think could be done with old appliances
like this?
The passive
Complete this sentence using the correct form of the
verb in brackets.
Recently, industrial processes _____ that use less
water. (discover)
To form the passive, we:
• put the person/thing the action is done to before the
verb
• put the person/thing doing the action after the verb
(when necessary)
• use be in the correct form+ past participle. 4 Read this text about recycling
Some species have been hunted to extinction. electrical appliances. Complete the
The river is polluted by local factories. text using the words in the box in the
Apart from a tense, the form of the verb be used may be: correct form.
• the full infinitive criticise • use• buy• make
Some people don't want theJ.1 :w dam to be built. smash • sort• take apart• dump
_
• the bare infinitive require• collect• introduce
Companies should be prevented from polluting the water
supply. RECYCLING ELECTRONIC WASTE
• the -ing form
Most people don't like being told to pick up their litter. Millions of new TVs, fridges, air­
conditioning units and washing machines
We use the passive:
(1) every day around the
• when we don't know who does/did/etc the action world. So what happens to the old ones? In
• when we aren't interested in who does/did/etc the Japan, where around 20 million electrical
action appliances (2) by the side
• when it's obvious who does/did/etc the action of the road or in rivers every year, new
• for emphasis, formality and impersonal style. legislation (3) in 2001 which
See Grammar database 16 on pages 182-183 for more means that all electrical goods must be
information. 50-60% recyclable.
Recycling these high-tech machines isn't
easy. They can't just (4) into

1 Find all examples of the passive you can in the text on

small pieces that can (5) ______
again. Special plants, like the Matsushita
pages 70-71.
Eco-Technology Centre (6) ______
2 Rewrite these sentences correctly. for the process. Each appliance (7)
_____ very carefully and the
1 The theory of evolution has suggested by Charles
components (8) into
Darwin.
2 The elephants in this area should protect by a ban on different categories. The plastic in these
hunting. machines, for example, (9) _____
3 I'm really looking forward to be taken to the zoo and reused to make internal components for
tomorrow. new appliances.
4 A new species of bird was been discovered by scientists.
Although Matsushita, who owns Panasonic,
5 People should being encourage to recycle their waste.
6 The government being put under pressure to change the (10) by some people for
law on fishing. creating the problem in the first place, most
7 Many dolphins kill accidentally by tuna nets. people agree that progress

e
8 Global warming has predicted for a long time now. (11) in dealing with this
space age environmental challenge.
 Vocabulary
3 Complete each sentence using a phrasal verb from
exercise 2 in the correct form.
1 If we continue to use fossil fuels at the present rate, we will
eventually of oil.
2 BurgerBar is planning to a new, environmentally
friendly container for their fast-food.
1 Choose the correct word or phrase to 3 You'd be surprised at how much of the rainforests is
___ every single day.
complete each sentence.
4 I threw the bananas away because I thought they had
endangered species • rural • smog
greenhouse effect • global warming 5 Trees and plants oxygen, which all living things
fossil fuels • green • sewerage system need.
nature reserve• urban 6 We should be very careful what we and try to
recycle as much as we can.
1 is the gradual rise in temperature 7 There will be heavy rain showers in the morning, but it
in many parts of the world. should by the afternoon.
2 A(n) is one which is under threat 8 Unless something is done, the snow leopard will ___
of extinction. within the next decade.
3 Something that is is relafhl to

4
the countryside, rather than the city.
Something that is , such
4 Word formation
as a product, is not harmful to the Complete this table. Include all possible forms you can think
environment. of, including negative forms.
5 is an unpleasant mixture of
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
smoke and fog hanging over a city.
6 The is caused by the sun's heat environment x
being trapped by gases in the Earth's globe x
atmosphere. harm
7 The is the pipes and facilities
for taking dirty water from homes and industry x
factories, usually to be treated. nature x
8 A(n) is an area where wildlife is
specially protected.
poison x
9 Something that is is related to pollute x
the city, rather than the countryside. success
10 include coal, gas and oil. value x
world x
2 Phrasalverbs
Match each phrasal verb to do with the 5 Word patterns
environment to the correct meaning.
Complete these sentences using the correct preposition.
1 go off a become extinct
1 If you see a water leak, report it your local council.
2 die out b produce heat, a smell, a
2 The government should create posters to inform people
3 run out gas, etc
___ the danger to the environment.
4 give off c produce and start to sell
3 During his speech, the politician referred the
5 cut down a new product
new law as 'an environmental disaster:
6 bring out d stop being fresh
4 Many people have reacted the situation by
7 clear up e use all of something and
organising protests.
8 throw not have any left
5 The company has been accused dumping tons
away f (of the weather) become
of chemicals in the river.
better after cloud or rain
6 Many animals depend human help for survival
g get rid of (rubbish, etc)
in the wild.
h cut a tree, etc, so that it
7 Unless we take better care _ _ the world
falls
around us, we' ll regret it.
ff) listening

Starting point
What is this a photograph of?
Which is more important: economic
development or preserving the
environment?

1 g 2.07 Listen to an extract from

an interview and decide whether the
following statements are true (T) or
false (F).
1 The local council wants to stop
building in the area. T/F
2 Greenwatch tries to protect the
environment. TIF

2 Before you listen to the complete

interview, look at the senterlt:es in
exercise 3 and try to complete them.
Write your guesses here.
1
2
3
4 EXAM EXPERT 1
:

5 How should you do the exam practice task?

6 a Always read the complete sentence when you have filled the
7 gap to make sure the grammar is correct.
8 b Don't worry about reading the complete sentence when you
9 have filled the gap because the grammar isn't important.
10 �;;c;;;;;;;;;�;;;;;;;;;;;;=���;;,a;;;;;;;��;;,;;;;a;a���============cc:==:::;;;c;;;:;'�

Look at the correct answers to

3 '- 2.oa exam ractice exercise 3 and your guesses in
You will hear part of a radio interview about the environment. exercise 2. Choose the sentence that
For questions 1-10, complete the sentences. is true for you and compare with a
partner.
�------;============= ========== �
The local council's aim is to 1
All my guesses were very close. D
The council is planning to build 2
���� ------;===== ======� Most of my guesses were close. D
One of the problems people in the area face is 13====
---=- == ====� Some of my guesses were close. D
Greenwatch would like to see the creation of 14 A few of my guesses were fairly close. D
� == -----;:: == == �
Many birds stop at the Eastford Downs as they go I s None of my guesses were close at all. D
The Eastford Downs are also important for 16
�-=----===== == �
,-------':== ========
==== ==:
Greenwatch has organised meetings and 7
���-;::=======�
Local people seem to be aware that the Downs are I s Have your say!
�----==== = ==:
Anyone interested should call Greenwatch for 19 • What environmental problems does
��============:
This weekend, Greenwatch are organising a �
I10 � your local area face?
����
• What solutions can you think of?
 Speaking

Word power!
oil tanker • oil slick • deforestation • construction industry

Starting point
How do these forms of pollution affect the environment? What
other forms of pollution can you think of?

1 Rewrite these sentences correctly and underline the

expressions used for introducing an opinion.
1 From my opinion, there is no point recycling things iflarge
businesses are allowed to pollute our natural environment.
2 As far that I'm concerned, the government is doing
everything it can to protect the environment.
3 To my view, we should worry about running out of fossil fuels
when it happens, not before. �·
4 It seems me that children should be taught how to care for the
environment from a very young age.

2 Discuss whether you agree or disagree with the statements in exercise 1.

3 g 2.09 Listen to this candidate comparing two photographs and
answer these questions.
• What do the photographs she is talking about show? Be specific.
• What phrases does she use to introduce her opinions?
• Which do you think is the bigger threat?

4 exam practice
Here are two photographs showing different things
that threaten our natural environment. I'd like you
to compare them and tell us which you think is the
bigger threat. You have about one minute to do this,
so don't worry if I interrupt you.
Candidate B, how do you feel about problems like
these?

EXAM EXPERT
How should you do the exam practice task?
While the other candidate is speaking, you should
a always say how each picture makes you feel and
which one you prefer.
b listen carefully to any instructions and make sure
you do what you have been asked to do.
See Speaking database on page 193.
Word power!
Reading z ·" 2.10

An ant's eye view

Sam Miller tells us about his fascination with ants.

beetle • grasshopper They are found all over the world. They can lift up to
ladybird • mosquito 50 times their own body weight. They seem to behave
in complicated ways, yet each individual is typically
Starting point no more than a couple of centimetres long. Ants. These
social insects have fascinated me since I first bent down
What do you know about these insects? with a magnifying glass to watch them take sugar from a
What other insects do you know the bowl. There are more than 4,500 species of ant, with most
names of in English?
of them found in the rainforests. Unfortunately, due to
Match the insects in the pictures to the
following names. deforestation in these areas, many species will never be
• beetle • ladybird recorded.
• grasshopper • mosquito
Ants live in a colony, which is built around the queen. She
·· 1 , is the largest ant and her sole occupation is producing eggs,
while all her physical needs are taken care of by the worker

\�� ',
ants around her. 1 They perform such functions as

3 exam practice
You are going to read an article about ants. Seven sentences
have been removed from the article. Choose from the
sentences A-H the one which fits each gap (1-7). There is one
extra sentence you do not need to use.
A They are fed enormous quantities of honey until their bodies
become so big that they cannot move.
B They destroy every living thing in their path.
C Ants follow the trail that other ants have left to locate a food
source.
1 Look at the title of the article
D These are all female and infertile.
opposite. What is the article about?
E These ants don't have a permanent home.
2 Read the text quickly, ignoring the
F Once this critical period is over and the first workers are at
gaps, and decide if these statements
are true (T) or false (F). work, the colony rapidly develops.
1 Most species of ant are found in G This is generally the best way to get rid of ants from your
the rainforests. T/F garden.
2 Different ants have different jobs
to do. T/F EXAM EXPERT
3 Some ants use their own bodies How should you do the exam practice task?
to make a nest. T/F a In order to save time, look at each gap in turn without reading
4 Ants only fight to protect the whole text and quickly choose a sentence you think fits.
themselves. T/F b Read the whole text before you try to match the sentences

e
with the gaps.
foraging for food and defending
the colony from attack, as wel I
as tending to the queen and the
colony's eggs.

colony is founded when a

new queen sets off in search of a
possible location. Once she has
chosen her spot, she begins to
lay eggs, some of which are for They also help to explain how The sight of a column of these
eating during the difficult first few such simple beings can display ants on the move is one of the
months. 2 Each species has such complex behaviour. 4 most frightening sights in the
its own characteristic way of If an obstacle blocks the ants' rainforest. 6 Insects, young
doing things. The leafcutter ant, path, they swarm in all directions, birds, lizards and other small
for example, cuts sections from attempting to go around it. The animals that fail to escape in
leaves which it carries back to the ants who discover the shorter way time can look forward to a rather
nest. These are used as a kind of wi11 get there faster and leave a unpleasant end.
fertiliser for fungus gardens the . stronger scent trail. Gradually, as
ants create underground. There, W)}Ore and more ants follow this It's not just the army ant, though,
the leaves provide a rich source of trail, it becomes even stronger, that can be a threat. 7 They
nutrients for the fungus, which the until all the ants are following the do this using acid produced in
ants eventually consume. quicker route. their bodies as a weapon. After a
successful attack, some species
Then there's the honeypot ant. This kind of communication of ant wi11 take eggs from the
These ants select certain workers is very important in nomadic losing colony and return them
to act as living containers for species, such as the army ant. to their own, raising the ants to
food. 3 They act as a store 5 Instead, they form a nest work as slaves. There's a never­
for the food and feed other ants using their own bodies, with ending list of things they do; ants
by producing the honey when millions of them hanging from a lead intriguing lives, and tiny
they receive the right chemical tree. When they decide to move though they may be, I never tire
signals. These signals are an on, the whole colony marches of studying them!
important part of all ants' lives through the forest, carrying the
and are used for, among other queen and the eggs.
things, establishing identity and
indicating the source of food.
WORK IT OUT!
Find these words and phrases in the text and the missing sentences
and underline them. Can you work out what they mean from the
context?
4 Match these words from
the text and the missing select • foraging • tenc:ling to • critical • obstacle ,, sole • founded • trail
sentences to the definitions.
1 infertile a find the position of
2 acid
3 locate
b
c
kind of plant, such as a mushroom
unable to produce eggs or young
Have your say!
4 fertiliser d strong, harmful chemical • If you could study an insect, what kind
5 fungus e something put on plants to help them grow of insect would you choose? Why?
 2 Choose the correct form.
Grammar2 1 Did you remember to get I getting the seeds I
wanted?
-ing form or infinitive
2 I don't remember to read I reading about the
Choose the correct option. greenhouse effect.
Ants often seem behaving I behave I to behave in 3 We should try to stop I stopping people from
complicated ways. damaging the environment.
After some verbs, nouns and adjectives, we use the 4 I'll never forget to see I seeing the rainforests for
full infinitive. the first time.
I hope to study biology at university. 5 Oh! I meant to call I calling Ralph to talk to him
It's important to save water.
about our trip to the zoo.
It is our aim to persuade the council to stop building.
6 For many companies, the new law will mean to
After modal verbs, make and let, we use the bare
produce I producing less pollution.
infinitive.
All of us should use less water.
We make people recycle their rubbish here.
The council lets factories pollute the local river. prefer, would rather, had better
After some verbs and after prepositions, we use the Does this sentence refer to the past or the
-ing form. present?
Please avoid dropping litter ill (his area.
How can we prevent an environmental disaster from I'd rather you didn't do that.
happening? prefer
Some verbs can be followed by both the -ing form or • expressing preferences
the full infinitive without a change in meaning. I prefer dogs to/rather than cats.
We should all start to take/taking responsibility. I prefer playing with dogs rather than cats.
With other verbs, the meaning changes. I would prefer to have a dog rather than a cat.
We stopped eating our sandwiches. would rather
We stopped to eat our sandwiches. • expressing preferences
See Grammar database 17 on page 183 for more I would rather have a dog than a cat.
information. I would rather you didn't drop litter outside my
house.
had better
1 Complete these sentences using the verbs in • giving advice
You had better tell the council about the leak.
brackets in the correct form.
See Grammar database 18 on page 184 for more
1 We can't afford not ______ (protect) our information.
environment.
2 Can we manage _____ (save) just some
species? Be careful!
3 We could suggest (introduce) a
ban on hunting in this area. He'd better pick up his litter. ('d=had)
4 I'm really looking forward to_____ He'd rather spend time in the countryside.
(visit) the nature reserve. ('d=would)
5 Parents should let their children_____
(take part) in demonstrations about the
environment. 3 Make questions using these prompts.
1 you/rather/visit a farm/a zoo?
2 you/prefer/go fishing/bird-watching?
3 what/you think/we/better/do about litter in our
town/city?
4 you/rather/work outdoors/indoors?
 Use of English

1 Read the text in exercise Z exam practice

2, ignoring the gaps, and
Read the text below. Use the
answer the following
word given in capitals at the
questions.
end of some of the lines to
1 What is one result form a word that fits in the gap
of increasing world in the same line. Write your
temperature? answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS.
2 Why is the sea level rising
in some parts of the world? It's getting hotter!
3 What is one explanation There seems to be little doubt that (1) _ GLOBE
for the increase in warming is a real phenomenon. Temperatures
temperature? are rising in many places (2) _ and WORLD
(3) _ farmland is being lost as sea levels rise due to VALUE
melting of the polar ice. This could cause major problems
EXAM EXPERT for mankind in the future. (4) _disagree, though, SCIENCE
How should you do the Ii! about whether this (5) _ change is being caused by ENVIRONMENT
exam practice task? human actions or not. Some believe that the climate
ha1,_�lways changed like this and it has (6) _causes, NATURE
a The words you need to while others think what is happening is unique. One
write are always positive,
so you don't need to explanation is the greenhouse effect. This is where
think about negative (7) _ in the atmosphere traps the sun's rays, like a POLLUTE
forms. giant greenhouse. While nobody claims that releasing
b Always ask yourself chemicals into the atmosphere can be (8) _, not HARM
whether a negative form everyone is convinced that all the temperature change
is needed or not. Read is due to (9) _activity.It's an important question, INDUSTRY
the whole text to check. because a (10) _ can only be found once we understand SOLVE
exactly what is causing the problem.

3 exam practice
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence
using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and
five words, including the word given. Write the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS.
1 They are building a new road through the Downs. 4 They should discuss the pollution problem in
is tomorrow's meeting.
A new road through the Downs. discussed
2 I hope we manage to persuade the government to The pollution problem in
ban hunting. tomorrow's meeting.
succeed 5 Please try not to waste water.
I hope we the government to ban avoid
hunting. Please try water.
3 I heard that the dodo became extinct because it 6 I'd prefer you not to walk on my lawn.
couldn't fly. did
out I'd walk on my lawn.
I heard that the dodo because it 7 Eventually, there'll be no fossil fuels left.
couldn't fly. out
Eventually, we fossil fuels.
EXAM EXPERT 8 We should create less rubbish.
stop
How should you do the exam practice task? We need much rubbish.
a Instead of writing do not, write don't because it's
only one word.
b Remember that contractions count as two words,
except can't, which counts as one.
 Writing: article
Starting point
What are t�e people in the photograp
h doing?
How effective do you think action like
this is?
1 Look at this �xam uestion and rea
� d this article. What are
the three main points the writer ma
kes?
Your school magazine has invited you
_ to suggest ways in which
or�inary people can �elp to protec
t the environment. Write an
article for the magazine, giving you
r suggestions.
Write your article in 120-180 words
in an appropriate style.
II
'I
1/

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rrv<;t of alC a<;k.. �ovv<;e,/f if �ov ve,�vb e,Ve,"71+hi �ov vavld. Pape,v and ja<;<; ave, e,a<;�, bvt what
ng.
abovt pla<;tiv, ov tin van<;( rind ovt fvom �ovv !oval vavnvil how �ov van ve,�vb move, of the,
+hi� �ov v<;e, e,ve,vz-i da�.
Se,vandl�, think. abovt how mvd, wate,v �ov v<;e,. A fe,w <;impb <;te,p<; vavld <;ave, �ov mone,� and he,lp
pvote,vt the, e,nvivonme,nt. Pov e,xampb,

Prnall�, what if �ov don t have, an� fac;,,ilitie,<; ov <;d,e,me,<; in �ovv ave,;:i( That va.vld be, �ovv d,anc.,e,
1

fo <;tavt VV'Viti to �ovv vavnvil to de,mand the,m.

ng.

So, don tjv<;t <;it +he,ve,! We, van all do ovv bit, fvom <;avi wate,v to ve,�e,/i� fvom VV'Viti
1
ng. ng.
/e,tte,v<; tojoini pvote,<;t<;. If e,Ve,"71bod� doe,<; a littb, +he,n pe,vhap<; tof¥'+he,v we, van ve,al/� Mak.e­
ng.
a diffe,ve,nc.,e,1

2 Underline where the writer does the

following things.
• asks the reader a question to involve the
m in the article
3 What other phrases could be used to
• u�es a phrase to introduce the point of introduce each paragraph?
each paragraph
• gives specific advice to the reader
• uses contractions to give the article an
informal style
4 Complete the third paragraph in an
appropriate way. Look back at the
text on pages 70-71 for ideas.
 NO
TOXIC.
3 Make notes to answer these questions.
1 Which of these effects might your school have on
the local environment?
litter • wasting water • wasting paper
any other problems • noise

2 What solutions can you think of for each of these

problems?
3 What part of your article will these problems be
discussed in?
introduction • main body • conclusion

Plan ahead
1 exam practice: article
Your school magazine has invited you to suggest
ways in which your school could be more
environmentally friendly.

r
Write an article for the magazine, giving your
suggestions.
4 Complete Writing Planner6 on page 208.
5 Write your article in 120-180 words in an
How should you write an article? appropriate style.
a Never ask your reader questions because they
aren't there to answer them.
6 When you have written your article, make sure
that you have:
b Ask your reader rhetorical questions to involve
them in the subject of the article.
checked your spelling and grammar D
See Writing database on page 194forfurther used paragraphs
information. used appropriate phrases to introduce each
paragraph D
n
used an appropriate style

2 Read the task in exercise 1 and decide whether asked your readers a rhetorical question
the following statements are true (T} or false (F}. made suggestions.

1 Your article will appear in an international

magazine for scientists. TIF
2 You should make your article as formal as
possible. TIF
3 You should use a new paragraph for each
main point you make. TIF
4 It's a good idea to give an article like this a title. TIF
 Check your progress!
Units 5-6
1 Choose the correct word to fill the gap in each sentence. 3 Complete the second sentence so
that it has a similar meaning to the
1 I've lived in a city all my life, so I've never experienced life in first sentence, using the word given.
a(n) _ environment. Do not change the word given. You
Aurban Brural Cglobal Dlocal must use between two and five
2 I think there's a_ in the pipe; maybe we should call a words, including the word given.
plumber. 1 I had thought the film would be better.
Alack Block Clake Dleak as
3 Dana drinks a lot of_ drinks like lemonade and orangeade. The film I had thought
A frozen Bfresh Cfizzy Dflat it would be.
4 They need to put more_ bins in the town centre. 2 They don't let children under three go
A paper Blitter Cwaste Dsewerage on this ride.
5 My dad wears a suit to work, but he changes into_ clothes not
when he gets home. Children under three
�-
Ainformal Bcasual - 'Crelaxed Dcalm go on this ride.
6 There was a terrible oil_ when the tanker hit the rocks in a 3 Getting a professional to cut down
storm. those trees would be a good idea.
Aslick Bdrop Cpool D spread better
7 I bought a cool fishing_ yesterday! We a professional to
A pole Brod Cstick Dbar cut down those trees.
8 We're going on a_ to protest about the closure of the park. 4 Why didn't you ask Helen to help you?
A production Bpresentation Cconstruction Ddemonstration should
You _____ Helen to help you.
8marks
5 I'd prefer you not to smoke in here.
rather
2 Write a word from the box in each gap to complete the I smoke in here.
sentences. 6 This is the fastest rollercoaster in the
catch • clear • come • die • flick • go • run • take world!
goes
1 We've nearly _____ out of milk. Could you go and get
No other this one.
some for me? 7 We don't want to damage the
2 Pandas are likely to out if we don't do environment.
something to protect them soon.
avoid
3 I usually through all the magazines while I'm We want _____ the
waiting to see the dentist. environment.
4 Richie really wants to up snowboarding, so 8 Why are you always criticising me?
we're going to get him a board for his birthday. go
5 Put the fruit in the fridge or it'll off. Why are you always _____
6 If you round here at about half past six, we can me?
watch that video before we go out. 9 People don 't recycle enough rubbish in
7 Will you help me up all this mess? this country.
8 When Monopoly first came out, nobody thought it would away
______ on so quickly. Too much _____ in this
8marks country.

18marks
 Revision
Reading
Starting point
Have you ever seen a pop-up or a flashing message on your Don't be
fooled!
computer saying that you have won a prize? Did you click on it?
What happened?
Have you ever received an email that you thought was
suspicious? Describe it. What did you do about it?

:I1
Internet scams, where people
1 Read the article, ignoring the gaps for now, and complete trick you out of your money, are
these sentences with a word or a short phrase.
not likely to go away any time
1 · The writer received an email saying his friend's wife's money soon, James Hallam reports.
____ at the airport.
j!

L
2 The in the emaiP\vas not perfect.
ast summer, I received an email
1i 3 In a lottery scam, people give hundreds because they expect to
from the wife of an old friend.
i
get ____
4 In some scams, people ask for money to open so The message said that they were
that they can move money to another country. stuck in Italy after all their money
5 If you get close to finding out the truth, you might be had been stolen as they waited to
____ , according to some reports. check in at the airport and now they
6 Because they feel embarrassed, some don't want to
couldn't afford to get back home.
get the police involved.
Several things struck me as
7 When booking a holiday, you might think you're getting a
____ but you will have to pay extra. odd about the email. Firstly, why didn't
8 You are more likely to if someone appears to be my friend write? I had only exchanged
honest.

2 exam practice 3 Find words or phrases in the text which

have a similar meaning to these words
You are going to read an article about ways in which people try and phrases.
to steal money from you online. Seven sentences have been
removed from the text. Choose from sentences A-H the one 1 show (their) tickets (paragraph 1) ·
which fits each gap (1-7). There is one extra sentence which you 2 invent; think of (paragraph 2)
do not need to use. 3 inherit; get (money) when someone dies
A But before you book a holiday this way, think twice. (paragraph 3)
B Of course, people who send money will never see it again. 4 the money a country uses, eg dollars/
C Eventually, he explained that the email account had been pounds/euros (paragraph 3)
taken over by hackers. 5 start (paragraph 3)
D Again, you receive an email, but this time you are told that 6 when (they) get there (paragraph 4)
you have won a fortune. 7 a feeling that you've done something silly
E I could have got my money back but it wasn't worth having. (paragraph 4)
F Most of us are honest and we want to believe that others are 8 the place where something is (paragraph 5)
too. 9 luxury (paragraph 5)
G No-one wants to admit that he or she has been fooled. 10 shared interests (paragraph 6)

e
H She was asking me to help by sending money.
emails once with his wife and I had never met her. come too close to discovering the truth. Cases ....
c:
Secondly, there were some odd things about the 0
like this are difficult to confirm, however. s v,
email, such as the less than perfect English and There is a great deal of embarrassment involved, ·s:
a:
(I)

e fact that it wasn't addressed to me by name, so victims don't always go to the police.
simply beginning, 'Hello.' Despite the fact that I On the subject of travelling, be very careful of
didn't really believe the email, I felt the need to any special holiday deals that you find on the
rite to my friend to sort it out. 2 The email internet. Often, it seems as if you are being
ad been sent to everyone in offered an amazing bargain
er address book. online. 6 What seems
But what happened to me like a great discount could
was quite a simple trick. actually cost you more. In
here are people out there many cases, for example, the
vho have come up with all price you pay includes flights
inds of ways to cheat us. A but not accommodation.
common one is known as the You could also find that your
lottery scam. 3 In order hotel is in a very different
o get this money, however, location to what the website
ou need to send a small said. And of course, it is very
amount to cover 'registration easy for companies to put
ees' or something similar pictures on their site that are
( he 'small' amount is usually misleading - that picture of
in the hundreds, but you a five-star hotel might have
are assured that you will be been taken years ago, before
receiving millions). they built a motorway next to
There are variations of the it! Naturally, the same risks
lottery scam - sometimes apply to anything you buy on
the writer pretends to be the internet, so beware!
someone who has come into a large amount of Perhaps one of the cruellest ways people can
money but needs to get it out of the country in a trick you is when there are emotions involved.
different currency and they want you to lend them Many of us have online friendships, sometimes
some money to open a bank account. Or they want with people we haven't met in person. Imagine,
o set up a business and they invite you to invest in then, if one of these people suddenly asks you
it, always with the promise of a much larger amount to borrow money because his or her grandmother
in return. 4 Even if only a small percentage of is sick and can't afford to pay for medicine. You
people fall for it, it can still add up to a lot of money would want to help, wouldn't you? 7 That's
for the criminals. why it is easy to be fooled by someone if they
And it gets worse. In some of these scams, people seem sincere and we have things in common with
have travelled to foreign countries to try to get them. The story about the sick grandmother might
their money back. On arrival, they have often been be true, but it probably isn't. Thinking carefully
tricked into giving yet more money. There are before you act could save you from making a huge
reports of people being attacked because they have mistake.
 ....
c
0
"iii
·s;
<U
a:
1 g 2.11 exam practice
You will hear people talking in eight different situations. For questions 1-8, choose the best answer (A, B or C).
1 You hear this conversation at 4 You hear a man talking in a 7 You hear an announcement on
the cinema. Which film do the computer shop. What does he a plane. What is the problem?
couple decide to see? want to buy? A The airport is closed.
A Long Goodbyes A a printer B There is bad weather ahead.
B Starburst B a monitor c The plane will arrive late.
c Floating Voters c a mouse
8 You hear a girl talking about a
2 You hear part of a 5 You hear a guide speaking in a computer game. What does she
11 documentary on the radio. zoo. What does she say about dislike about it?
What is the speaker's job? this animal? A the music
A scientist A It is unique. B the characters
B journalist B It is rare. c the graphics
c farmer �" c It is dangerous.
3 You hear a woman talking to 6 You hear a man talking to a
a friend on the phone. What customer. What does he refuse
does she want her friend to do? to do?
A invite someone to a party A take the item back
B put someone up for the B return the customer's
night money
c give someone a gift from c offer a discount
her

2 "2.12 exam practice

You will hear five people talking about their hobbies. For
questions 1-5, choose from the list (A-F) what each speaker
says. Use the letters only once. There is one extra letter which
you do not need to use. • What other things do people collect
that the speaker didn't mention?
Speaker 1 A I find it relaxing. • Why do you think people like
Speaker2 B My collection is valuable. collecting things?
Speaker 3 C I'm losing interest in my hobby. • What other hobbies can you think
Speaker4 D My hobby has taught me a lot. of?
Speaker 5 E I don't have enough time for my hobby.
F This hobby is new to me.
 Candidate B, here are two photographs of .....
Speaking different means of transport. I'd like you to
compare them and say how you feel about
c:
0

·s:
VI

travelling in these ways. You only have one QJ

c:
1 Answer the following questions about yourself.
minute for this.

• Have you always lived in this town?

• Have you travelled much? • How do you feel about travelling in these ways?
• Have you ever been abroad?
• Where did you spend your last holiday?
• Do you have any plans for your next holiday?

2 Read the examiner's instructions and do the

task.
Candidate A, here are two photographs
of different places. I'd like you to compare
them and say which place you would prefer
to spend a week's holiday in. You only have
one minute for this.

• Which place would you prefer to spend a week's

holiday in?
Candidate A, which means of transport
would you prefer to travel on?

3 Read the examiner's instructions and do the task.

I'd like you to imagine that you are going
on holiday together to Australia. Here are
some things you might do on your holiday.
Talk to each other about what each activity
would be like and then choose three
activities to do on your holiday. You only
have three minutes for this.

• What would each activity be like?

• Choose three activities to do on your holiday.

Candidate B,
which place would you prefer to
visit?
4 Ask and answer the following questions.
• Do you think it's important for people to have
holidays?
• What can people learn from travelling abroad?
• Do you think holidays and travel will change over the
next 50 years?
G
....c:
0 R Use of English
'>
'iii

0:::: 1 exam practice

Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

Global Positioning System

GPS is a remarkable (1) _. You may have seen your parents using a GPS system in their car, or you might
even have GPS on your smartphone. It tells you your exact position, possibly making the simple map and
compass (2) _.
The (3) _of GPS was developed by the US military and the system was set (4) _by them. It is based on
a network of 24 satellites in orbit around the Earth. Using radio signals, the hand-held receiver calculates the
(5) _to the satellites and is then able to figure (6) _where the user is to (7) _a few metres.
There are (8) _practical applications of this system. For example, it was used during (9) _ of the Channel
Tunnel, connecting England to France, to (10) _sure that the two ends of the tunnel met in the middle.
Scientists are currently (11) _new ways to use GPS, such as the study of earthquakes. GPS systems could
track the way the ground beneath our feet moves and one day (12) _ that an earthquake is likely could save
thousands of lives.
�--
1 A appliance B discovery c solution D invention
2 A traditional B classic c obsolete D old
3 A concept B ideal c image D thought
4 A off B up c in D over
5 A length B line c distance D size
6 A off B up c on D out
7 A within B among c between D around
8 A uncountable B numerous c massive D grand
9 A installation B construction c shaping D manufacture
10 A do B have c make D take
11 A researching B experimenting c estimating D predicting
12 A declaring B doubting c knowing D wondering

2 exam practice
Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.
Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS.

Dinosaur extinction
After ruling the Earth (1) 200 million years, the dinosaurs suddenly (2) extinct around
sixty-five million years ago. Scientists disagree about the precise reasons why they died (3) , but
they agree that (4) was probably the result of a dramatic change in the Earth's climate. There are
two main answers (5) the question of what caused the change. A huge volcanic explosion has
(6) suggested as one possible cause, while another popular theory claims that the change
(7) be explained as the result of a large meteorite crashing into the Earth. However the explosion
came (8) , both theories agree that disaster spread over the planet. Large amounts of dust in the
atmosphere blocked the sun's heat and temperatures dropped. It (9) estimated that around twenty-
five per cent of plant life on the Earth was destroyed by fire. With the conditions they (10) used to
disappearing, the dinosaurs could (11) survive. Only smaller animals, such as birds and mammals,
could adapt (12) the new situation.

•
w
 ....
c:
.2
·s:
1 Look at the task in exercise 2 and 2 exam practice: email c::
QJ

answer these questions.

You and rour family are considering going on a cruise around
1 Should your email be formal or the Mediterranean. You have seen the advertisement below
informal? and would like more information.
- Who are you writing to?
Read the advertisement and the notes which you have made
3 How should you start and end your belo� carefully. Then write your email to the travel agent
email?
�overmg _the points in your notes and adding any relevan�
-1 What information do you want? mformat1on about your family.

SEAVOYAGER CRUISES
Enjoy a relaxing cruise around the Mediterranean this summer!

'.)YRvti <;;c-J
,;c,.tivitid Try foo d from the whole region, or
- wh;,t Let our fast, modern ships take you
rld o f stick with what you know in our many
3e,f1vitic-c;; ? on a voyage of discovery in a wo
restaurants.
�n� fov pleasure and fun you never even knew
�ovns.- existed! Fo r mo re information about how you
vhilcJvc-n?· . . 1 e at
EnJ oy our onb oard faci·1·1t1es wh"l can j oin us on this luxury adventure
sea, inclu ding the swimming pools, o f a lifetime, including cost and
\ the games rooms and a whole week of
availability, contact: ._________
organised activities.
pvic..c-? dic;;e,.ovntc;;
Stop at exo tic reso rts along the coasts William Faldo fov g-ovpc;; ?
/
of Southern Europe and No rthern Faldo Travel
NY1id1
Africa, where you can sho p till you P.0.Box117
,c-<;;ovtc;; ?·
drop, o r take it easy o ver a coffee and Londo n
SE124RD ;,v;,i/;,/?/e,
watch the wo rld go by!
fvom 2-4th Jvnc­
to Bth Jvlf

3 Write your email in 120-150 words. 4 When you have written your email, make sure that you have:
You must use grammatically correct
sentences with accurate spelling and
checked your spelling and grammar D
punctuation in a style appropriate for used paragraphs D
the situation. used formal language, including indirect questions D
asked for all the information you need D
D
e
started and finished your email in an appropriate way.
 Reading 1 "2.13

2 exarn practice
You are going to read a magazine article about
sports. Seven sentences have been removed from
the article. Choose from the sentences A-H the
one which fits each gap (1-7). There is one extra
sentence which you do not need to use.
A This form of the sport is based on skateboarding
competitions.
B Athletes would show off their skills for the people
watching to copy.
C A number of people have objected to these
dangerous sports, highlighting the risk of
accident.
D Several of the sports that fall into this category
have also been known as 'outlaw sports' because
they were banned in many areas for being too
dangerous.
E This design was easier to control and led to an
increase in popularity for the sport.
F This is partly because they are often considered to
be different from older, established sports.
G Fans of motocross, but too young to ride
motorbikes, they named their sport 'pedal cross'.
H For example, BMX racing and mountain biking
are both based on cycling.
Word power!
stamina • teamwork • sense of balance
agility • coordination EXAM EXPERT
How should you do the exam practice task?
When you have chosen a sentence to fit each gap
Starting point a don't bother rereading the text with the sentences replaced
Choose one of the sports in the to check it makes sense as this takes too much time.
photographs and explain what skills b quickly reread the whole text with the sentences replaced to
you need to do it well. check it makes sense.

1 Read the article quickly to find the

answers to these questions. 3 Find forms of these words in the text. Match
them to the correct definitions.
1 When were the first Extreme Games
or X Games held? 1 freestyle a a sport or activity using boots with wheels
2 Which extreme sport is also an 2 roller skating b one sport that forms part of a sporting
OlympicD event? 3 recreational competition
3 What are the two main forms of BMX? 4 event c a sloping surface used for jumping off
4 When did the first BMX magazine 5 stunt d a dangerous move in certain extreme sports
come out? 6 ramp e done for amusement or enjoyment
5 When were roller skates invented? f ( of a sport) using any method
 (J�Tng t<i:�xtremJ�s
:ff{ a-

John . Ha11cock)��orts on the his,tprf,ot · some of you_r,Javo�rite e�trem�}sports.

W��l r:� :::)d,,6i ���'.·��Ze;:

h i
0

sports have taken Qffjn_ a.big way over t he last .twei1

�
d :;:;�;:;t '"E�-�"t"- �r
e

all roller skates w�r.e Jn-line from the fi rst kl1oWrrp� i r'Tn
1716 until 18o}i:l;yi1s then that J ames Pli ��t<ih;inve�ted
five years. S6m'e need snow,"some need wtieers, bµfahey skate with Jouc�tieels i n a r ectangul ar aiang_fmerif .•.
•
;:..;- _-, ·- -..=:- :.;

all share an ele�ent"of dapger;'-usually ��mbit1ed ;it�! .· 6 In 196B ;- ttie original in-li ne skates-returned, but
a

-
acrobati c stunts .. "it wasn't until iQal-ttiat two i ce-hocke�-playinggrbthers,
-.-:
" "-

• Scott and Br�no ah 0l�on of M i nneapolis, reazli�ed\hat i n­

ESPN�the Americ�:n T\l;;§pOrts network, org�nise� ti:J
0

line sk ates ct>u[� 61ftl$eci-for t raining and pracfi ce

. when
e�) n c� ..
� �: L -��-::;; �.\ \" the re was. no i ceI'tfieYstarte� to· make thei r own skates.
: :ir:: ::t:�! e�;f [t if �
r a ? a

selling thein)o fri eQds; and eventually set up th�ir own·

older mo. re tradition al;ti,)dtts; suc h as freestyle skU-
co�pany, Roiterbf ade,to 'm arket them. Th�y w;;� so
skydLving, surfing anifwa!e( skii ng, are also some{i
successful that,fn�li he skates are often known s(mply as
;; ..:" c::�sc ;:;: · - " '°'·_;-.; ....,,

consi dered extremi spJfrtf'

. �,· ,_ :.::--3:;.� - - ·- ·

_, 'Rollerbladesst -�::)\-, ,, .
·_-
Extreme sports have also been c haracterised' as .-c:. .·
As competitive �?Qft in-.line skating i s ac!�alifseveral
'altern�ti ve sports': 2 � Also, many of ff.i� atbl��e.s "
versi ons of the traditiona l.roller
a

have adopted alternative, fashions and, have seien;;;

skating events:' sk�tJng: �rtistic (figu:e)��Jating, and
themselyes as outside th':a�µ�i' sporting wor ld.
. ;:·

. mile r hocke.y,·Howeve r; t�k best�known c:ind mbtt'tpopular

Many ext eme i · po r s . fact new ve rsions�"'to . of ttw ��-rn��titi�liicifts is ;ggressive in-lini�k�ti f1f- a1so
•• •

�
,••• , • '"Ii'._,;;
.,·; ;;::;,-;;;,

sports, often maa�'possiBle b;·,techno1ogica1 c hang� .. ( known as 'aggrq}:� 7 , There are two everits ;. �treet
" -
. ·:.:: .::;.;;':.: " "·-···-� ..• ·.· ·- '". ..;:;\' ,,_, ..

improvements i n e��!P��nt.
: • 3 -1n-11�,e skatr;rtt, and vert (s hb rt,fo1�vertical' . In street competitfoh� �kater s
)
form of toiler skating: perform tricks wh.jii��ping over boxes,-ramps::�nd rails,
0

For the'most part;extreme:sports origi nated-as W hile in �ert th::a�r}60-second routine�� ttl� k{ �-n9
recreational acti viti �ti�t.r�divi duals, but often in a,· stunts Jn a half-ptpe; li ke _that used in skatelfoardi.n_g and
1 1 •.
-
,.•
-� .�!; � .].:::.:�� '?":..

snowbo arding:''£-' "' '"-I . . '·"�,- "'' "·

context: 4 As;; t},ey:�av-e. become competiti

�::1��i;;;��fflitJ��;�:it��:!�
extrem� �po rt to 't,�v; ;a�·ifdme an-OlympicD eve�t:
:

WORK IT OUT!
Find these words and phrases in the text and
underline them. Can you work out what they mean
from the context?
taken off• coined • versions • originated • stands for
devoted to • went from strength to strength

Have your say!

 Grammar 1 3 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
word given. You must use between two and five
Modals (2): degrees of certainty words, including the word given.

Look at the following sentence and choose the 1 Perhaps Len has forgotten about basketball practiee.
correct meaning. have
'Ian must be playing football,' said Maria. Len about basketball practice.
a Maria thinks that Ian has no choice about playing 2 I imagine it was depressing to lose by six goals.
football. been
b Maria is almost certain that Ian is playing football. You after losing by six goals.
These modal verbs can be used to express an opinion 3 I don't believe that Oliver beat Simon at squash!
about what we think is: beaten
almost certainly true or not true. Oliver Simon at squash!
'That can't be Ruth at the door. She's playing tennis.' 4 Perhaps Carol didn't know that the match had been
Basketball must be the number one sport in this rearranged.
country. may
'You must have been very pleased when you won the
Carol _____ that the match had been
match.'
'Richard can't/couldn:t have been very happy when arranged.
you beat him.' 5 I suppose Tim was unhappy when his BMX bike was
l(-. stolen.
probably true or not true.
'Tom ought to/should be arriving back from the happy
game any minute now.' Tim _____ when his BMX bike was stolen.
possibly true or not true.
'This could/might/may be the greatest final ever!' 4 Use the words in brackets in the correct form to
'Dad could!might/may have been delayed at the complete this dialogue.
tennis club.'
Kelly: Well done, Fran. You've improved! You
See Grammar database 19 on page 184 for more
_____ (must I practise).
information.
Fran: Well, I think you (might I let) me
win.
1 Find an example of a modal being used to
Kelly: Maybe next time! But honestly, you were really
good. You (can't I miss) more than a
express an almost certain opinion in the text on
page 91. Underline the sentence. few shots.
Fran: It was a lot of fun. You (must I
be) exhausted, though. That's your second match
today, isn't it?
Kelly: Yes. I (must I be) mad! I've got
another match tomorrow, as well. I'm playing Wendy.
She (can't I be) very good because I
heard that Amy beat her last week.
Fran: She (can't I do)! Amy is a
complete beginner!
Kelly: Yes, I know. Look! There's Wendy's car. She
_____ (must I play) at the moment. Let's
2 Use the prompts and your imagination to answer
the questions about the photograph. see if we can find her.
Fran:Okay.
1 Where was this photograph taken? might
2 How do you think the people are feeling? must
3 What were the people doing before the photo was
taken? may
4 Who do you think these people are? could
 Vocabulary
People in sport 3 Word formation
Complete each sentence using a form of the
word in bold.
1 This will really damage our
chances of winning the championship. lose
2 I'm really quite and I can't
stand losing. compete
3 We need a great from everyone
if we're going to win this match. perform
4 Regular training helps to build and
_____ muscles. strong
5 Both our key players are out of action at the
moment with serious . mJure
6 The important thing in any sport is to get your
1
_____ right. prepare
Match the following words to the correct
definitions. 4 What other words can be formed using
1 referee a the person or team who most the words in exercise 3? Make a note of as
2 coach people think will win many as you can. Don't forget to include any
3 opponent b a person who has won a major negative forms.
4 favourite competition
5 runner-up c someone who controls a tennis 5 Collocations
6 champion match
competitor d the person who comes second Complete these phrases using go, play or do.
8 umpire e the person you are playing against 1 __ skateboarding 5 __ wind-surfing
9 leader f the person who is winning a race 2 __ karate 6 __ skiing
g someone who controls a football 3 __ horse-riding 7 __ water polo
match 4 __ squash 8 __ the long jump
h someone who trains athletes
i someone who takes part in a
sporting competition
6 Match each sport to the place where it is
played.

2 Phrasalverbs 1
2
football
basketball
a
b
rink
court
Complete these sentences using the phrasal verbs to 3 hockey c course
do with sport in the correct form. 4 volleyball d pitch
5 cricket e ring
give up • take on • put off • join in 6 golf
drop out • catch up 7 skating
8 boxing
1 The other runners gradually _____ with the 9 tennis
leader. 10 wrestling
2 This is the first time this team such a
difficult challenge.
3 The final until next weekend because
of the weather.
4 John and Mark started playing football and all the
other children soon ______
5 If you want to win a marathon, it's important never
to but to believe that you can keep
going.
6 Everyone was shocked when the leader
_____ of the race with only two laps to go.
 (;] Listening

Word power!
gender• sexism • (un)fair • physical strength

Starting point
Is it unusual to see women taking part in certain
sports?
Do women get the same sporting opportunities as
men in your country?

1 " 2.14 Listen to these three extracts and

match each speaker to one of the pictures below.

4 "2.16 exam practice

You will hear five different women talking about
sports. For questions 1-5, choose from the list (A-F)
what each speaker says. Use the letters only once.
There is one extra letter which you do not need to
use.

2 " 2.15 Listen to extracts from the other two

Speakerl _ _
Speaker2 _ _
Speaker4 _ _
Speaker 5 __
speakers. Which sports do they mention?
Speaker3 __
3 Read statements A-F in exercise 4. For each A She did badly in a competition because she lost
statement, suggest what the speaker might be concentration.
talking about.
B She discovered something was harder than she'd
Example: A She did badly in a competition because she
imagined.
lost concentration.
C She regrets not being in better shape.
Perhaps she was playing a sport professionally, such as
D She wants to improve her mind as well as her body.
tennis, and she was distracted by one of the spectators.
E She recently tried a new sport for the first time.
F She won something due to someone else's
misfortune.
EXAM EXPERT
How should you do the exam practice task? 5 Listen again and note down the words and
phrases that helped you find the answers to
a Read any statements you are given about the exercise 4.
speakers before you listen so that you know what
to expect.
b Only read any statements you are given about
the speakers after listening so that you don't get
Have your say!
confused. • Which of the sports mentioned by the women can
you do in your area?
 Speaking

Starting point
How do you think the people in the photographs on
this page feel?
Do you prefer to take part in sport or watch sport as
a spectator?

Choose true (T) or false (F).

In an English exam interview or Speaking paper, ...
1 you will lose marks if your answers are
untrue. TIF
- you should give one-word answers to
save time. TIF
3 your answers should be clear and relevant. TIF
-! if you don't understand the question, talk
about your family or interests. TIF
::i never admit that you're not sure ab't>ut
something - always express a firm opinion. TIF

2 Q 2.17 Listen to extracts from a candidate

talking in a Speaking test. As you listen, put the
following questions the candidate was asked in
3 g 2.18 Now listen to the whole of the
discussion and check your answers. Which
the correct order. candidate do you think performs better, Michael
a Do you follow any sports as a spectator? or Sonia? Why?
b
c
Do you play much sport?
Have you ever tried any unusual sports?
4 You are going to interview each other using the
questions in exercise 5. Before you do, make brief
d What are the sporting facilities like in your area? notes of your answers and the reasons for them.

5 exam practice
Do you come from a large family?
What do you like doing in your free time?
Do you play any sport?
Do you prefer team or individual sports?
Do you follow any sports as a spectator?
What do you think of extreme sports?
What are the sporting facilities like in your area?

EXAM EXPERT
How should you do the exam practice task?
a Walk into the interview room chewing gum, sit
down and say 'Hi. ls it difficult?'
b Walk into the interview room, smile, greet the
examiners and sit down when invited, ready to
begin the interview.
See Speaking database on page 193.
 Reading 2 "2.19

Word power!
A Sandra McNaughton - tennis player
injury • pressure • privacy • stress • uncertainty
'I was on such a high
at the start of the year.
Starting point I'd won the Ladies Open
back in December, and
What problems do successful sportsmen and -women face? Dave Barbeck and I won
,___....,,,..___----'--------' the Mixed Doubles in
1 You are going to read a text about problems faced by
February. Everything seemed to be going
right. And then I tripped during training
sportsmen and -women. Read the text quickly and note and sprained my ankle. Suddenly
down the main problem each person describes. my prospects for the rest of the year
5 Helen Tyler seemed worse than ever. I didn't get
1 Sandra McNaughton
to compete at Wimbledon , of course,
2 Benjamin Bailey 6 Gordon Clarkson but I have now totally recovered, thank
3 KarenRush 7 Luke Zafelli goodness.'
4 Marcus Jordan 8 Angela 'Tornado' Wilson
B Benjamin Bailey - footballer

2 Look at the questions in ::ercise 3. Which of •

P
'Things weren't so good
in September, when the
them refer to the following things? rumours started in the
press that I was to be
a the future d happiness dropped from the team.
b success e other people I don't know where they
c uncertainty came from, and my coach and the
manager both reassured me they weren't
3 exam practice true, but it's a horrible feeling thinking
you might not be wearing the club's
You are going to read a newspaper article about different strip for much longer. I had sleepless
sportsmen and -women. For questions 1-15, choose from the nights about it. I've learned an important
people (A-H).The people may be chosen more than once. lesson, though: never believe what you
read in the papers.'
Which person
1 was lied to by someone close?
2 was affected by the weather?
3 predicts that their performance will improve?
4 was accused of wrongdoing? EXAM EXPERT
5 didn't know if two things would work together?
How should you do the exam
6 will continue with their sport but in a different way?
practice task?
7 felt uncertain because of something they read?
a Underline the sentences that give
8 made a choice to stop something?
you the answers and write the
9 had an accident? question number next to them so
10 was very excited by an announcement? that you can check your answers
11 was advised not to worry? easily.
12 missed an important sporting event? b Don't waste time underlining the
13 was unsure that they would achieve victory? sentences that give you the answers
14 met someone who changed them? because it's important you do each
I,

15 felt pressure from journalists to do well? task very quickly.

C Karen Rush - boxer F Gordon Clarkson - basketball player
'The biggest challenge I've had to face 'Discovering that the person I most trusted
this year is staying focused. I fell head - my business manager - had been stealing
over heels in love in March, and all of a from me. I always just signed the contracts
sudden there was something in my life without reading them, and left the business
apart from boxing. Training's extremely side of things to him. Now I feel betrayed,
demanding, and you have to be utterly and have lost one of my best friends. I'll be a
gle-minded, so I had to work out if I'd have to lot more careful in future, that's for sure.'
3acrifice either my relationship or my career, or if I
: uld have both. So far I've managed to keep both, G Luke Zafelli - sprinter
- I know it's not going to be easy.' 'My whole world fell to pieces when they told
me I'd failed a drugs test, wouldn't be able to
Marcus Jordan - rugby player compete in the European Championships and
'It was a very weird year for me, that my career was over. I felt anger, shock
knowing it was my last season playing and resentment, but knew I had to stay
professionally. I don't regret taking the strong to clear my name. When they finally
decision to retire - you can't go on admitted there'd been a mix-up with the blood samples
forever - but with every ga�.1 felt just and I was reinstated, just before the Championships, I was
a little sadder. The end was drawing thrilled. I never want to go through anything like that again.'
-ear. I'm not going to completely disappear, though,
::,s I'll be playing as an amateur for the Lincolnshire H Angela 'Tornado' Wilson - snooker player
.' arriors, a club for older players.' 'Last year I was World Snooker Champion .
This year, I haven't won a single major
E Helen Tyler - long-distance runner championship. When you suffer one defeat
'The marathon in Lisbon. The media after another, it really affects your mood,
had built it up into such a big thing, making it even more difficult to win the next
and of course I was desperate to win, '-"-=-='=-�= time. I'm just beginning to learn how to not
but I just wasn't prepared for running let failure affect me, so I can continue to play. So - watch
in that kind of heat and I found it really this space. I'll be back, and I'll be better than ever!'
difficult to keep up the pace. There
ere moments when I thought I wouldn't make it.
ankfully, I just kept going, and it paid off. I cried
hen I was awarded the trophy.'

4 Find words in the text to complete these

WORK IT OUT!
definitions.
Your ____ are your chances of future Find these words and phrases in the text and
success. underline them. Can you work out what they mean
2 A team's is the coloured clothes they from the context?
play in. rumours • reassured • demanding • single-minded
3 A professional is paid for performing, whereas sacrifice • weird • paid off• resentment • mood
a(n) isn't.
4 A sports is an organisation that
consists of a team and other staff.

Have your say!

5 Another word for 'speed' is _ _ _ _
6 If you are something, you are given
it for your achievements.
• Do you think professional sportsmen and
7 are written legal agreements.
-women are under a lot of pressure?
8 If you suffer a , you lose a sporting • Would you like to be involved in sport
contest. professionally?
 1 Complete this dialogue using the correct
Grammarz prepositions.
Kyle: We're meeting Jonty (1) the corner of his
Prepositions of time and place street (2) one, aren't we?
Which prepositions complete this sentence? Hailey: No, (3) the stadium, outside the gate. He
The match is on I at Monday to I at the Millennium
said he had to go shopping (4) the morning.
Stadium at I in Cardiff. Kyle: Oh, yeah. He's never (5) time for anything,
though.We'd better get the tickets.
at
Hailey: Did you see the other game (6) TV? It
a specific time:
was one-one (7) half-time and we scored two
at one o'clock/midnight/6.30
(8) the second half!
a public holiday: Kyle: I missed it. I was (9) work. I deliver pizzas
at Christmas/Easter/New Year
(1 O) the evenings, remember?
a specific location or building:
meet at the airport/McDonald's/the cinema
group activities:
be at a match/party/concert
Indirect questions
other phrases: What is wrong with this sentence?
at the weekend, at work, at night, at dawn Could you tell me what time is basketball training this
on week?
days: Indirect questions are more formal than direct
on Monday/Friday morning/my,birthday questions.They are formed using an introductory
positions on a surface: phrase, such as:
on the table/a bridge/the road Could you tell me ...
Do you know ...
islands: I wonder if you could ...
on Tenerife/Crete/the Isle of Man
Would you mind telling me ...
other phrases: Could/ask ...
on TV, on the phone, on time Do you think you could ...
in This is followed by a question word clause. Notice the
periods longer than a day: word order.
in 20 7 2/the first week of March/summer
Could you tell me what time the match starts?
parts of the day: I wonder if you could let me know how much the
in the morning/afternoon/evening
tickets are.
inside rooms, buildings or large areas: When an indirect question begins with a question
in the cinema/London/the centre of town
form, it needs a question mark at the end. Otherwise,
other phrases: we do not use a question mark. Compare:
in a week's time, in time Could I ask how you play this sport?
See Grammar database 20 on page 184 for more I wonder if you could tell me how you play this sport.
information. See Grammar database 2 7 on page 185 for more
information.

Be careful!
2 Imagine you are going to interview one of the
./ arrive at the airport/the station/your people in the text on pages 96 and 97. Choose
destination the person to interview and write indirect
./ arrive in Manchester/Russia/Africa questions you could ask, using these phrases.
)( arrive to the airport/Manchester/your 1 Could you tell me ...
destination 2 Would you mind telling me ...
3 Could I ask ...
4 I wonder if you could tell me ...

3 Now role-play the interview in pairs. One of

you should take the part of the sportsman or
-woman, and the other the part of a reporter
interviewing them for a national newspaper.
 Use of English
Money and the Olympics0
1 Read the text in exercise 2 Today, the distinction between the professional and the (1) _is
quickly to find the answer to purely a matter of sporting success. Most (2) _start their careers by
this question. winning competitions for non-professionals before deciding to (3) _
Are professionals allowed to themselves to their chosen sport. However, for a long time many people
compete in the Olympic GamesT"? believed that getting paid for a sporting (4) _destroyed the ancient
Olympic0 ideal of people simply trying to do their best for the love of
2 exam practice the sport.
In fact, even (5) _in ancient Olympic0 (6) _were able to make
Read the text on the right and
large amounts of money from winning. At the Games themselves, only
decide which answer (A, B, C or D)
a laurel wreath was (7) _ to the winner, but back in his home town he
best fits each gap.
could become very rich.
During most of the 20th century, professionals were (8) _from
EXAM EXPERT entering the Olympics0• This gave the wealthy an advantage (9) _they
could afford to train and compete without needing to earn money. In
How should you do the exam 1988, the IOC (which (10) _for International Olympic° Committee)
practice task? decided to allow professionals to take (11) _in the Olympics0• Only
Leave yourself very little I ��xing still restricts the (12) _of professionals allowed to compete, as
enough time to transfer your b-oxing excludes professionals altogether.
answers to the answer sheet
and do it as carefully /quickly
1 A champion B amateur C umpire D volunteer
as possible because any
2 A opponents B rivals C runners-up D athletes
mistakes will /won't cost you
3 A concentrate B devote C focus D aim
marks.
4 A match B action C activity D recreation
5 A players B members C participants D attendants
6 A sessions B acts C plays D events
7 A earned B awarded C gained D rewarded
8 A prevented B denied C refused D disallowed
3
9 A but B since C despite D although
Look at the title of the text in 10 A goes B takes C means D stands
exercise 4. What do you know 11 A part B account C place D sides
about this subject already? 12 A amount B degree C number D quantity

4 exam practice
EXAM EXPERT
Read the text below. Use the
word given in capitals at the end How should you do the exam practice task?
of some of the lines to form a a If you really don't know the form of the word that is
word that fits in the gap in the needed, leave the gap blank.
same line. Write your answers IN b If you're not sure of the word that is needed, take a guess
CAPITAL LETTERS. using your knowledge of ways of forming words.
Drugs and the Olympics0
In 1967, the use of drugs by (1) _ in the Olympics0 was banned. Before modern drugs COMPETE
became a problem, athletes had tried all sorts of ways, including drinking a (2) _ MIX
of alcohol and raw egg before a race, in order to get an unfair advantage and an (3) _ IMPROVE
in their time. In the marathon in 1904, Thomas Hicks, who became the gold (4) _, MEDAL
actually drank brandy during the race! (5) _, in 1960, a Danish athlete died after taking FORTUNE
drugs and the (6) _was taken to outlaw certain substances. Today, there are DECIDE
(7) _ chemicals which athletes are not allowed to take - not only during competitive COUNT
events but also during (8) _. Olympic0 officials randomly test athletes' blood for TR AIN
(9) _of these drugs. Any athlete found to have these substances in their system EVIDENT
will almost certainly be banned from competing, partly because they give the athlete
an unfair advantage, and partly because they are so (10) _. HARM
 Writing: formal email

Starting point
Choos� one of the following and tell
your partner
about ,t.
• What reasons are there for writing form
_ al letters and
emails?
• Do you like writing emails or do you
prefer other
means of communication? Why? /Why
not?
1 Read this email. What features of form
al
language can you find in the email?

From:
Sent:
Subject: Interview

Dear Mr Peterson,

Thank you for your email agreeing to be interviewed for our school magazine.

In answer to your questions, the interview should last approximately half an hour. What we are interested
in is how you felt winning a gold medal in the Olympics ®. We would also welcome any advice you have fo r
young people on becoming a professional athlete.

We would like to hold the interview at the school. Do you think you could be here on either 13th or 14th
May?

I wonder if you could possibly bring your gold medal with you. We are planning to take photographs
during the interview and our readers would be very interested to see the results of all your hard work.

Please do contact me if you have any further questions regarding the interview.
Yours sincerely,
Michelle Greene

2 Answer these questions.

1 Who do you think Mr Peterson might
be?
3 Complete Michelle's email by writing a
2 Who do you think Michelle Greene mig paragraph about the time of the interview.
ht be? Include the following points.
3 What questions do you think Mr Pete
rson asked
in his last email? • afternoon (4pm) better because of lessons
4 • morning possible, if before 9am
What suggestion and what request doe
s Michelle
make?
 Plan ahead
exam practice: formal email
The editor of your school magazine has asked you
to arrange an interview with a local sportswoman.
Below is the email the sportswoman has sent you.

From: Penny McDougal

Sent: 12th February
Subject: Interview
EXAM EXPERT
I am very happy to be interviewed, but there are
How should you write a formal letter/email?
one or two pieces of information I will need. Could
you let me know where and when you would like a From the notes you are given, you need to choose
the interview to take place? I would be grateful if the information you think is the most important
you could give me a choice of dates since I am quite and write about that.
busy. I would also like to know whatA,_am going to b You need to include all the information you are
be asked about and whether there is anything I given in notes, perhaps adding other relevant
should bring with me to the interview. information from your imagination.
I look forward to hearing from you soon. See Writing database on page 196 for further
information.
Yours sincerely,
Penny McDougal
2 Look at the writing task in exercise 1 and answer
these questions.

Read Mrs McDougal's reply and the note below 1 Who are you writing to and why?
from the editor of the magazine. Then write an 2 What four things does she want to know?
email to Mrs McDougal, arranging the interview and 3 What are the answers to her questions?
answering her questions. 4 How are you going to start your email?
Dear ____
We, want to /::::Ylovv ,hovt Mv<; Mc..-Pov�I' <; 5 At the end of your email, what should you write
above your name?
c..-ave,e,v, e,<;pe,c..-iall1 oe,1� a vvorv1an in football.
Yours ____
Poe,<; <;he, have, an1 advic.,e, fov v<;? We,'ve,
gt a <;pe,c..-ial i<;<;ve, on <;povt in Mavc..-h, <;o
3 Make a paragraph plan. Decide what information
you will include in each paragraph.
avovnd the, middle, of f"e, bvva� vvovld be, a
god time, to inte,vvie,vv he,v. Yov <;v�<;t 4 Write your email in 120-150 words. You must use
<;ome, date,<; and time,<;. Oh, and doe,<; <;he, grammatically correct sentences with accurate
spelling and punctuation in a style appropriate
have, an1 photo<; of he,v<;df pla1i�? The,1 'd for the situation.
look- §-Ye,at in the, ma�.2-ine, . 0tood lvc..-k-,
and <;pe,ak- to 1ov late,v.
5 When you have written your email, make sure
that you have:
used formal language D
answered all of Mrs McDougal's questions D
added any other relevant information D
checked your grammar, spelling and punctuation D
D
e
written the correct number of words.
 Reading 1 g 3.01
How would you like to. be_involved in fc
making the latest Hg/lywood blockbuster? in
01
about reading the news on TV?
01
Working in the media can be a great career s;
move, as Isabel Pettifer finds out! pi
bi
There are many jobs in the media, some p
of which you may never have thought of h1
" as a career option. I w�nfalong to Planet w
Productions to speak toJhe people there Cl
.'about what it takes to gepo the top. tc
telecommunications • the media tl
global • satellite • text messaging Special .Effects Manager, u
, Want to crash a car, or �estroy a a
spaceship? People ,who work in special
Starting point effects design, make ang. operate the c
Jc
special effects equipme�t required for a
What means of communication ···
production. Many of th.e ·-people working in fc
can you think 9fl special effects are expe�ts in specialised p
How do they affect our lives? · areas (electronics, explosives , etc). Mike a
How do you !hi.nk they will Rae, special effects mc1pager at Planet le
develop in the future? Productions, told me that you had to
abJe to use comp1.Jters; be creative
1 Look at the headings in and have a good imagination. as well as
the text oppo.site. Do you understand what the director is telling you..
know what any of these jobs He said he had learned what looked good
involve? - . on screen by watching films like Star Wars jo
when he was a child. q
ft
2 Look at the text quickly to match these people to the jobs B Camera Operator a
they do. Think you can get the perfect shot? It S'
0
is the camera operator'g job to prod�ce a
1 MikeRae a director
the visual images thathJa�e filmsl s
2 Lisa Jenkins b special effects manager jc
. and television prograr:nmes possible.•..
3 Todd Barnes c camera operator Camera operators set Lip, position and
operate camera equipment in studios
3
I)
exam practice ,or on location to shoot required scenes. R
You are going to read an article about jobs in the media. For Tasks will vary consider,ably aepending a
questions 1-15, choose from the jobs (A-F).The jobs may be on whether they are working in film or t
chosen more than once. television.
. You might have responsibility
-
0

Which job(s) would you recommend for someone who:

is good at coming up with new stories? l_
is interested in how action films are made? 2_ EXAM EXPERT
doesn't mind working in different places? 3_ 4_ How should you do the exam
can quickly decide what to do? 5_ 6_ practice task?
is good at understanding instructions? 7_ 8_ When there is more than one answer to
is able to work with computers? 9_ a question
can communicate well with people? 10_11_12_ a it doesn't matter what order you put
is interested in politics? 13_14_ them in.
has a qualification in a scientific subject? 15_
b you should be careful to put them in
the correct order.
"or interpreting the director's the ability to produce fresh
ntentions. Lisa Jenkins, one and original ideas. Good
if the few women camera communication skills and
perators in the industry, an excellent understanding
said she had done a of English, particularly
otography degree course grammar and spelling, is
::iefore landing a job with also vital. The pressure
lanet Productions. I asked can be intense, so you
er whether qualifications have to be able to work to
ere important. 'What really deadlines.
counts is experience,' she
:old me. 'Most people follow F Director
e traditional "start at See yourself as a leader?
e bottom and work your way up" programmes, host shows, read The director takes overall
approach.' news, interview people, report on responsibility for the creative,
issues and events, research and visual and audio effect of a
C Journalist write scripts, attend production production. They are responsible
ournalists work across a range of meetings and find guests to appear for managing both human and
factual, news and current affairs in a production. Good organisational technical resources on a production
rogrammes for radio, television s�ills, a good memory and a good and reporting to the producers.
and the print media, reporting on sense of timing are essential here. Directors take creative decisions
ocal, national and international You've also got to look right and and may be responsible for writing
tories. They may be expected to sound right, of course. A good or rewriting parts of the script.
contribute ideas, write scripts and presenter makes the viewers feel One of the directors at Planet
ews bulletins, direct news items on that he or she is talking directly to Productions, Todd Barnes, told me
ocation and interview on camera. them, so you have to come across you had to keep calm and think
lanet Productions has a staff of five as a likeable person. straight under pressure. He said he
journalists and they agreed that vital had to make important decisions
ualities were an eye for a story, a E Scriptwriter every minute of every day. Have you
"ocus on the reader, viewer or listener Maybe you'd like to see your got what it takes?
and the ability to decide in a split ideas up on the big screen. It's
second how to cover a story. If you scriptwriters who work to produce Whatever your skills, working in
also have excellent communication scripts for a variety of radio, TV or the media can be a rewarding
skills and can write well, then maybe film productions. Their tasks may experience. For more information,
journalism is for you! include choosing themes for written try searching online for 'careers in
work and conducting research the media' and see what comes up!
D Presenter into the subject. Then, of course,
Presenters introduce, present they have to plan and organise the
and host productions for radio or material and write, revise and edit WORK IT OUT!
elevision. They may, depending the script. Good knowledge of story
on the production, introduce structure is important, along with Find these words and phrases in the
text and underline them. Can you
work out what they mean from the
context?
4 Find forms of these words and phrases in the text and match
each one to the correct definition. explosives • qualifications • likeable
contribute • vital • a split second
1 blockbuster a take pictures of deadlines • o verall • comes up
2 image b picture
3 shoot c important events in the news
4 current affairs d short news report on television or radio
5
6
script
bulletin
e
f
the written words of a news report, film, etc
very successful film Have your say!
• Discuss which of the jobs you
would like to do.
 Grammar I Reported questions
Reported speech Dave asked her whether qualifications were
important.
He said he wanted to work in the media. What did he actually say?
What did he actually say? a Are qualifications important?
a I wanted to work in the media. b Were qualifications important?
b I want to work in the media.
In this kind of yes/no question, which word
When we report (tell somebody else) what a person could we use instead of whether?
said to us, we often have to change the tense of the
verb, together with other words which refer to time and When we are reporting a question that uses a wh­
place. question word (what, why, where, when, how, etc),
we repeat the question word. Notice the word
simple pres�nt + simple past
order in the second sentence.
present continuous + past continuous
'How did you get into the media?+ I asked her how

}
present perfect
simple past + past perfect she had got into the media.
past perfect See Grammar database 23 on page 186 for more
present perfect continuous information.
past continuous · } + past perfect
past perfect continuous..,_.,.. continuous
Other words we have to change include pronouns and: 3 Correct these sentences.
here + there 1 I asked to Lisa what was it like working in the
now· + then, at that moment media.
today= + that day
yesterday + the day before, the previous day
2 The director asked me that did I work in films
tomorrow + the day after, the following/next day before.
next week/month/year+ the following week/ 3 The producer asked me what are you doing
month/year tomorrow?
ago + before may + might 4 I asked the journalist if was he ever frightened.
this - + the, that will + would
can + could �· must + had to 5 The presenter asked the contestant what will she
See Grammar database 22 on pag�i 185-186 for more
do with the money if she wins?
infOFmation. .J;:;
4 Rewrite these questions as reported questions.
1 'Do you work in the media?'
1 Find this sentence in the text on page 102 and I asked her _____________
underline it. 2 'Which channel do you work for?'
He said he had learned what looked good on screen by I asked her _____________
watching films like Star Wars when he was a child.
3 'Who wrote the script for this show?'
Find three other examples of reported speech in I asked her _____________
the text and underline them. 4 'Has the show ever won any awards?'
2 These are things your friends have said to
5
I asked her _ ____________
'How long does it take to record each episode?'
you. Use the words in bold to rewrite them as
reported speech. I asked her _____________
1 Kevin: 'I am starting my job at the TV studio next

Have yourc say!

week.' said
2 Alysia: 'This is my favourite episode.' told
3 Terry: 'I think the media have a great influence on
public opinion.' thought Discuss these statements. Tell the class what
4 Richard: 'I love special effects and I think they'll another student said using reported speech.
get better in the future.' said • TV keeps getting better and better.
5 Cheryl: 'I have been working for this radio station • I can't stand watching old films in black and white.
for two years.' told • I try to watch the news at least once day.
 Vocabulary
Communication 3 Word formation
Complete this table. Include all possible forms you
can think of, including negative forms.

Noun Verb Adjective

active
argue
communicate
converse
correspond

1 Put these words into the right categories. Some

direct
words might go in more than one category. discuss
enthuse
channel • presenter • bulletin • newsreader
viewer • surfing the internet • chat room journalistic
talk show • documentary• realityTV • email responsibility X

I I
editor • reporter • text message • st��o say

TV Means of communication
I People 4 Synonyms for get
Use these verbs in their correct form to replace the
2 Phrasalverbs
words in bold.
arrive • become • buy• find • receive • take
Match each phrasal verb to do with communication
to the correct meaning. 1 I think we should get a satellite dish so that we can
1 Could you turn the TV on? I want to watch the get more channels.
news. 2 I'd like to get a job in the media and learn more
2 I keep trying to log on to check my email but it isn't about current affairs.
working. 3 When the journalist got home, she turned on the
3 Members of the audience are requested to turn off TV to watch the news.
all mobile phones. 4 Georgia didn't want to be late for the interview so
4 As the politician spoke, the journalists took down she got a taxi.
what he said. 5 Mike got annoyed when he was given a low mark
5 Could you put me through to Mr Thorpe, please? for his essay on the media.
6 I don't think you should bring the argument up
again when we see Ray and Scott.
7 I couldn't hear anybody on the line so I decided to
hang up.
8 Oh, this show is rubbish! Why don't you turn over?
a connect someone on the phone
b stop a TV, etc, from working by pressing a button
c write what someone says
d put the phone down
e change channel on a TV
f start a TV, etc, working by pressing a button
g mention in a conversation
h connect to the internet
 Listening

Word power! 3 "3.03 exam practice

You will hear a radio discussion about the media. For questions
realityTV • series• nominate• vote
1-7, choose the best answer (A, B or C).
1 What has Jenny not done since the programme ended?
Starting point A presented a TV programme
Would you like to go on a show like the B talked on radio and TV
one in the photograph? C been recognised in the street
Do you ever watch reality shows?
2 What prompted Jenny to appear on the TV programme?
A She had heard about the financial benefits for contestants.
B She felt she represented young British people.
C She thought she would learn more about herself.
3 What worries Tony about reality TV?
A People develop very strong relationships on these
programmes.
B The programmes should be more educational.
C People have to behave in ways that he disapproves of.
4 What does Jenny say about nominating the other housemates?
A It was difficult because it took place at the end of the day.
B The relationships they had developed made it difficult.
C It made it difficult for people at home to take it seriously.
5 How does Tony react to the suggestion that everyone knows
the show is a game?
A He gives an example of negative behaviour in children.
B He questions whether all adults realise this.
C He doubts that children take the game seriously.

1 Read the questions in exercise 3. Who

6 How does Jenny think that young children benefit from the
programme?
is on the radio programme? What are
they talking about? A They develop useful social skills.
B They understand that they shouldn't talk to strangers.
2 " 3.02 Listen to this extract. What C They learn how to defend themselves.
is Jenny's connection to the media?
7 What does Airwave want?
A a complete ban on this kind of programme
B a ban on these programmes in the early evening
C a ban on programmes involving young children
EXAM EXPERT
How should you do the exam practice
task? Have your say!
a Always read the questions before
you listen so that you know what to Imagine you are going to produce a new reality TV show.
expect. Decide what your show is going to be like. Think about
b Never read the questions before you • where the contestants are going to live
listen so that it sounds fresh to you. • a name for your show
• what the contestants have to do.
 Speaking

Word power! 4 exam practice

I'd like you to imagine that your English school is considering
subtitles • translate • pronunciation
what to buy to help students with their English. Here are some
of the things that have been suggested. Talk to each other
Starting point about the advantages and disadvantages of each type of
media and then decide which three you would recommend to
What is happening in this photograph? the owner of the school. You have about three minutes.
Do you ever learn anything from TV • What are the advantages and disadvantages of each type of
programmes in English? media?
• Which three would you recommend to the owner of the school?

1 Complete these phrases using agree

or disagree. Some phrases can take
both. EXAM EXPERT :
1 I completely/totally How should you do the exam practice task?
2 I with you up to a point. a It's a good idea to develop the discussion by asking your
3 I have to partner questions about what they say.
4 I'm afraid I b Give your opinion about all the choices while your
partner listens in silence, and then you should listen in
5 I couldn't with you more. silence to your partner.
6 I'm sorry to , but ...
7 To a certain extent, I with
you, but ... 5 exam practice
2 g 3.04 Listen to this extract from What are the best ways to get the news?
an interview. What do you think the Is it important to keep up to date with the news?
two candidates, Anne and Rob, are
discussing? Which candidate do you Do you think young people are influenced by what they see in
think does better? Why? the media?
Do you think we should control what time certain programmes
3 Discuss these statements. Do you are shown?
agree or disagree with them? Use the
phrases from exercise 1. Would you ever consider a career in the media?
Watching TV in English is a waste of time.
English has become the language of the EXAM EXPERT
internet. How should you do the exam practice task?
You can't learn anything from the internet. You should always
Books and magazines are an old-fashioned a give very short answers because there isn't much time.
way of learning English. b develop your answers, giving examples and reasons.
Listening to the radio in English is a good way See Speaking database on page 193.
to practise.
 Reading 2 "3.os
Undo
Are we facing the or
ma

death of email?
Open is l
Save Wa
hE
Word power! Save as ... cor
First, people started leaving email for Twitter. Now Re
Delete
annoying • convenient • easy to use high-tech office has abandoned it altogether. Adam tho
file sharing • cheap • instant • uploading Revert Sherwin gets the message. de·
da1
ad
Starting point Imagine it: no more deleting an inbox full of 'unbeatable offers'.
Email could soon be a thing of the past if Thierry Breton, CEO of the to
information technology services company Atos, is accurate in his the
Put the following in order (1-4) predictions. to�
according to how much you use them. Breton has told his staff to stop sending each other emails, w
What do you like/dislike about them? complaining that they waste time and are outmoded. 1 He in 1
also predicted that companies would have a problem in the future BrE
because of all this useless information. Ato
Internal email will be phased out over 18 months at Atos. The em
75,000 staff will instead use instant messaging and chat-style wit
services inspired by social networking sites such as Facebook or O
Twitter. Atos staff used to spend between 5 and 20 hours a day co1
dealing with email, but Breton's replacements have cut this by up to sy.
20%, the firm claims. 2 Email use is down 31% among the co
12-17 age group, with a further 21% slump among those aged ap
18-24. Mobile Instant Messaging (IM) services such as Blackberry Al
Messenger and Yahoo! Messenger were designed to allow low-cost, dyj
real-time communication. 3 Mobile IM users are predicted to dis
exceed 1.3 billion worldwide by 2016. Clearly, Mark Zuckerberg had pro
this in mind when he developed Facebook messages. The social A
network's 'modern messaging system' merges text messages, IM err
and email into a single interface for 750 million users. 4 'They On
want things like SMS and IM to message each other.' th
However, when they start working, those teens are likely to find
that emails, and all that spam, haven't gone away. The proportion is
of companies sending more than 50,000 emails each month is wti
increasing and is currently around 60%. Although this looks good wit
SMS (text messages)
email
instant messaging 2 Look at these missing sentences from exercise 3 and answer
social networking sites the questions about them.
Which companies/services do you use 1 He claimed that only 10 per cent of the 200 electronic
(eg Facebook, Google, etc)?
messages his employees received per day turned out to be
If you use email, do you ever have a
useful.
problem with spam?
What kind of person could 'he' be? There is information in the
1 Read the title and the first paragraph sentence to help you.
of the main article. Then read the 2 For example, without a ready audience through email, the
section called How to switch: The website Groupon would not have built a network of 143
alternatives replacing email. What do million subscribers.
you think the article is going to be
about? What could this be an example of? Does it suggest email is a
positive or a negative thing?
 How to switch: The 3 exam practice
alternatives to email You are going to read an article about email. Seven
Twitter sentences have been removed from th� text.
technol9gy researc�.t- Widely used for Choose from sentences A-H the one which fits each
pany Forrester �-- newsgathering, gap. (1-7). There is one extra sentence which you do
earc�·tsaid that,'evifi� broadcasting and not need to use.
ugh email wastes·a'great simply passing time,
but has not become a A 'High school kids don't use email; the 27-year­
I of time, it's still use.?
ily by 85� of workers:'Re major communications old technology pioneer said.
tool, although it B For example, without a ready audience through
ed: 'Email isn't a l:>�as):
does have a private email, the website Groupon would not have
be killed��ome;tim��)t�s messaging service. built a network of 143 million subscribers.
most arc>propriate tool
Facebook C None of the above methods were particularly
communication.'
< popular with their users.
t could replace email What unites most
D Spam still accounts for an estimated 89% of all
the worJ{place? 6 users is that it
is a personal emails.
ton ha·� ihtroduced: e
communications tool, E Yammer, a kind of 'Facebook for business'
s Wiki,W�ich allows au
rather than one to be which allows groups of employees to share
ployees to communiG_ate
· eacfo.other, and ,;_. used at work. ideas through private communication, is now
used by more than 80,000 firms.
ce Co�municator).be,. Google Docs F His strategy has already been adopted by
pany's"online ctia(� lo,,.
t
Create a document, teenagers, who are increasingly rejecting email.
tern which allows vid�o save and �ublish it G He claimed that only 10 per cent of the 200
ferenqing, file and-',;_ and allow people to electronic messages his employees received per
lication sharing. share and edit it:
day turned out to be useful.
ougl1".�fnail might simple and effective.
Could be used to post H These are the kinds of services that are
·ng, it w71i take time to, .
messages to large replacing email for the next generation.
ppear,1hanks to_��;
en su�ccess. 7 numbers of people at
once.
mor� than 107 trillj��,
ails wHrbe sent toiir:�ear..
WORK IT OUT!
BBM/WhatsApp
the ot'tI�r hand, desr21te
, Instant messenger Find these words and phrases in the text and the
_, .;:;o-�
popularity of instant services are already removed sentences and underline them. Can you
ssage�·; tlie IM indu�try widely used. The newer work out what they mean from the context?
hampered by sen.1i.cis:;; · version is mobile
.
ich &i1' Frof instant messaging unbeatable offers • a thing of the past • slump
- commun1t'f .,W�
.
"'f "'
'.' ...;.:,:

each Other. apps. exceed • proportion • pioneer • subscribers

3 Yammer, a kind of 'Facebook for business' which 4 Find words or phrases in the text which have a
allows groups of employees to share ideas through similar meaning to these words and phrases.
private communication, is now used by more than
80,000 firms. 1 getting rid of or removing (paragraph 1)
2 old-fashioned (paragraph 2)
How is this connected to the subject of emails?
3 removed slowly (paragraph 3)
What could have come before this sentence?
4 combines; puts together (paragraph 4)
4 These are the kinds of services that are replacing 5 suitable (paragraph 5)
email for the next generation. 6 talking to workmates using electronic equipment
What kinds of services might replace email? What (paragraph 6)
do you think the previous sentence talked about?

EXAM EXPERT Have your say!

When you've decided that a sentence fills a gap,
a cross out the whole sentence so you can't read it • One reason some people prefer email is that it's
any more. easier to keep a record of communication, whereas
b put a line through the letter of the sentence so people don't usually keep old text messages. Do
you don't use it again by mistake. you think this could help keep email alive?
 2 Use each of these reporting verbs once to rewrite the
sentences in reported speech.

Reporting verbs agree • claim • deny • refuse • suggest

Which is correct? 1 'Why don't we check the time of the film on the internet?' Liam
a My dad told me to disconnect from the
said.
internet.
b My dad told to me to disconnect from
2 'I have over a thousand names in my email address book; said
the internet. Nicole.
suggest, deny 3 'No! I won't let you borrow my newspaper!' Darren said to
+noun: Jamie.
Simon suggested this instant messenger 4 'Okay. I'll let you use my computer to check your email; Rob
software. said to me.
+-ing: 5 'No, I didn't use your mobile phone; Anoushka said to Scott.
Marcus denied breaking the typewriter.
+that clause:
Simon suggested that I should get this although, even though, in spite of,
instant messenger software. despite, however
claim
+that clause: Circle the correct word to complete this sentence.
Carol claimed (that) she was ajournalist, I don't check my email often, despite I however I although I know I
but in fact she wasn't! � :.- should.
+full infinitive: Although/Even though I have an instant messenger, I don't use it
Carol claimed to be ajournalist. often.
refuse, agree In spite of/Despite the fact (that) I have an instant messenger, I don't
+full infinitive:
use it often.
Aliki agreed to help me choose a new
mobile phone. In spite of/Despite having an instant messenger, I don't use it often.
tell, order, command, ask In spite of/Despite the benefits of instant messengers, I prefer to use
+someone+full infinitive: email.
I asked'Aliki to help me choose a new I have an instant messenger. However, I don't use it often. I I don't
mobile phone. use it often, however. I I don't use it often, however, because I prefer
See Grammar database 24 on page 187 to use email.
for more information. See Grammar database 25 on page 187 for more information.

1 The words or phrases in bold are

incorrect. Correct them. 3 Complete each sentence starting with the words given so
that it means the same as this sentence from the text on
Damian was in trouble. His parents had page 108.
received their phone bill, and it was
Online communities are a more recent development, but they've
enormous. There were over a hundred calls
to an astrologer. Damian denied to make caught on fast.
the calls and claimed not knowing anything 1 Online communities are a 2 Although ...
about them. He suggested that the phone more recent development. 3 Despite the fact that ...
company making a mistake and refused However, ...
admitting doing something he hadn't done.
His parents didn't believe him, however,
and told him go to his room. His parents
4 Use the words in bold to connect the sentences.
discussed what to do. They agreed checking 1 I wrote to Mandy months ago. I still haven't received a reply.
with the phone company, so Damian's mum despite
phoned up and asked speak to the manager. 2 Dan warned us not to swim there. We didn't take his advice.
It turned out that there had been a mistake, although
so Damian's parents apologised to Damian 3 Most webcams are cheap. Some of them are very good quality.
for not to believe him and asked him however
forgiving them. He told to them he was glad 4 Rachel reminded me about the meeting. I forgot to go. even
it was all sorted out, and he was very relieved 5 Simon works very long hours. He loves his job on the
that they didn't have to pay the bill.
G
newspaper. spite
 Use of English

1 Read the text in exercise 2 quickly, and decide whether

these statements are true (T) or false (F).
1 Sign language was invented recently. T IF
2 The same sign language is used all round the world. T IF
3 Sign languages are real languages. T IF
4 It's impossible to express emotions with sign language. T IF How should you do the exam
practice task?
5 It's easier to learn sign language than other languages. T IF
a Don't waste time reading
2 exam practice
the text first; go straight to
the first gap.
b Quickly read the whole text
Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. through to get a general
Use only one word in each gap. Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS. idea of what it's about
before filling the gaps.
Sign Language
Despite the fact (1) sign language has been used for thousands of years in one form or another,
not much is known about its history. Today, thousands (2) deaf people around the world use sign
language (3) communicate.1--iowever, (4) are many different sign languages, and a
signer (5) uses British sign language may well not be able to understand a signer from another
country. Even (6) some people believe that sign languages are not real languages, linguists who
have studied (7) say that they are. The only difference is that instead (8) using speech
or writing to express meaning, signers use (9) hands. (10) fact, anything that can be
expressed through spoken language can also be expressed through sign language. Learning sign language is
like learning any (11) language - it (12) time and practice.

3 Read the text in exercise 4 and decide what part of speech (noun, verb, etc) is required to fill each gap.
4 exam practice EXAM EXPERT
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals How should you do the exam practice task?
at the end of some of the lines to form a word that Remember that adverbs
fits in the gap in the same line. Write your answers a are only used to give information about verbs.
IN CAPITAL LETTERS. b are used to give information about both verbs and
adjectives.
Should we believe what we read?
When we read a newspaper story about something that' s happened,
we usually presume that it's (1) _accurate.We tend to believe that the FACT
(2) _ has done his or her research, and that we can rely on the words REPORT
written. However, some sections of the media see things rather
differently. There is a (3) _ used in the tabloid newspaper industry S AY
in Britain: 'The (4) _doesn't sell newspapers'. For tabloids, the aim is TRUE
to create stories that shock the reader, even if they're not true.
(5) _who work for these papers often feel that their JOURNAL
(6) _is not so much to present the facts as to produce the most RESPONSIBLE
interesting story possible.
Can any form of spoken or written (7) _accurately present reality? COMMUNICATE
Perhaps not. Producing a text always involves a (8) _ .Which words CHOOSE
we use and how we express them reflect our (9) _ opinion. PERSON
Indeed, we shouldn't even completely believe what we see on TV as
the selection of images shown or not shown will affect our (10) _ . RESPOND
 Writing: report

Word power!
content• creative writing • in colour• issue
poetry • reviews• school news• section

Starting point
Does your school have a school newspaper,
magazine or website?
What kind of articles and features should a school
newspaper, magazine or website contain?

1 Write these words and phrases in the gaps to

complete the model report.
Quality• Conclusion• Subject• To• Content
Introduction• From• Number of Issues • Date

( 1) _____ : Mv-r; We:-br;fov-

( 2.) : 5e:-n Pav-fc&v-
(3) : Sc.-hool MaR2--ine:-
(4) : 2. 4th Se:-pfe:-mbe:-v-

(5)----
A;<; v-e:-t'e:-<;fod, I have:- infovvie:-we:-d a nvmbe:-v- of r;fvde:-ntr; and pav-e:-ntr; v-e:-2Pv-di the- tialifvi of 'Toythe:-v-',
V1§-
the- <;ihool Ma2P2--ine:-. M1 findi� av-e:- ovtline:-d l.:dow.

(h)----
On the- whole:-, C,OMMe:- nt<; allovt the- ralifvi of 'Toythe:-v-' we:-v-e:- ve:-vii po<;itive:-. R&ade:-v-<; find it an
inte:-v-e:-<;ti and infomative:- ma2P2--ine:-. ttowe:-ve:-v-, .........................................................................................................
Vl§-

(1)----
The:- majov-ifvi of pe:-ople:- infovvie:-we:-d wovld pv-qe:-v- 'Toythe:-v-' to e,ome:- ovt mov-e:- offon. The:-1 wov/d
.
v-athe:-v- nave- thv-e:-c- <;malbv- i<;<;ve:-<; pe:-v- 1e:-av- than one:- lav-y i<;<;ve:- at the- e:-nd of the:- <;c.-hool 1e:-av-.

(B)----
Althovgi mo<;t pav-e:-nt<; e:-�J01 the- 'Sc.-hool Ne:-vvc;' <;e:-c..-tion, man1 r;fvde:-nt<; e,omme:-nte:-d that th� wovld
pv-qe:-v- <;hov-+e:-v- av-+ic.,/e:-<; and mov-e:- photo aph<;. Se:-e,ond/1, <;ome:- r;fvde:-nt<; <;v�fod .........................................
g-

(9)----
To <;vm vp, we:- <;hov/d e,on<;ide:-v- llv-i�� ov+ 'Toythe:-v-' mov-e:- o�e:-n1 and MclKl it e,o/ovv-. We:- <;hovld a/<;o
Vl§-
look- into havi mov-e:- photo aph<; ancYa c..-v-e:-ative:- wv-iti <;e:-c..-tion.
Vl§- g- Vl§-

2 Read the report again and answer these questions.

1 Who wrote the report? 4 Why does the writer use headings?
2 Who do you think Mrs Webster is? 5 What recommendations does the writer make?
3 Is the report formal or informal? 6 In which paragraph are the recommendations made?

1(
 3 Underline these words and phrases in the 4 Look at the final paragraph and find two
report. What do you think they mean? recommendations which are not mentioned
earlier on in the report. Use these points
As requested• regarding• findings• outlined
to complete the two unfinished sentences
On the whole• positive• consider• come out
in the second and fourth main paragraphs
Secondly• To sum up• The majority of• look into
of the report. Use your own words and an
appropriate formal style.

1 exam practice: report 3 Complete this information and decide what your paragraph
You help produce your college headings are going to be.
newspaper. Your editor has asked you To: ____________________�
to interview students at your college to From: _____________________
find out their opinions about the quality Subject: ____________________
of the newspaper, and to present your
findings in a report. Paragraph headings:

EXAM EXPERT
How should you write a report?
a Always have four main paragraphs.
b Choose an appropriate number of
paragraphs for the information you
want to present. 4 Make a paragraph plan. Make a note of the main points
See Writing database on page 201 for you are going to include in each paragraph. Add more
further information. paragraphs to the table if necessary.
Paragraph Main points
2 Look at the question in exercise 1 and
use your imagination to answer these 2
questions. 3
1 What's the name of your editor? 4
2 What's the name of the newspaper?
3 What different features and content
are currently in the newspaper?
5 Write your report in 120-180 words in an appropriate style.
4 What do the students like about this 6 When you have written your report, make sure that you
content? have:
5 What do they dislike about this used paragraph headings D
content? presented your findings clearly D
6 What would they like to see included made suggestions and recommendations D
which is not included at the moment?
used report words and phrases D
7 How often does the newspaper come
out?
used formal language. D
8 Do they think that is often enough? ,'
9 Did the students make any other
points you want to include in the
report?
10 What suggestions and
recommendations for improvement
will you make?
 Check your progress!
Units 7-8
1 Choose the correct word to fill the gap in each sentence. 3 Complete each sentence using a form
of the word in brackets.
1 Tom's been a(n) __ golfer for two years and he's hoping to turn
professional soon. 1 We practised hard in _____
A volunteer B amateur C freestyle D trainee (prepare) for the big match.
2 Sending text __ from your mobile is a great way to keep in 2 The only thing Mark is _____
touch with friends. (enthuse) about is chatting online.
A letters B compositions C notes D messages 3 If you can't behave more
_____ (responsible), you'll
3 I found this great website when I was __ the internet last
never be captain of the team.
night.
4 Catherine's very popular and
A travelling B driving C surfing D riding everybody says she's very
4 Journalists are under a lot of pressure to meet __ every day. ____ (like).
A limits B deadlines C barriers D times 5 I don't know what ______
5 Do you think parents should __ their children from spending (qualify) you need to be a referee.
too much time online? it. 6 I think they made the wrong
A deny B refuse C disqualify D prevent _____ (decide) when they
6 The __ in the 1500 metres waited for the starter to fire his gun. took my favourite show off the air.
A competitors B players C umpires D runners-up 7 Always respect your _____
7 Lord of the Rings was filmed on __ in New Zealand. (oppose), whether you're winning or
A place B spot C location D region losing.
8 There was a report in the news that Beckham has joined a new 8 I love (real) TV
because you get to see ordinary people
football __ .
in interesting situations.
A association B group C band D club
9 Publishing companies are always on the _ _ for new writers. 8 marks
A lookout B watch C view D outlook
One of the star players was __ during the match.
A damaged B injured
4 Write a word from the box in the
C spoiled D broken correct form in each gap to complete
10 marks the sentences.
drop • give • join • put
2 Write a word from the box in the correct form to complete log • hang • bring
each sentence.
1 I don't believe it! I was just talking to
come • go • be • lend • run • break • let Mary on the phone and she __ up!
2 Finally, the pain was too much and I
1 The man claimed __ an Olympic0 champion but I didn't had to __ out of the race.
believe him. 3 You need to remember your password
2 Tony suggested __ to see a football match at the weekend. every time you __ on.
3 The young boy denied __ the window with his ball. 4 Why don't you let your little brother
4 I thought you agreed_·_ Victoria your skis, didn't you? __ in your game of football?
5 The coach told the players __ around the pitch to warm up. 5 You'll never become a professional if
6 My mum refuses __ me play basketball on a school night. you __ up so easily.
7 Could you ask Ashley __ to training on Friday evening? 6 Good morning. Could you __
me through to the Complaints
7 marks Department, please?
7 When Bill arrives, don't __ up the
fact that his team lost yesterday.
7 marks

0
 5 Choose the correct word to complete each sentence. "'"' I

1 Is that Zoe's mobile? She can't I must I should have forgotten it when she left. .�c
2 Sally said the score was ten-nil? That shouldn't I mustn't I can't be right! =>
3 If your mum left work half an hour ago, then she should I must I can be here soon. vi
4 Jack looks happy. He can't I should I must have won at golf. �
5 I rang Diana but there was no answer. Do you think she should I might I can have gone out?
Jill mustn't I can't I shouldn't have known about your party or she wouldn't have arranged hers on the
e
6
same day.
...
:::::s
0
7 That's not the right web page. You should I must I can have put in the wrong address. >­
�
8 It can't I shouldn't I mightn't have been easy for you to lose after training so hard. u
.r:::.(1,1
8 marks
u

6 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given.
Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.
1 If your performance improves slightly, you' ll be 7 'No. I won't participate in the training session at
ready for the competition. the weekend; said Carol.
slight part
If there is Carol refused _____________
your performance, you'll be ready for the in the training session at the weekend.
competition. 8 The runner in second place is almost at the same
2 I'm certain you didn't see Jacob at the match point as the leader!
because he's in Canada. caught
seen The runner in second place ________
You Jacob at the leader!
the match because he's in Canada. 9 Although he's blind, Gareth can run 100 metres in
3 'I am the fastest runner in the class; said Martin. under 11 seconds.
be spite
Martin the Gareth can run 100 metres in under 11 seconds,
fastest runner in the class. ___ _ _ _ _ ____ that he's blind.
4 Perhaps we should have the meeting tomorrow 10 'Why don't we call Erica and ask her if she knows
instead of this afternoon. the score?' said Jessica.
off to
Perhaps we should Jessica suggested ____________
tomorrow. her if she knew the score.
5 '.Are you happy with the result?' I asked the
women's champion. 20 marks
if
I asked the women's champion
happy with the result.
6 Why do we always argue about the rules every
time we play?
an
Why do we always
about the rules every time we play?
 Reading 1 " 3.o6

A
s a teenager, you are likely to have
both a fair amount of spare time and
a desire to earn some money. By
working to earn money yourself, you can
learn a lot about the value of things as well
as the world of business. Typical and obvious
jobs for teenagers include working at a fast­
food restaurant, working as a shop assistant
or stacking shelves at a supermarket.

What you get out of a job like this depends

on your attitude. If your attitude is 'I hate this
job' then obviously you won't benefit much
from it; if, on the other hand, you look at it
as an opportunity to learn how a business
works from the inside out, then the benefits
can be great. Many of the new generation
of millionaires, for example, are owners of
franchise and private restaurants. Owning
a restaurant is not easy, however, and it
requires knowledge and skill to be successful,
so start gathering these as a teenager.
Applying this attitude to any job you
will really pay off; you'll learn a huge
amount. For many teenagers, there are a
variety of problems associated with getting
a job. You may not be old enough or you may
lack reliable transportation. You may not
have enough total time available or a regular
enough schedule for someone to be willing
to hire you. If any of these problems
hold true for you, then working for yourself
on a part-time basis may be the best way to
go.

Babysitting is a tried and tested way for

responsible teenagers who like being with
1
kids to make money. ''j> For example,
think about taking a first-aid course so
that you know how to handle emergencies.

EXAM EXPERT
How should you do the exam
practice task?
If you think that two or more sentences
can fit in the same gap,
a just choose one of them randomly as
they will both be marked right.
b choose the one which cannot fit in
another gap as well.
 Part-time Jobs for Teenagers

Secondly, you might want to consider teaming up with some Another way of gaining experience is to offer your services
!,l.
like-minded friends. That way your group w'ill be able to say to a small business. Although it may not be obvious to you,
yes more often, increasing the amount of work you're offered. every community has thousands of small firms which do all
sorts of things: printing, plumbing, computer programming,
If babysitting doesn't appeal to you, then you might want to advertising, and so on. Many of these could really benefit
onsider garden care. During the summer you mow lawns, trim from a part-time helper who is reliable and mature.
edges and so on, in the autumn you rake leaves and in the 6 You will be surprised at how quickly you become a
winter you shovel snow! 4 Before undertaking this, you valued part of the team.
eed to make sure you know what you are doing by working
with someone with experience and practising at home (but Volunteer positions are another option. You can volunteer
get your parents' permission first!). Other activities include your services at hospitals, old people's homes, and most
roviding in-home pet care when owners are on holiday; charitable organisations or political groups. 7 This
errand running for busy people; washing cars for neighbours will benefit you in the future, as colleges and universities
or teaching people how to use computers or the internet. will be impressed by any voluntary work you have done.

ne question you will have as soon as you choose an activity

is 'How much should I charge?' 5 You'll need to call
around and ask potential customers what they are used to
aying and/or willing to pay, or ask your friends what they WORK IT OUT!
charge for similar activities. In the case of an activity like car
ashing, you could also call garages in your area and ask what Find these words and phrases in the text and
hey charge. underline them. Can you work out what they mean
from the context?
typical • holds true • tried and tested
4 Find words or phrases in the article which are mature • old people's homes
similar in meaning to each of these words and
phrases.

1
2
gaining, getting (paragraph 2)
not have (paragraph 3) Have your say!
3 deal with (paragraph 4) • What other advice would you give to a teenager
4 with the same interests (paragraph 4) thinking of getting a part-time job?
5 starting to do (paragraph 5) • Is the advice in the article useful for you and your
6 possible (in the future) (paragraph 6) friends?
 2
Grammar I Choose the correct word or phrase to
complete each sentence.
1 My boss is the Sales Manager, who I which
Relative clauses actually spends most of his time abroad.
2 The position of Sales Director, who I which
In which of these situations is there more than
is very well paid, has been vacant for several
one woman?
months.
In which sentence can we replace who with that? 3 I'll have another interview next week, which I
a The woman who was offered thejob had very good when they'll tell me ifl've got the job or not.
qualifications. 4 There are several reasons why I which we
b The woman, who was offered thejob, had very good decided not to offer you the position.
qualifications.
5 This is the
Defining relative clauses:essential information desk where I Be careful!
Do not use commas: which I work.
Thejob which I turned down was very badly paid. 6 My new boss, ./ the office in which I work
that can usually replace the relative pronoun: who's I whose ./ the office which I work in
Thejob that I turned down was very badly paid. name is Alan,
We can leave out the relative pronoun completely ./ the office where I work
I. seems very
when it is the object of the clause: X the office where I work in
nice.
Thejob I turned down was very badly paid.
Non-defining relative clauses:extra information 3 Write one word in each gap to complete the
Use commas: text. Do not write that and do not leave any
I've worked here for twenty years, which is a very long gaps blank.
time.
that cannot replace the relative pronoun
We cannot leave out the relative pronoun.

Be careful!
Which relative pronoun to use (who, which, where,
etc) depends on what is being referred to.

See Grammar database 26 on page 188 for more

information.
My first paid job, (1) I got when I was 14,
was on a Christmas tree farm (2) was run
1 These phrases appeared in the article on by Mr and Mrs Greenhow, (3) were friends
pages 116-117. Without looking back, write in of my parents. People (4) wanted to buy a
all the possible relative pronouns. Put a dash Christmas tree would come to the field (S) ____
( - ) if the relative pronoun can be left out. I was working and would tell me (6) tree
Then check your answers by looking back at they wanted, (7) I would then dig up for
the article.
them and carry down to the farmhouse,
1 ... a tried and tested way for responsible
(8) Mrs Greenhow would sort out payment.
teenagers like being with kids ...
The job, (9) sounded easy when they
2 There are several things you can
offered it to me, was actually extremely hard work as
do ...
the trees (10) I had to dig up were always
3 ... increasing the amount of work ____
the really big ones - no-one (11) wants a
you're offered ...
real Christmas tree wants a small Christmas tree! That
4 This is a question ____ is best answered
was the time (12) I realised I was better
by ...
suited to working in an office. Doing that holiday job
5 ... these could really benefit from a part-time
was the main reason (13) I decided to work
helper is reliable ...
hard at school - so I wouldn't have to work on a farm
6 ... will be impressed by any voluntary work
for the rest of my I ife!
G
____ you have done ...
Employment 2 Phrasal verbs

1 Make notes and discuss. What's the difference Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal
verbs.
between ••.
1 being unemployed and self-employed? 1 Is there an application form to fill in I up or should
2 a permanent job and a temporary job? I just send you a CV?
3 a salary and a wage? 2 The company took up I on over a hundred new
4 a part-time job and a full-time job? members of staff last year.
5 being on commission and getting royalties? 3 I think I've taken off I on more work than I can
6 getting the sack or being fired and being made actually manage.
redundant? 4 Interviewing job applicants takes over I up a lot of
7 commuting and going on a business trip? my time.
8 doing overtime and being on strike? 5 Why don't you put in I up for promotion? You
deserve it.
6 Their family firm was taken up I over by a huge
multinational corporation.

3 Word formation
Complete each sentence using a form of the word in bold.
1 This company prides itself in the way it treats its . employ
2 I'm Mr Taggart's personal . assist
3 I've spoken to the director and she'd like to discuss the idea with you further. manage
4 I was a factory for over thirty years. work
5 If you've got a problem, talk to your . supervise
6 Dawn's a accountant at the moment. She won't qualify for another two years. train
7 We interviewed over a hundred for the position. apply

4 have I take I make I do

Put each phrase into the correct category: have, take, make or do. Some phrases can go in more than one
category.
an appointment • an arrangement • a break • care • certain • a complaint • a day off • a decision • a difference
an effect • an effort • an experience • an experiment • a fortune • a holiday • your homework • an idea • a job
a mistake • money • part in something • a plan • research • sense • some work • someone a favour • a suggestion
sure • the best of something • the chance to do • the housework • turns • up your mind • your best • your duty
 Listening

Word power! 4 " 3.oa exam practice

You will hear part of an interview with an office manager about
working freelance • freedom • discipline
how he developed his management style. For questions 1-7,
working hours • self-employed
choose the best answer (A, B or C).
take a break • have a day off
take on work • deadlines 1 What was behind the problems in Steve's first job?
A The staff refused to discuss matters with managers.
B The employees chose not to carry out tasks properly.
Starting point C Management did not give clear instructions to the
workers.
What are the advantages and
disadvantages of working from home? 2 What was the attitude of Steve's co-workers in his first job?
A They expected him to take matters up with the
1 Look at the gaps in exercise 2. What management.
kind of information will you have to B They weren't satisfied with the standard of his work.
I.
I write in each gap? c They wanted him to behave like them.
g 3.07 exam practice
3 In his first job, how did Steve react to the pressure from his co-
2 workers?
A by leaving
You will hear part of a podcast giving
careers advice. For questions 1-10,
B by taking their side EXAM EXPERT
C by making a complaint
complete the sentences with a word or How should you do the
short phrase. Steve's supervisor's response exam practice task?
1 You can't choose your own ____ was to tell Steve to If you aren't sure of the
if you work for a company. A behave like the other answer to a question,
2 Being your own boss means you can workers. a keep listening. You don't
____ when it suits you. B stop causing problems. want to miss the answer
3 Working from home means you can take care how he to the next question.
____ domestic responsibilities. approached the manager. b keep thinking about it as
4 The speaker likes the that 5 Why did Steve think about you'll probably get it right
he has to organise his time. getting a job in a factory? eventually.
5 Because he doesn't have to ____ A The money was better.
he saves three hours every day. B He was disappointed with office work.
6 The speaker has to take if C He thought it would be a better way to get into
one of his children is ill. management.
7 He has to work long hours sometimes
6 Steve mentions 'Jim in accounts' as an example of someone
--
if he needs to meet a ____
8 You can't spend the day playing games A who helps the running of the office to go smoothly.
- you need to be about B whose work might suffer because of family circumstances'.
your work. C Steve had tofire because he didn't do his job properly.
9 The speaker's friends think he works 7 Which of the following does Steve consider to be good use of
____ , so he's free for visits. his time? c
10 He doesn't have as much as A discussing personal matters in the office
he did when he worked in an office. B holding as many managerial meetings as possible
3 Look at the words and phrases in
c socialising with staff after work
italics in exercise 4. Think of another
way of expressing each word or
phrase.
Have your say!
• Based on the information you heard in
EXAM EXPERT exercise 2, do you think you would like to
1,
How should you do the exam practice task? work from home? Why? I Why not?
Remember that the questions are not always I • Do you agree with the things the office
always in the same order as the information is manager said in exercise 4? What do you think
presented in the recording. makes a good boss?
 Speaking

Starting point
Think of as many places as you can where people work. Compare your list with a partner's.

1 " 3.09 Listen to a candidate talking about two photos in the Speaking paper of an English exam. How
successful or unsuccessful is the candidate's answer? Give the candidate a score out of 5 for this part and
explain your reasons.

2 Look at the photos in exercise 3 and complete the tables in note form.

Photo This is a picture of ... Similarities I differences Which job do you prefer? Why?
A
B
Photo This is a picture of ... Similarities I differences Which job do you prefer? Why?
c
D

3 exam practice
Candidate A, here are two photographs of Candidate B, here are two photographs of
different jobs. I'd like you to compare them and different workplaces. I'd like you to compare
say which job you would prefer and why. You only them and say how you would feel about working
have one minute for this. in these places. You only have one minute for this.
• Which job would you prefer and why? • How would you feel about working in these
places?

Candidate B, do either of these jobs appeal to you?

EXAM EXPERT
How should you do the exam practice task?
a When the other candidate is given two photos,
don't look at them because they are not for you.
b When the other candidate is given two photos, Candidate A, which place would you prefer to work
look at them because you will have to talk briefly in?
about them too.
See Speaking database on page 193.
 Reading 2 g 3.10 Should
parents
Word power! pay kids for
help out • contribute • share chores? 3
effort • earn • rate of pay s
Should you pay your
children to do household ::r
Starting point jobs, or should they do it
out of love?
How often do you do household chores? When was
the last time you:
• tidied your room? I could hear noises from the kitchen and I felt very
proud. I was having my kitchen cupboards emptied
and cleaned out by my 11-year-old son. When the
a

:Jc
• made your bed? job was over, he called me down to see it. 'How SE
• helped in the kitchen? kind! What a big help you've been,' I exclaimed. He
• took out the rubbish? looked a little uncomfortable before replying in a
• washed the dishes? businesslike manner, 'Do you think it's worth five
pounds?'
Have your parents ever I paid him, but grumpily, only after accusing him of
given you money for employing the same tactics as people who clean e
helping around the house? your windscreen at traffic lights and then ask for SI
What things do you have money. At least it showed enterprise - earning and
saving money to buy something he wants. But can
done for you by your enterprise and the getting of money coexist with
parents? family values?
Kate, a single working mum of three older teenagers,
says she tried to offer money for chores, but didn't
1 Read the article quickly and match to complete offer enough. 'I'm not going to pay five pounds for
the sentences. them to do the washing-up,' she said. 'The result is
that the boys do nothing and the girl does a little,
1 The writer of the article_ occasionally.'
2 The writer's son_
3 Kate_
4 Suzanne_
2 exam practice
5 Professor Frank Furedi_ You are going to read an article about paying
6 Sue Palmer_ children to do jobs around the house. For
questions 1-7, choose the answer (A-D) which
7 Karen Sullivan_
you think fits best according to the text.
a wrote a book called Paranoid Parenting.
b has three daughters. 1 The writer's son
A often does jobs around the house.
c wanted money for a job he'd just done.
B regularly earns a lot of money.
d had her cupboards cleaned out. C was disappointed because he didn't get paid.
e has two sons who don't help in the house. D did a job before discussing payment.
f is an expert on parenting.
g thinks teenagers have problems if they can't earn 2 Kate's position is that
A she thought her children expected too much
money.
money.
I: B her boys shouldn't have to work.
i
EXAM EXPERT ;
C she is unable to work.
D her children didn' t do their chores properly.
How should you do the exam practice task?
:
a Remember that an option may be true, but it '. 3 What does the writer mean by 'give and take' in
might not answer the question. line 30?
I: A telling children which jobs to do
b As soon as you see an option that is true
I
according to the text, choose that one as the B giving money for children to take
answer. C helping others and others helping you
D lending and borrowing things
 Suzanne, a mother of three girls with How can this be a good message to
big age gaps between them, says: Jobs for money
pass on to the kids? 'It's important
Washing the car
·1 have paid my kids for babysitting that children learn that money doesn't
because I'd have to pay someone else Tidying and cleaning the garage
grow on trees, that you have to earn
o do this. I wouldn't pay for other Gardening
it,' says Palmer. 'However, there are
Ironing
jobs because I think they should do jobs that everyone should do with
hem as a contribution to family life. the agreement that nobody gets paid Big sort-out of the kitchen
But I don't think that it should just be cupboards or bedroom
for doing them, that everyone shares
about cash - give and take in a family wardrobes
responsibility.'
is about caring and not money.' Babysitting younger siblings
What kind of jobs are those, then?
It's about caring and money. The On this, there does seem to be
difficulty is in working out the Jobs to keep the family home
parental and expert agreement. Karen
right balance. Professor Frank Sullivan, a parenting expert, says: In order
Furedi, the author of Paranoid 'Children should take responsibility for Taking out the rubbish,
Parenting, says, 'Anything that helps themselves and their belongings, so recycling
children understand that there is Sorting the laundry, loading the
clearing up toys, games and clothes is
washing machine
a relationship between effort and a given.' She added that they shouldn't
Washing up, loading or
outcome is to be welcomed, so expect to have their room tidied or
unloading the dishwasher
paying children for jobs makes their bed made for them.
Setting the table
sense. Although it is important not But when does all this start? The idea
Keeping your own room tidy
o place too much focus on financial of contributing to the household, not
Keeping the bathroom tidy
·ncentives.' for money, but for helping, should begin
after use
Sue Palmer, the author of Detoxing early, according to Palmer. 'It does
Feeding pets
Childhood, says that, for teenagers, have to start very young, when they
Helping to prepare dinner
not being able to earn money can love to help, but they are not actually
ead to a feeling of lack of control. Making your own packed
helping but slightly irritating you. It's
lunches for school
She says, 'In our society, we often see iHorth encouraging that.' Palmer thinks
Helping out with a 'Saturday
·he worth of people according to how the rates for paid jobs should be set by
morning blitz' - vacuuming,
much they earn and we are inclined to the parents. 'That's how it works in the
think that something isn't worth doing dusting, tidying as a whole
working world. Your boss offers you a
family
unless it's paid.' rate; you accept it or you don't.'

4 What worries Professor Frank Furedi?

A that children will never learn to work WORK IT OUT!
B that chores might be too difficult for
children Find these words and phrases in the text and
C that money might become too important underline them. Can you work out what they mean
D that we don't pay children enough from the context?

5 Which point do Sue Palmer and Karen Sullivan manner • grumpily • coexist
agree on? money doesn't grow on trees • a given
A Children should do some jobs without being
paid.
B Teenagers often feel a lack of control.
C Children must be paid for all jobs they do.
3 Find words or phrases in the text which have a
similar meaning to these words and phrases.
D Children are too young to take on
responsibility. 1 good business sense; a positive attitude to work
(paragraph 2)
6 What does Palmer say about very young
2 calculating; finding (paragraph 4)
children who try to help in the house?
A They should be given money. 3 result (paragraph 4)
B It can be annoying because they don't really 4 money offered to do a job (paragraph 4)
help. 5 home; family unit (paragraph 8)
C We should tell them not to do these jobs. 6 amount of money (paragraph 8)
D They are only doing it for the money.

7 What does 'it' in the last line refer to?

A encouragement given by parents
B the power that parents and bosses have Have your say!
C the amount being offered for doing a job
D conditions in the working world • What do you think about the opinions in the text?
• Who do you agree or disagree with most? Why?
 3
Grammar2 Complete each second sentence using the
causative.
1 Our neighbours paid a famous architect to design
The causative their new house.
Look at this sentence. Who did the actual Our neighbours a famous
painting? architect.
The boss has just had the office repainted. 2 Are you going to get a plumber to fit your washing
The causative= have/get+ object+ past participle machine?
(by /with) Are you going to by a plumber?
We usually use the causative to show that someone 3 Someone delivers our newspaper every morning.
pays or asks someone else to do something. We every morning.
I'm going to get the car repaired by a mechanic. = I'm 4 Someone cut the tree down for my grandparents
going to pay a mechanic to repair the car. with a chainsaw.
have is more formal than get My grandparents with a
See Grammar database 27 on pages 188-189 for chainsaw.
more information. 5 The judge told the guards to release the prisoner
immediately.
The judge immediately.
Be careful! w.. 4 Make sentences with the causative using these
We can also sometimes use the causative for ideas. Use some of the verbs in the box if you
unpleasant situations which we did not arrange wish, or come up with your own verbs. Try to use
a different verb for each sentence.
eg We had our office broken into last week.
cut•deliver • design • make•paint
repair•steal•take• wash
1 Look back at the article on pages 122-123 and 1 Sandy-her photograph-last week.
find one example of the causative. Sandy had her photo9raph ta1'en last weeK
2 For each sentence, find the person who probably 2 We-our new furniture -tomorrow.
3 They-their house-at the moment.
does the work.
1 Have you had your hair cut? 4 Emma-not-wedding dress - until next month.
A hairdresser 5 Craig-car - recently.
6 You - ever-bike?
2 We got all the cats vaccinated last week.
7 Dan and Margaret-usually -grass.
3 I'm going to have my eyes tested tomorrow.
4 We're having the new cooker installed later today. 5 Write a question using the causative for each of
5 Did you have all the water pipes replaced? these answers.
6 They had all the wedding photos taken by a 1 Yes, once. My passport, while I was on holiday. It
professional. was awful!
7 Managers usually have all their letters typed for Have you ever had an'(fhin9 stolen?
them. 2 No, the dentist said it didn't have to be taken out
after all.
3 Because the floppy disk drive stopped working.
4 Last week. I was at the optician's for over an hour!
5 No, I think the builders are going to do that next
week.
6 Yes, she's the only person who knows how to cut
my hair properly!
8 Use of English EXAM EXPERT
How should you do the exam
practice task?
1 Quickly read the text in exercise 2 and answer this question.
a Just think about the meanings
of the words because this part
What's another way of describing an internet business? tests vocabulary.

2 exam practice
b Think about the meanings of
the words but also think about
Read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits their patterns and structures.
each gap.
The dot-corn bubble
In the mid to late 1990s, thousands of new companies were ( 1) _up with one purpose: to benefit from the
explosion of interest in the internet. Large corporations were happy to (2) _millions in the weirdest website
ideas, confident that they would make a (3) _over time. Most of them didn't. Indeed, the vast majority of
them have gone (4) _, leaving their investors severely out of pocket. So what went wrong?
The main mistake that companies (5) _was to forget to ask how their dot corn company (as internet-based
companies are sometimes called) would actually make a (6) _. It sounds fairly obvious now, but in the rush
to 'get on the net', the whole concept was (7) _. There was also a second problem which dot corns did not
(8) _. Yes, internet traffic was (9) _.enormously, but people still felt uncomfortable - many still do, in fact
- about buying products and services qp_line. Even if the dot corns had come up with sensible business ideas,
it's unlikely they would have brought in.enough to cover their (10) _investment.
There were some (11) _, of course. Some companies have been hugely successful on the internet. Most,
however, found it wasn't as easy to (12) _an internet business as they'd thought.
1 A held B got c set D let
2 A throw B add c pay D invest
3 A prosperity B wealth c treasure D fortune
4 A ruined B bust c broken D smashed
5 A made B did c had D took
6 A profit B salary c commission D royalty
7 A overseen B unobserved c overlooked D reviewed EXAM EXPERT
8 A hesitate B anticipate c regard D maintain
9 A raising B improving c increasing D extending
How should you do the
10 A novel B initial c authentic D innovative
exam practice task?
Remember that only I
11 A endings B differences c exclusions D exceptions
12 A run B rule c govern D supervise
more than one thing is
usually tested in each
question. For example, if
3 exam practice they're testing whether
you know a phrasal verb,
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the you might I won't also
first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You have to turn the sentence
must use between two and five words, including the word given. Write from active to passive.
the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS.
1 The politician is going to pay a writer to write her 4 The company employed a further twenty people.
speeches for her. taken
have A further twenty people the company.
The politician is going to her. 5 It seems to me that that suggestion isn't very
2 That woman's father made a fortune when he sold sensible. sense
his business. That suggestion to me.
is 6 Penny has decided to get some experience working
That ____ made a fortune when he sold his in a small business.
business. mind
3 They have the grass cut by a gardener. Penny to get some experience working
get in a small business.
They the grass.
Starting point
Choose one of the following and tell your partner about it:
• The best non-fiction book you have read.
• The most interesting TV programme you have seen recently.

Make sure you mention:

• The name of the book/programme
• Who wrote it /Who appeared in it
• What it was about
• What made it so good
• Why you would recommend it

1 Read the review below and answer these questions.

1 Is this a review of a book or a TV programme?
2 What is it called?
3 What does Tony Robinson do?
4 What is it about? �·
5 What example of a difficult job does the writer give?
6 What does the writer like about it? 2 Find words or phases in the review
that have a similar meaning to these
7 Which adjectives does the writer use? Underline them.
words and phrases.
8 Does the writer make a recommendation?
1 shown again (paragraph 1)
2 programme (paragraph 1)
3 looks at (paragraph 2)
4 For example (paragraph 2)
5 people watching (paragraph 3)
6 to achieve this (paragraph 3)
7 attempts the task (paragraph 3)
8 worked, earned money (paragraph 4)

3 How would you describe the style of

this review?
1 Formal and academic
2 Informal but informative
3 Very friendly and chatty

4 One of the writer's sentences is

incomplete in the review. Discuss
what she/he might have wanted to
say and write an appropriate ending
to the sentence.

Have your say!

• Have you seen this programme? If you
have, did you enjoy watching it? Why?
I Why not? If you haven't, would like
to watch it? Why? I Why not?
(II Planahead
1 exam practice: review

Your school or college magazine has as�d its readers 4 Decide on the book orTV programme that you're
to send reviews ofTV programmes they have seen or going to write about. Which of the words from
books they have read that they learned something exercise 3 could you use to describe it?
from. Write a review of a book or a programme that you
have read/seen and say what you learned from it. 5 Complete some of these phrases about your
Write your review. choice in exercise 4.
1 This book/programme
2 We learn
How should you write a review? 3 One of the best things
4 It shows us
a Make sure you have an equal balance of positive
and negative points about the programme/book 5 I felt
you're reviewing. 6 You will
b It doesn't matter if you have I don't have any
negative points to make about the programme/ 6 Make a paragraph plan. Decide what information
book you're reviewing. you will include in each paragraph.
See Writing database on page 198 for further
information.
7 Write your review in 120-180 words in an
appropriate style.

2 Look at the exam task in exercise 1 and answer

8 When you have written your review, make sure
that you have:
these questions.
given the basic information in the introduction D
D
1 What do you have to write?
2 included more details in the middle paragraphs
What information do you have to include?
3 Who is going to read it? used suitable adjectives D
4 What style should you use? used a variety of sentence structures D
explained what you learned D
3 Write Bfor book,TforTV programme, or B/Tfor written in a style suitable for the reader D
both next to the words below. concluded your review in an effective way. D
1 episode_ 4 presenter_
2 chapter_ 5 story_
3 writer 6 description_
 Reading 1 "3.11

FIRST AID FOR ADVENTURE

TRAVELLERS
Aware that injury can ruin arry adventure holiday, Richard Madden
decides it is time to sign upfar some training on.first aid infaraway places. sp
Imagine this scenario. It is spring and you are walking rh
with your two teenage children in the mountains. It ha
has been a terrific day's walking and you stop to enjoy all
a final view before heading back to base. The sun has
been beaming down all day, but now the air temperature
Word power! is beginning to drop rapidly. Suddenly, you hear a
scream. You look around to see Kate clutching her leg
and writhing in agony on the ground. What started as a
emergency • panic • broken bones playful snowball fight with Ben is now an emergency. sta
fractures • bleeding • unconscious You rush over, shouting to your partner to find the wb
mobile and ring for help. Now you struggle TJ:
to suppress a rising sense of panic. Is lilj
Starting point Kate's leg (or ankle? or foot?) broken or eh,
inf
just sprained? She can hardly move, let
Do you know any alone walk, but how can you ease the pain? 'W
first aid?Would you Should you move her? If so, how? Is she arn
know what to do in an suffering from shock? If so, what should cm
emergency? you do? If you had learned first aid, you Jan
Do you think everyone would know what to do. Then the killer drc
should know some first blow: there is no mobile signal and anyway tot
aid?Why? I Why not? the battery is about to run out. rea

Read the first three paragraphs of the article and 3 exam practice
choose true (T) or false (F).
You are going to read an article about learning first
1 The accident is something that really aid. For questions 1-7, choose the answer (A-D) which
happened to the writer. TIF you think fits best according to the text.
2 The injury to Kate's leg is serious. TIF 1 In the first paragraph, the writer describes
3 The writer has been in many A something that happened to him and his family.
life-threatening situations. T IF B how the weather often causes accidents.
C the correct thing to do in an emergency.
Read the whole article quickly and fill in the D how a day out in the mountains can end in
gaps. disaster.
1 ______ % of people know what to do in an 2 In the scene in the mountains,
accident. A they are unable to call for help.
2 The writer has suffered cuts, bruises and B they do not have a phone with them.
______ while doing adventure activities. C someone has died.
3 FFH stands for _____ D someone runs for help.
4 Medical shock is when _____ drops.
5 James Moore is the writer's ______ 3 What does the writer say about previous accidents
doing adventure activities?
A He has never had an accident.
EXAM EXPERT B They have been life-threatening.
C He used his first-aid skills.
How should you do the exam practice task?
D They have mostly been small.
a Remember that an option may be true, but it
might not answer the question. 4 On the FFH course, the emphasis is on teaching
b As soon as you see an option that is true people
according to the text, choose that one as the A what to do if you cannot get to a doctor.
answer. B how to use basic first-aid skills.
C how to cover wounds.
D to keep safe so that accidents do not happen.
Adventure activities, by definition, bring with them an After the FFH weekend, I could now make a
element of risk. Having tried almost everything from reasonable job of playing a television doctor. Give me
trekking to skydiving, I consider myself extremely lucky that white coat and I would know how to take your
to have suffered little more than cuts and bruises and a blood pressure, or use a stethoscope to check your
spell of amnesia over the years. If there had been a life­ lungs and listen to your heartbeat. I might even peer
threatening accident, I would have relied on others who inside your ears to check you haven't got an insect
had first-aid skills. Not good enough. Not good enough at crawling around in there. I could bandage your arm
all. (making sure I haven't stopped your blood supply to
So I booked a Far From Help (FFH) course run by your fingers in the process), and make a sling for it. 56
Wilderness Medical Training (WMT). Our WMT tutor More importantly, perhaps, I would know how to deal
for the weekend isjames Moore. 'Because we are aiming with Kate's leg injury, late in the afternoon on that
to go beyond basic first-aid skills, we concentrate on mountain trail. I would know how to diagnose the
assessment and diagnosis, including how and when to problem, treat her in the appropriate manner, make
start treatment for common injury and illness problems her as comfortable as possible and assess the best way
when medical help is not readily available,' he explains. of getting us all off the mountain safely. Above all,
There is a lot to cover: wounds; shock; fractures; head perhaps, my calmness and confidence that we could
injuries and unconsciousness; seriously ill casualties; cope with the situation would increase our chances of a
chest and abdominal injuries; multiple injuries; common happy outcome.
infections. It is a sobering statistic that in disaster scenarios about
'What exactly is shock?' James asks. We all start to reply 15% of us become hysterical, 70% are stunned and
and then hesitate. As with many of the conditions we bewildered, while only the remaining 15% will react
cover, we think we know but then find we'r�·not sure. effectively. Had I not gone on the course, I would
James smiles. 'Medical shock is when your blood pressure almost certainly have been one of the 70%, lacking the
drops, causing an inadequate supply of oxygenated blood confidence to make an informed decision about what to
to the vital organs. This can happen for a number of do. How much better it feels to be among the 15% who
reasons. In extreme cases, it can be life-threatening.' might one day be in a position to save someone's life.

5 Why do you think James smiles after he asks what

shock is? WORK IT OUT!
A because it is not as serious as people think
B because he doesn't want to frighten the others Find these words and phrases in the text and
C because the people in the group realise they underline them. Can you work out what they mean
don't know from the context?
D because he is pleased that he has just taught the beaming• suppress• run out • go beyond
others something new hesitate• cope with • sobering
6 What does 'it' in line 56 refer to?
A someone's arm
B a bandage on someone's arm 4 Find words or phrases in the text which have a
C someone's blood supply similar meaning to these words and phrases.
D the process of applying first aid
1 holding tightly (paragraph 1)
7 How does the writer say he has changed because of 2 extreme pain (paragraph 1)
the course? 3 the worst news of all (paragraph 2)
A He has started to worry about the number of 4 small injuries to the skin (paragraph 3)
accidents that happen. 5 losing your memory (paragraph 3)
B He feels he would be more capable and more 6 not enough or not good enough (paragraph 5)
confident in an emergency. 7 instrument for listening to the chest (paragraph 6)
C He now gets angry at people who don't take 8 out of control (paragraph 7)
things seriously.

Have your say!

D He no longer thinks walking in the mountains
is a fun activity.

• What would you do in the situation described at

the beginning of the text? Would you be among

e
the hysterical, the stunned and bewildered, or
would you react effectively?
 Grammarl 2 Rewrite these sentences beginning with the
words given.
1 I didn't get any aspirin because I didn't have
Conditionals (2): third, mixed and enough money on me.
inverted lfl ____
2 I caught a cold because I went out in the rain.
Is this sentence about the present or the past?
I ____
If I had known about nutrition, I would have eaten
more fruit. 3 The doctor gave me a prescription because I
needed some medicine.
Third conditional
lfl ____
hypothetical (unreal) past
4 I was ill last Friday so I couldn't go to school.
if+ past perfect+ modal+ have+ past participle
I could ____
If you had been careful, you wouldn't have hurt
5 You feel sick now because you ate so much junk
yourself. (= You weren't careful so you hurt yourself.)
food yesterday.
Mixed conditionals If you ____
hypothetical (unreal) past condition, present result 6 You didn't take your medicine and that's why
if+ past perfect+ modal+ present you didn't get better.
If I had eaten more meat as a child, I would be taller If you ____
now.
7 They did not apply for permission in time so the
hypothetical (unreal) presentt�ndition, past result
town council did not allow them to open the
if+ past (simple or continuous)+ modal+ have+
new gym.
past participle
Had ____
If you were fitter, you might have won the race.
Inverted conditionals 3 Complete these sentences in an appropriate
We can use inversions (question word order) to make way.
formal conditional sentences, instead of using if. 1 If people had known about bacteria hundreds of
Were I in your position, I would change my doctor. years ago, ____
Had you been more careful, you wouldn't have hurt 2 If you had told me you were ill, ____
yourself.
3 Ifl hadn't taken the pills my mum gave me,
See Grammar database 28 on page 189 for more
information. 4 Iflo known pasta was so high in calories,

1 Choose the correct word or phrase to

5 Ifl hadn't eaten that fifth ice-cream, ____
6 If my parents hadn't taught me about healthy
complete these sentences.
1 If people had known about nutrition in the past, eating, ____
7 Had people known smoking was bad for them,
they __ so many health problems.
a might not have had c would not have
b may have had d could have 4 Make four sentences about you and your
2 You might have been all right if you _ _ a health using different conditional forms.
doctor sooner.
a didn't see c would see
b had seen d saw
3 If you had known about the health risks, __
smoking?
a would you start c would you have started
b did you not start d could you not start
4 I __ a broken leg ifl had been more careful.
a wouldn't have c couldn't have had
b didn't have d might have had
 Vocabulary
Health

1 Use the words in the box to complete these sentences.

alternative • check-up • clinic • disabled • first aid
germs • infection • prescription • surgery • tablet

1 I felt a little nervous as I went into the doctor's

_____ , but she was actually really friendly.
2 Wash your hands to get rid of before you
start cooking.
3 The doctor gave me a(n) for some cough
medicine.
4 The pills the doctor gave me aren't working so I'm thinking
of trying medicine, like acupuncture.
5 The waiting-room at the health was full of
people with flu!
6 Everyone should know some in case of an
emergency.
7 I got an eye
doctor.
and had to go and see the
3 Word formation
8 The doctor told me to take one three times a Find nouns that can be formed from these
day after meals. words.
9 We need to do much more in this city to help
allergic • operate • disabled • recover
_____ people travel around.
fit • surgery (person) • ill • treat • inject
10 I go to the doctor every six months for a(n) _____
just so that I know that I'm healthy.
4 Word patterns
Choose the correct word or phrase to
Be careful! complete each sentence.
a surgery= a doctor's office 1 My mum made me take I to take the
surgery= medical treatment involving an operation medicine but it was horrible!
2 The doctor advised me taking I to take
more exercise.
2 Phrasalverbs 3 I don't think there's any point in telling I
Each of these phrasal verbs to do with health is in the wrong to tell Scott to eat less junk food.
sentence. Rewrite each sentence using the correct phrasal 4 I don't always feel like eating I to eat
verb in the right form. healthy food.
5 You can't force people stopping I to stop
1 Lots of students have passed out flu over the last couple of
weeks. smoking but you can encourage them.
2 It was so hot that I thought I was going to come down with 6 It's not worth worrying I to worry about
until the teacher opened a window. your health. Just enjoy yourself !
3 John banged his head and was unconscious for a few 7 You are bound catching I to catch a cold
minutes before he broke out. if you go out in this weather without your
4 Serious diseases often get over in countries in the coat.
developing world. 8 Another burger? It's not like you eating I
5 When Lisa was in hospital, I took her some sweets to try to eat so much junk food.
and come her to.

e
6 It took my grandma a long time to cheer up pneumonia.
 Listening
EXAM EXPERT
Starting point
How should you do the exam
Why might you phone a health clinic or doctor's surgery? practice task?
1 For each question in exercise 2, discuss what the situation
a Read all the questions before you
listen so that you know what to
might be. Predict what you might hear each person say.
expect.

2 " 3.12 exam practice b Don't read the questions before

you listen so that you can keep an
You will hear people talking in eight different situations. For open mind.
questions 1-8, choose the best answer (A, B or C).
1 You hear someone talking 4 You hear a patient in a 6 You hear this extract from a radio
on the phone. Who is she doctor's surgery talking to programme. What is the caller's
talking to? the receptionist. Who does question about?
A a doctor the woman want to make an A losing weight
B a receptionist appointment for? B stopping smoking
C a nurse A herself C alternative medicine
B her husband's colleague
2 You hear a man talking 7 You hear a girl talking about a TV
C her son
to his doctor. What is the programme. What does she say about
doctor's advice? 5 You hear this woman the programme?
A keep using the cream talking to a friend on a A The advice it gave was wrong.
B change washing bus. What is the woman's B The advice it gave seemed
powder problem? unnecessary.
C start taking tablets A One of her colleagues is C She couldn' t understand the advice.
off work.
3 You hear this conversation 8 You hear this recorded message when
B She keeps taking days off
in a supermarket. What you ring your doctor. Why is the
work.
does the man want to do? surgery closed?
C She doesn't get on with
A buy some fruit juice A The doctor is ill.
her doctor.
B study nutrition B It is a public holiday.
C start a special diet C The doctor is on holiday.

3 " 3.13 exam practice EXAM EXPERT

You will hear five people talking about health issues. For questions
How should you do the exam
1-5, choose which of the options (A-F) each person says. There is
practice task?
one extra letter that you do not need to use.
a Use a pencil to point to the
A Prevention is an investment for the Speakerl __ speaker you are listening to so
future. Speaker2 __ that you don't get confused.
B Doctors are not good at dealing with Speaker3 __ b Don't worry about remembering
the public. Speaker4 _ _ which speaker you are listening
C The situation was life-threatening. Speakers __ to because there are only five of
them.
D Medical insurance is worth having.
E The mind plays an important role in
our physical health.
F People are ignorant about Have your say!
disabilities. • What do you think are the main
health risks people face today?
 Speaking

Word power! 3 exam practice

I'd like you to imagine that a book is going to be
graphics • have an impact • slogan
published about teenagers and the health risks they
warn of the dangers
face. Talk to each other about how you think each
of these things might affect teenagers' health and
Starting point then decide which picture you would choose for the
cover of the book.
Imagine you had to design an anti-smoking poster • How might each of these things affect teenagers'
aimed at teenagers. What would your poster be like? health?
• Which picture would you choose for the cover of the
book?

1 " 3.14 Listen to this extract from two

candidates doing exercise 3. Make a note of any
questions they ask each other.

2 Read what you have to do in exercise 3 and

choose true (T) or false (F). EXAM EXPERT
1 You have to decide what should go in
How should you do the exam practice task?
the book. T/F a Ask your partner questions now and again to
keep the conversation going.
2 You have to talk about how healthy
your life is. T/F b Never ask questions because that's the
examiner's job.
3 You have to decide on one picture for
the cover. T/F
4 exam practice
EXAM EXPERT Would you say you generally live a healthy life?
How should you do the exam practice task? Do you think teenagers know enough about
a It's important to use unusual words to show your healthy living?
vocabulary, even if it sounds unnatural. What advice would you give someone who wanted
b It's important to sound natural, while showing to improve their diet?
that you have a good vocabulary at the same
time. Do people worry too much about their health these
days?
See Speaking database on page 193.
Are we healthier than people were fifty years ago?
 Reading 2 g 3. ,s
§��·!-
A bigail Doyle spent last
Wednesday examining patients,
taking temperatures and looking at
- - X-rays. Not unusual, perhaps, for a

Word power! doctor, but it is unusual when you

are just thirteen years old.
GP • surgeon • specialist • ward Abigail and her mother, Dr Gillian
Doyle, were taking part in 'Take

Starting point Your Child To Work Day', a scheme

designed to give children an idea of
What different kinds of doctor can you the jobs their parents-do. 1
think of? The scheme was first suggested by
What do you think the daily routine of
the local council after the success
a doctor is like?
of similar schemes in America.
1 Look at the title of the article that Dr Doyle thinks it's very useful.
follows. What do you think the text 'I don't mind what Abigail does
might be about? as a profession, but at least

2 Read the first two paragraphs of the

she can base her decisions on
experience. She got to see a lot of
article and answer these cw�stions.
my day-to-day work, with patients
1 Who are Abigail and Gillian Doyle? coming in with everything from a
2 What scheme were they involved in? sprained ankle or a sore throat
3 What is the goal of the scheme? =-
-IIIE:=............... to a fractured arm. 2 'The
positive response helped Abigail feel more
3 exam practice comfortable in a strange situation.
You are going to read an article about an unusual scheme. 'It was fascinating,' says Abigail. 'I'd been
Seven sentences have been removed from the article. Choose to the surgery before, of course, to meet
from the sentences A-H the one which fits each gap (1-7). Mum after school, but I'd never been there
There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.
and met patients.' 3 In the end, it
A She says that one thing that surprised her was the amount of all went smoothly, although she's still not
medical knowledge most people have. entirely comfortable with injections.
B Even so, Abigail is also very aware of the plus side.
C You can never predict exactly what cases are going to come up,
although the appointment system means that Dr Doyle has
some idea of what to expect. EXAM EXPERT
D Abigail had her doubts at first, and she wasn't sure how she
would react to the sight of blood. How should you do the exam
practice task?
E It's important for a doctor like Gillian to keep up with
a Never choose a sentence to fill a gap
developments in medicine by reading medical journals.
unless it is talking about exactly the
F Her mother's duties include visiting patients on the wards and same thing as the sentence before.
checking on their progress. b Remember that the correct sentence
G The aim is to better equip teenagers to make decisions about to fill a gap may be talking about
their own futures. something related to the sentence
H I explained to the patients why Abigail was there and they all before, even if it isn't talking about
thought it was a really good idea. exactly the same thing.
---Av--- Doctor for a day
The surgery is open to patients
from nine in the morning and a
steady stream of them comes
through the doors until they close
at one. 4 'It's a job with a
great deal of variety,' says Gillian,
'and I think Abigail liked that. There
certainly isn't much time to get
bored!'

The work at the surgery is only half

of Dr Doyle's day. The other half
is spent at a local hospital and
bigail accompanied her there, too.
5 Abigail found this the most r�main uninvolved. 'You have to end of the day, I was shattered!'
·nteresting aspect of the day. 'The care,' she says, 'but at the same 7 'There was one little boy
surgery is quite a calm place, but time it's possible to care too much. who came into the surgery with an
thought the hospital was full of It's not always easy to keep your ear infection and he was in a lot of
activity. r could see how Mum must emotions out of the work, and I see pain. While Mum got the details from
get a lot of satisfaction from seeing that with Mum sometimes.' his parents, I played with him and
e improvement in the people helped to calm him down. I felt like I
On the question of whether it has
she's treating.' was doing my bit and after Mum had
encouraged her to become a doctor
treated him he left with a big grin on
s part of the scheme, Abigail is herself, Abigail is undecided. 'It
his face. It's a special feeling to be
creating a school project out of requires a lot of commitment.
able to do something like that.'
hat she learned. 6 She The training is quite long and the
also found that it was hard to work is really demanding. At the

4 Complete these sentences using words WORK IT OU"(!

and phrases from the text and the removed
sentences.
Find these words and phrases in the text and
1 The ____ showed that John had broken his underline them. Can you work out what they mean
leg in two places. from the context?
2 You haven't broken anything, but you've got a taking temperatures • scheme • fascinating • grin
____ wrist. Try to rest it. aspect • commitment • shattered • doing my bit
3 My eyes were from studying so much.
That can't be healthy!
4 The doctor said my leg was so I had to
go to hospital.
5 All the in the new hospital have a view
Have your say!
of the harbour, so patients can watch the boats • Would you like to try a scheme similar to this
coming in. one?
6 A nurse's job can be quite____ and you often • What do you think you would learn?
have to work very long hours.
 Grammar2 1 Rewrite these sentences putting the indirect objects earlier
in the sentence where possible. If it is not possible, put a
tick(..').
Direct and indirect objects 1 My mum made an appointment at the doctor's for my dad.
2 The doctor wrote a prescription for me for some cough
How could you rewrite this sentence
medicine.
without to?
The doctor gave a prescription to me. 3 Could you suggest a healthy diet to me?
Some verbs can be followed by both a 4 My uncle sent a book about teenagers and health to my sister.
direct and an indirect object (usually a 5 Why don't I lend my exercise bike to you?
person). 6 Our teacher explained the food pyramid to us.
The nurse showed me (indirect object) the 7 Would you mind passing the toothpaste to me?
X-rays (direct object). 8 I'd like you to describe the symptoms to me.
When the indirect object comes last, we
usually use a preposition (often for or to). 2 Put these words in the correct order to make sentences.
She handed some tablets to me. 1 in/€200/my/cost/fees/overI doctor's/it/parents
When these verbs are used in the passive It ____
the subject of the sentence is usually the
2 permission/theirIrefuse/vegetarian/become/parents/
indirect object of the active sentence
and not the direct object. children/some/to
The nurse handed me some tablets. Some ____
I was handed some tablets by thl),.nurse. 3 living/what/let/healthy/you/read/says/it/about/me
See Grammar database 29 on page 189 Let____
for more information. 4 me/my/sore/throat/for/mum/my/honey/made/lemon/a glass
of/and
My _ _ _
Infinitives of purpose 5 give/aspirin/you/doctor/to/some/the/ask
When we want to talk about Ask _ _ __
someone's purpose, we can use the
full infinitive: 3 Complete these sentences in an appropriate way using the
I went to the surgery to see the doctor. word given.
We can also use: 1 Doctors use a stethoscope order
in order+ full infinitive 2 Doctors take X-rays as
The doctor got out her stethoscope in 3 You should wash your hands regularly not
order to listen to my chest.
4 Eat more vegetables order
so as+ full infinitive
5 I work out twice a week to
Many people exercise so as to stay in
shape. 6 Put a plaster on your cut order
With a negative purpose or with stative 7 You should brush your teeth every day as
verbs, we don't normally use the 8 I rang the clinic in
infinitive alone. 9 I'd like to become a doctor as
./ I take vitamin tablets in order/so as 10 Cover your mouth when you sneeze not
not to get ill.
X I take vitamin tablets not to get ill.
See Grammar database 30 on page 190
for more information.
 Use of English
1 Read the text in exercise 2, ignoring the gaps, and answer
these questions.
1 Which tastes are mentioned that we normally enjoy?
2 What do we get from the sugar in our diets?
3 Which tastes warn us of food that may be bad for us?

2 exam practice
Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in
each gap. Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS.

Taste
We take it (1) granted that when we put something in our mouths, we taste it. But why should
our bodies be able to detect chemicals in this way? In order (2) answer that question, we need to
consider two things: the dietary requirements (3) our bodies and the risks
associated (4) eating. EXAM EXPERT
Our bodies need certain substances (5) a regular basis, including vitamins, How should you do the
carbohydrates and salt. The flavour of food, (6) as fruit, gives us important exam practice task?
information (7) the nutrients it contains. Sweet tastes mean sugar, which a Always complete the
gaps in the order they
(8) turn means high energy levels. Salty tastes indicate the presence of appear in the text.
other chemicals we need besides sugar. Because we find these tastes pleasurable, we b Complete the easier
tend to eat food that (9) high in these substances. gaps first to give you
more clues for the
Bitter and sour tastes, on the other hand, usually act (10) nature's warning others.
devices. When something is poisonous, it usually has a bitter flavour, a taste
(11) we naturally dislike. Also, as food (12) off it tends to develop
a sour taste. This means that we are able to avoid food that could cause health problems.

3 Quickly read the text in exercise 4. Which part of the body do auricular therapists focus on?

4 exam practice
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in
the gap in the same line. Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS.

Auricular Therapy
If you've had an (1) _reaction to something, and don't know ALLERGY
what it is, or if you suspect you've got some kind of (2) _or ILL EXAM EXPERT
(3) _, auricular therapists claim to be able to help. Auricular INFECT How should you do the
therapy is based on the idea that our ears can tell us a lot about exam practice task?
our general level of health and (4) _. Auricular therapists FIT If you're not sure
examine patients' ears with a special piece of (5) _ for signs of EQUIP whether, for example,
the noun from recover is
stress and pain in different parts of the body. The idea is that, recoverment, recovery, or
once the cause of the stress or pain has been identified, (6) _is TREAT recoverness,
more likely to be (7) _ . There are a number of recorded cases SUCCESS a always choose the one
of patients making a full (8) _after being treated with auricular RECOVER with the most letters.
therapy. However, critics claim it is not based on any proven b think about how the
(9) _principles and point out that to consult an auricular SCIENCE words look and sound.
therapist rather than a qualified doctor may actually be (10) _. DANGER
 Writing: story

Starting point
How often do you read stories or novels?
What can you learn from reading stories in English?

1 Look at this writing task and the model answer. There are six extra
words in the story that shouldn't be there. Cross them out.

You have decided to enter a short story competition. The competition

rules say that your story must begin with these words:
Jeff couldn't have got ill on a worse day.

Write your story for the competition.

)elfcouldn't have 3ot ,11 on a worse da!J. He had been look1i1!J

forward to the school part!}for weeks and now, all over his
face, there were red spots! 'f-tis brother noticed them and said,
sm,1ti1!J, 'Oh, bad luck!'

Jeffcalled his mum, who came ru11111i1!J. 'Oh,Je/f!' she said,

so worriedf!J. 'Get dressed. We're 301n3 strai_ght to the
doctor's.' When the.!! 3ot there to the sw:ger.!f, the wat'tt"n!J
room was fall __________________
2 Write one or two sentences
to summarise the plot of the
story.

The.!f went ,n to see the doctor when their turn came and sat 3 Complete the second
down. 'What is it, Doctor? I thou3ht that perhaps it was paragraph by writing a short
an aller.3!},' said)e/f's mum. BothJeffand his mum couldn't description of the waiting
room when Jeff and his mum
believe ,n it when the doctor started lau3h1i1!J! arrive.

'I th,nk someone's been pla!J1n3 a practicaljoke,' lau3hed 4 What would be a good title for
the doctor. He took a towel and wiped awa!}Je/f'sface and this story?
the spots disappeared!Je/frealised that the spots had been a An outbreak of disease
drawn on with a red marker pen! His brother must have b A shocking trick
done it whdeJeffwas be1i1!J asleep. c The doctor's advice

'I think it's301i1!J to be a 3reat school part!},' thou3htJe/f011

the wa!J home, as he planned on his revel1!Je,
 Plan ahead
1 exam practice: story 3 Write one or two sentences that summarise the
plot of your story.
Your English teacher has asked you to write a short £.mma waKes up with toothache on the morning of an
story for your school magazine. The story must
important exam she hasn't studied for. She's happy
begin with the words:
There couldn't hove been a better time for Emma to get because it means she ,an taKe the exam on another
toothache!

4 Compare your plot with your partner's plot and

ask each other questions about your stories.

S Tell the rest of the class what your partner's story

is about. Give as much detail as you can. Listen
to all the story ideas in the class and change your
story if you hear any good ideas!
How should you write a story?
a Spend more time on the beginning of the story 6 Make a paragraph plan. Make sure you have
than the middle and the end. a good balance between the beginning, the
b Try to have a balanced story with a good middle and the end of your story.
beginning, middle and end.
Write your story in 120-180 words in an
See Writing database on page 202 for further
appropriate style.
information.

8 When you have written your story, make sure

Z Look at the writing task in exercise 1 and answer

that you have:
used the sentence given at the start of your story D
these questions using your imagination.
used paragraphs correctly D
1 Why might having toothache be good? used direct speech where appropriate D
2 What had Emma been planning to do before she
written a story of the right length D
got toothache?
used interesting adjectives and adverbs D
3 What does she do instead?
4 What happens in the end?
checked your spelling and grammar. D
5 How does Emma feel at the end of the stor y?
 Check your progress!
Units 9-10
1 Choose the correct word to fill in the gap. 2 Complete the second sentence
so that it has a similar meaning
While I was looking for another job after I had been made (1) _,
to the first sentence, using the
I decided to do some (2) _work for a charity. I didn't (3) _any word given. Do not change
money,of course,but I gained some valuable skills and it helped me pass the word given. You must use
the time. Also,it was useful to be able to say in a job interview: 'Yes,I am between two and five words,
(4) _at the moment,but I am spending my time in a constructive waY: including the word given.
1 A full-time B temporary C redundant D permanent 1 Stay at home this week so you
2 A amateur B voluntary C unprofessional D recreational don't infect the other children at
3 A gain B win C add D earn school.
4 A self-employed B sacked C fired D unemployed as
Sitting in the waiting room of the doctor's (5) _,Gary couldn't wait for Stay at home this week
his GP to see him. He felt so proud. At his previous (6) _,six months ______ _ infect the
previously,the doctor had toklGary that he was seriously overweight. other children at school.
Since then,Gary had (7) _on a strict diet. He felt sure the doctor 2 The nurse said she would
would be impressed by how (8) _and healthy he looked. take my temperature in a few
minutes.
5 A surgery B ward C theatre D office
have
6 A checkout B check-in C check-up D checkpoint
7 A had B taken C gone D come I am going____ _ _ _
8 A plump B slim C chubby D obese in a few minutes.
3 Lindsey was treated by that
Andrew Carter got his first job - running (9) _for a small,local doctor.
business - when he was fifteen. He was (10) _ to a managerial (11) _ is
in his early twenties,and then left to set up his own fast-food business, That_____ _ _
called Carter's. It's run as a (12) _,so other people pay him to open Lindsey.
restaurants with his name on! 4 Could you see if the woman with
9 A errands B tasks c chores D jobs her leg in plaster needs any help?
10 A enlarged B improved c increased D promoted whose
11 A spot B location c position D place Could you see if the woman
12 A firm B franchise c company D partnership ___ _ _ _ _ in plaster
Although this type of flu (13) _out over two years ago,scientists needs any help?
are still unsure how it is best (14) _. (15)_ who have been given 5 I don't want to do anything
antibiotics appear to (16) _after two or three weeks,but it is unclear energetic.
whether the antibiotics are effective at preventing the disease from feel
recurring. I don't ______ _
anything energetic.
13 A cracked B smashed c crashed D broke
14 A operated B fixed c healed D treated
6 Fiona isn't usually rude to
15 A Customers B Patients c Guests D Clients
customers.
16 A recover B mend c restore D repair like
It is _ _ _ _ __ rude to
16 marks customers.
 7 The dietician suggested to Caroline that she
4 Write a form of one of the verbs have, take, 0
shouldn't eat so much red meat. make or do in each gap. °'I

advised
The dietician so much red 1 Are you going to part in the fun run
-�c:
Ill

::,
meat. to raise money for cancer research?
8 Tim was sacked because he was continually late 2 I 've up my mind. I 'm going to be an ...
Ill
CV
for work. actor!
...
O'I
0
if
Tim would
3
4
Could you me a favour?
We don't have one boss at our company. We
...:J
he hadn't been 0
____ it in turns to make managerial �
continually late for work. �
decisions. v
9 Why didn't you ask to see a back specialist? CV
Scientists are a lot of research at the ..r::.
would 5 u
Ifl were you, I _______ to see a back moment into how we can slow down the ageing
specialist. process.
10 You shouldn't apply for a job if you haven't got 6 I know it's difficult having a broken leg, but you
the right skills. just have to the best of the situation.
point 7 Have you an appointment to see the
There for a job if you doctor?
haven't got the right skills. 8 care, and get well soon! Lots of love,
Mandy.
20 marks
8marks

3 Complete each sentence using a form of the

word in brackets. 5 Write a phrasal verb from the box in the
correct form in each gap.
1 How many (apply) were there for
cheer up• come down with• fill in• get over
the job?
passout• takeon •takeover. take up
2 Isabelle works as a (surgery) at the
local children's hospital.
1 The firm was by a huge
3 I think I'm going to need some___ _
multinational corporation.
(assist) with this. Could you help me?
2 Mr Philips isn't here today. He's flu,
4 Is Rania (allergy) to cheese?
unfortunately.
5 I hate the thought of having ____
3 --- - ! It's not that serious!
(inject), but they never actually hurt.
4 Writing prescriptions a lot of a GP's
6 Although I 'm physically (able), I
time.
don't let that stop me from living a full life.
5 The business must be doing well - they
7 You'll start as a (train), and after a
- - - another twenty employees last year.
couple of years, you'll be fully qualified.
6 It was so hot on the bus, and I felt so faint, I was
8 Grandpa has to go into hospital for a minor
worried I was going to_ _ _ _
---- (operate) next week.
7 Could you just your name and
8marks address, and sign at the bottom?
8 I hope she her illness soon.

8marks

Total: 60 marks
 Reading 1 " 4.01

Charles Li:
My education
As part of our series looking at the
education of successful people, novelist
Charles Li looks back on his school days.

Wordpower,! I have no recollection of my first days either at nursery

school, which we called 'playgroup; or primary school.
That suggests that they were not too traumatic, at least.
lecture • secondary school • uniform • university
In fact, I have few memories of being educated up to the
age of about ten. The memories I do have from that period
mainly relate to the playground or break time: asking Linda
Starting point Clarkson if she wanted to be my girlfriend and falling off
the climbing frame and breaking my arm.
Look at the photographs above. Use words When I was eleven, my father, who was in the Navy, was
connected to school and education to describe posted abroad and I was sent to a boys-only prep school.
them. Despite the initial difficulties of being away from home for
the first time, I blossomed intellectually, and was at the top
Read the article quickly and find words and of my form for most subjects. This had its disadvantages.
Getting a good Latin report at the end of term is little
phrases which fit into these categories: consolation for the resulting bullying from the other boys.
• Subjects
• Educational establishments

2 exam practice 4 The writer suggests that, compared to his public

school, his children's state school doesn't
You are going to read an article in which a novelist A employ teachers of such high quality.
talks about his education. For questions 1-8, choose B offer such a range of academic subjects.
the answer {A-0) which you think fits best according C allow students to take so many exams.
to the text. D organise so many additional activities.
1 In the first paragraph, what does the author say he 5 What does the use of the word 'agonised' in line 42
cannot remember at all? suggest?
A his education before the age of ten A that the writer delayed thinking about the
B being at nursery school or primary school options
C going to playgroup for the first time B that the decision was a very difficult one to
D traumatic experiences in his childhood make
2 What does the word 'This' (line 13) refer to? C that the writer was experiencing great physical
A being sent to a boys-only prep school pain
B having to cope with being away from home D that it was obvious what decision the writer
C being the best in the class for most subjects would take
D sitting at the front of the class for most subjects 6 Charles Li says that teachers at boarding schools
3 What does Charles say about 'Getting a good Latin are different to other teachers because they
report' (line 14)? A give their students much more freedom in the
A It didn't make up for the bad treatment he classroom.
received from his classmates. B have a very different view of what morality is.
B The boys would start to be nasty to him as soon C care about more than just teaching their
as he got his report. academic subject.
C It made him feel better about the fact that the D bring their own children up in a very different
boys didn't like him. way.
D It was helpful that it was always given to him at
the end of term.
I was unpopular both because I excelled academically and I've never regretted that decision. I thoroughly enjoyed the
because I didn't excel at sport. two-year A level course (English, maths and economics),
particularly the freedom that comes from not going to a
At thirteen, a public school decided I was bright enough boarding school. Suddenly, the teachers were just teachers.
to be awarded a scholarship. My new school was co­ They weren't interested in my moral upbringing, as
educational and, although there were occasions when teachers at private schools are.
having girls in the class was more of a distraction than an
aid to learning, I much preferred being out of an all-boy I didn't study quite as hard as I should have done during
environment. that two-year period, but some last minute late-night
revision enabled me to get good enough exam results to
Preparation for O levels (the equivalent of today's GCSEs) do a degree in English Literature at Dorkham University.
began immediately I arrived, and the standard of teaching
was extremely high. At 16, I passed eleven O levels, all I loved it there. Most of my fellow first-year undergraduates
with an A grade. However, what I really value about my were living away from home for the first time and often
education there was the opportunity to take part in found it difficult not having their parents around to help
so many extra-curricular activities. It was the writing them. Because I had been to boarding school, I was quite
workshop, rather than English lessons, which made me used to having to fend for myself. I enjoyed the course,
consider becoming a writer. I also acted in school plays, I made some fantastic friends and, as with public school,
debated in debating competitions, used I took advantage of all the clubs and societies
a computer for the first time and became on offer.
interested in photography. Now my
children are at school - a state school - I If I could do it all again, would I do anything
wish they had the opportunities I had. differently? I certainly made the right decisions
regarding going to sixth form college and
Just after my O levels, I had to make a choosing my A levels and degree course. If I
decision. My parents were back in the UK were back at prep school, I would make more of
and gave me a choice. I could either stay an effort to be liked. Perhaps I did show off too
on at public school or move back home much. There's one thing I do not regret, though:
and go to the local sixth form college.�. the decision to send my children to the local
agonised over the summer, and came to comprehensive school. Boarding schools may
the conclusion that a change would do provide more opportunities, but one thing I've
me good. I decided to go home. learned is that family is more important than
anything. Even which school you go to.

7 How did the writer differ from the majority offirst­ WORK IT OUT!
year undergraduates at university?
A He made full use ofthe clubs and societies Find these words and phrases in the text and
provided. underline them. Can you work out what they mean
B He had experience ofnot relying on other from the context?
people. climbing frame • distraction • excelled • show off
C He loved the freedom ofliving away from moral upbringing • fend for myself• posted abroad
home.
D He didn't find studying for the course difficult.
8 What does Charles Li admit in the final paragraph?
A that he may be partly responsible for how he 3 Find words or phrases in the article which have a
was treated at prep school similar meaning to these words and phrases.
B that he should have stayed at public school for
1 class
longer than he did
2 a document describing your progress
C that schools actually make no difference to how
3 an amount ofmoney a school gives you to study
you turn out in the end
there
D that he should not have sent his children to the
4 with both boys and girls (for schools)
local state school
5 the things a school offers outside the academic
timetable
EXAM EXPERT 6 the first qualification you can get from a university
7 a person studying at university who hasn't
How should you do the exam practice task? graduated yet
When the question ends with a question mark, find
the answer in the text before I after looking at the

Have your say!

four options. Don't underline I Underline it. Then
choose the option that is closest in meaning to I
has the same words as the answer in the text.
• What do you think about boarding schools?

G
 1 These sentences were in the article on pages 142-143. Without
Grammarl looking back, choose the words or phrases that can fill each gap.
Be careful! More than one word or phrase might fill the gap.
Unreal past 1 I wish they the opportunities I had.
Look at this sentence. Does the a had b have c can have
verb in bold refer to (a) the past 2 Ifl do it all again, would I do anything differently?
or (b) the present?
a am able to b could c was able to
It's time you started revising for the 3 Ifl back at prep school, I would make more of an effort to
exam.
be liked.
After certain phrases, or in certain
a was b were c am
types of sentence, we use the past
simple or past continuous to refer
to now, a general situation or the
2 If a sentence is correct, put a tick (I"). If it is incorrect, correct it.
future. 1 Imagine you had a photographic memory!
Second conditional: 2 It's about time the bell rings.
If you paid attention in class, you'd 3 I really wish we don't have to choose between doing biology and
have a much better chance of German.
passing the exam. 4 Would you rather I don't use a dictionary so much?
Suppose, Imagine and What if ...?: 5 If only I was going with you on the school trip next weekend.
Suppose you saw tomorrow's exam
lying on the secretary's desk. Wo"-cl 3 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form to complete the
you look at it? sentences.
would rather+ you/he/she/we/ 1 If you (be) a teacher, how strict would you be?
they: 2 I wish our English teacher (not I give) us so
I'd rather you didn't write such long much homework all the time!
essays, Caroline.
3 It's high time you (learn) how to tell the time.
It's (high) time: 4 If only I (know) the answer to number four!
It's high time you took your driving
What could it be?
test.
5 I wish you (come) on the field trip with us next
Polite questions:
Did you want to see me now about month.
my report, Mrs MacDonne/1? 6 I'd rather you two (not I sit) next to each other
Wish and lfonly: today.
I wish I was better at geography. 7 I wish I (start) studying earlier. The exam is
tomorrow and I haven't finished the work yet!
Past wishes
For wishes about the past, we use
the past perfect:
4 For each situation, make a sentence beginning with the phrase in
bold.
I wish I hadn't failed the test
1 You are at school. You want to be at home. I wish
yesterday.
I wish I was at home or I wish I wasn't at school.
To express criticism or complaint
about an activity now, in the future 2 You've got such a lot ofhomework to do. If only
or generally, we can use wish+ 3 A friend of yours keeps copying from you in class and you think they
would: should stop. It's time
I wish you would pay more attention 4 Your teacher is thinking about giving your class some extra lessons
in class.(= I wish you paid ...) during the holidays. You don't think it's a good idea! I'd rather
To express hypothetical ability or 5 You're daydreaming about being able to speak English fluently. If I
permission now, in the future or
6 You're suggesting to a friend that they do a computer course. What if
generally, we can use wish+ could:
I wish we could sit next to each other
in every lesson.(= I wish we were
able to ... ) Have your say!
See Grammar database 31 on page
190 for more information. • If you had the power to change one thing about
your school, what would you change and why?
 Vocabulary
Education 4 Word formation
1 Put these people into two categories: Teachers Complete each sentence using a form of the word in
and Learners. brackets.
apprentice • pupil • instructor • lecturer• professor 1 I never do any ____ (revise) the night before
tutor • coach • trainee • trainer • undergraduate an exam.
2 Are you going to apply for the ____
(scholar)?
Be careful! 3 This school prides itself on its ____
(academy) record.
an undergraduate is doing a university degree 4 We'll need a copy of all your (certify).
a graduate has a university degree 5 I think that watching TV can be very ____
a postgraduate is doing a Master's or PhD (educate).
6 Do you remember being (teach) how
to tie your shoelaces?
2 Make notes and discuss. 7 If you fail the exam in June, you can ____
(take) it in December.
What's the difference 8 If someone can't read and write, they are
between a qualification Be careful! ____ (literate).
and
1 a certificate?
./ take an exam= sit, do
an exam 5 Collocations
2 a skill?
X give an exam Match to make phrases.
3 a licence?
4 an exam result? take an exam DOES NOT
1 school a needs
5 a degree? MEAN pass an exam
2 special b tutor
3 university c by heart
3 Phrasalverbs 4 assessed d fees
5 science e fashion
Complete each sentence using a phrasal verb to do 6 personal f instructor
with education in the correct form. You will use one 7 learn g campus
of the phrasal verbs twice. 8 parrot h lab
9 driving i essay
cross out • get down • go over • look up
sail through • set out • work out
6 Use five of the phrases from exercise 5 to
complete these sentences.
1 I'd thought the exam would be really difficult but
in fact I it. 1 We don't have an exam at the end of this course,
2 Don't bother using correction fluid. If you make a we just have to hand in a 5000-word ____
mistake, just it ____ 2 I love doing experiments in the at
3 Shall we quickly that grammar point school.
again, or do you think you understand it now? 3 Angela teaches students with , such as
4 It's time you to some serious studying! children with dyslexia or learning difficulties.
5 Our tutor wants us to our thoughts in 4 We had to learn the whole page and then repeat it
a 3000-word essay! ____ to the teacher the next day.
6 It took me over half an hour to the 5 My uncle's a teacher at a boarding school. He says
answer to that maths question. the are really expensive.
7 I tried to take notes during the lecture, but I didn't
manage to everything the lecturer said
____ on paper.
8 If you don't know what a word means, ____
it in the dictionary.
 '£1 Listening
Starting point 2 "4.02 exam practice
Apart from what they learn at You will hear people talking in eight different situations.
school, what do children learn For questions 1-8, choose the best answer (A, B or C).
as they grow up? 1 You hear two university students 6 You hear two teachers
What is your best'iearning talking. What do they think about talking. What do they agree
experience' so far? about?
their course?
1 Look at question 1 in exercise
A It is confusing.
B It is boring.
A the bad behaviour of
some of the students
2. The key words are think C It is irrelevant. B the high level of some of
and course. Underline the key the students
words in the other questions. 2 You hear a woman talking about
choosing a language school. What C the laziness of some of
the students
EXAM EXPERT
was the most important reason for
I her choice? 7 You hear a father talking
A the cost about teaching his daughter
How should you do the exam
B the location to ride a bike. What
practice task?
C the timetable happened?
a Don't worry if there are 111_ ,_ A It took her a few days to
words or phrases in the 3 You hear part of a radio interview
with a writer. What does she say learn.
recording you don't know. B She fell in some water.
You are not expected to about her education?
C She wanted to learn
know every word! A It wa.s expensive.
B It was unpleasant. something else instead.
b Don't answer the question if
C It was interrupted. 8 You hear a woman
you didn't understand every
4 You hear a teenager talking about describing a learning
word. You'll probably get it
finding some information. Where experience. What did she
wrong.
did he finally find the information? learn?
A in a magazine A Honesty is the best
3 Look at the list A-F in B in a dictionary policy.
B Money doesn't buy
exercise 4 and choose one C in an encyclopaedia
happiness.
of the statements. Tell your 5 You hear a driving instructor talking C Love is the most
partner a real or imaginary to a learner driver. What does the important thing in the
short story based on that instructor want the learner driver to world.
statement. Ask your partner do?
to guess which statement A revise what the road signs mean
you chose. B hold the steering wheel differently
C look in the mirror more often

4 " 4.03 exam practice I EXAM EXPERT

You will hear five people talking about experiences How should you do the exam practice task?
connected with learning. For questions 1-5, choose a As soon as you think you know the answer,
from the list (A-F) what each speaker says. Use the write it down and stop listening until the next
letters only once. There is one extra letter which you question.
do not need to use.
b Even if you think you know the answer, keep
A I was an underachiever. Speaker 1 __ listening to the end just to �ake absolutely sure.
B I was praised for my work. Speaker2 _ _
C I made a bad choice. Speaker3 _ _
D
E
I prepared for months.
I was surprised.
Speaker4
Speaker 5
_ _
_ _
Have your say!
F I made an important discovery. • Which of the speakers in exercise4 do you relate to
most?Why?
 Speaking

Starting point
How is being in a class different to receiving individual tuition?

1 g 4.04 Listen to two candidates describing photographs in the Speaking paper of an English exam
and answer these questions.

1 Does Angie (the second candidate) answer the 3 Should Angie have been more serious?
question? 4 On the whole, is Angie's answer successful?
2 Is Angie's answer too short?

2 Look at the photos in exercise 3 and make notes to complete the tables.

Photo This is a picture of ... Similarities I differences Which situation makes learning easier?Why?
A
B
Photo This is a picture of ... Similarities I differences Which situation makes learning easier?Why?
c "# .

3 exam practice
Candidate A, here are two photographs of people Candidate B, here are two photographs of different
being taught something. I'd like you to compare classrooms. I'd like you to compare them and say
them and say which situation you think makes how you would feel about being in these rooms.
learning easier. You only have one minute for this. You only have one minute for this.

• Which situation do you think makes learning easier? • How would you feel about being in these rooms?

EXAM EXPERT
How should you do the
exam practice task?
a Speak at a normal
conversational speed.
b Speak as quickly as you
can because you have
such a short amount of
time.
Candidate B, have you ever been in Candidate A, which classroom
See Speaking database on
situations similar to these? would you prefer to be in?
page 193.
 You can pass
Word power! exams!
stress • anxious • panic • nightmare • pass • fail With exam time looming, educational advisor
Victor Harlow tells it like it is.

Starting point
What are you like at exam times? Do you get
xams can be a nightmare for some people.
nervous?
Why do some people cheat in an exam? E They go to pieces just at the thought of them.
Others can become physically ill in anticipation
of them, while others still are traumatised for
life. Often, exams - the very things that are
supposed to motivate us to do well - have had
the opposite effect and have led to people settling
for second best. 'I'd rather people thought I was
a failure, just as long as I had my life back; lorry
driver Richard Cass told me. 'Never having
learned how to revise effectively, I found exam
time a nightmare. I couldn't sleep for days. The
moment I left school, I decided; I was finished
with exams:
Richard's case is a particularly sad one, not just

1
because he hasn't fulfilled his potential, but
Look at the sentences in exercise 3. Without because he has clearly suffered. It also highlights
reading the article, come up with as many
the fact that exams are everywhere in our lives
possible words and phrases as you can to fill each
gap. because, of course, Richard didn't leave exams
behind when he left school - he had to take his
Z Read the title of the article and only the first
sentence of each paragraph. What sort of things
do you expect the writer to say?
EXAM EXPERT
3 exam practice How should you do the exam practice task? ,
,

Complete each sentence using a word or short a Search for key words from the sentences in the
phrase from the article. text. For example, for number 9 here, find the
word break in the text.
1 Exams are meant to students but they ,

b Search for key ideas from the sentences in the ,

can do the opposite. text. For example, for number 9 here, find the :
2 Richard Cass failed to reach his and idea of break in the text rather than look for the
suffered greatly because of exams. word itself.
:
3 Richard's driving test was different from school
exams because the questions were based on
7 You get a great when you learn to do
4 The writer advises us not to delay revision until something for yourself.
8 Your work will appear if you break it
5 He warns us to avoid the people who up.
are selling essays on the internet. 9 Breaks are important because if you study for very
6 Experienced examiners work that is long periods, you are not learning ____
not your own. 10 is the key to passing exams.
-
driving test, twice: first in unscrupulous people out there
a car and then in a lorry. offering essays at a price. Just
'The same old feelings remember this: in the time it
flooded back: says Richard. takes you to learn to cheat, you
'Although I was 25 when I could have learned the real
passed my second test, I felt thing for yourself. While we're
as though I was 16 again on the subject, examiners
and back at school sweating are not fools. They are very
over a blank piece of paper. experienced at what they do
The only difference was and they can spot a copied
that this time, the questions essay a mile off. Don't forget
were common sense - they ask you about vehicle that the tactics you learn for passing one exam can
safety, and these are the things that you really need be used in others - you will be developing a skill
to know if you want to do that job. I knew the for life. And of course, the sense of satisfaction
answers just by thinking logically: you get from learning to do something for
So how do you go about passing an exam? First of yourself is enormous. Cheating, on the other
all, there is one inflexible factor - time. If you're hand, is more trouble than it's worth.
looking for ways to get a degree in two months Having allowed enough time and armed yourself
or to revise a year's worth of geography in three with all the information you can find, it's time to
hours, you've come to the wrong articli,.. -So allow make a plan. Divide the work up into sections and
enough time because you can't afford to leave it set yourself a task a day. This has the advantage
until the last minute. of making the work seem more manageable. Be
Then, you need to know your enemy. A little realistic about this and factor in breaks. Nobody
investigation on the internet should help you can learn effectively for 12 hours straight. Then,
find out what you're up against. Past papers just use the strategies you've heard a hundred
are extremely helpful. There is also probably a times before - test yourself by covering the
forum or discussion group somewhere on the information on the page; write cards or stickers
net for people who are in the same position as with the basic information; get a friend to test
you are. Don't be tempted by the many offers you - whatever works for you. Exams are not a
to help you cheat, though. There are plenty of mystery - they just need careful preparation.

4 Find words or phrases in the text which have a

WORK IT OUT!
similar meaning to these words and phrases.
1 get very upset or worried (paragraph 1) Find these words and phrases in the text and
2 mentally disturbed or scarred (paragraph 1) underline them. Can you work out what they
mean from the context?
3 accepting less than you deserve or are capable of
(paragraph 1) in anticipation of• highlights • a mile off
4 achieved; reached; realised (paragraph 2) what you're up against • armed
5 thing which cannot be changed (paragraph 3)
6 old copies of the exam from previous years
(paragraph 4)
7 include; make allowance for (paragraph 5)
8 tactics; methods (paragraph 5) Have your say!
• What are the main pieces of advice the writer has
to offer? Do you agree with what he suggests? Can
you add any advice of your own?
 1 These sentences all come from the article on
pages 148-149. Without looking back, write an
appropriate word or phrase in each gap.
Participles 1 Never ____ how to revise effectively, I found
Which two words can be cut out of this sentence exam time a nightmare.
without changing the meaning? 2 I knew the answers just by logically.
The girl who is taking the test is dyslexic so she's been 3 There are plenty of unscrupulous people out there
given an extra half an hour. ____ essays at a price.
Present, perfect and past participles can be used as 4 enough time and armed yourself with
an alternative to the normal subject+ verb+ object
all the information you can find, it's time to make a
sentence structure. Present participles end in -ing.
Past participles usually end in -ed, although there plan.
are many irregular verbs (seen, gone, brought, etc).
Perfect participles are formed using having+ past 2 Each of these sentences contains an extra word.
participle. Find it.
1 The boys who sitting at the back of the class were
Present participles can be used:
throwing paper aeroplanes!
• after prepositions and conjunctions, such as
after, before, when, while, on, despite. 2 All of the pupils were taught by Mr Carlton this
After revising for four hours, I took a break. year passed the exam.
• to mean because. 3 Not I having studied economics at school, I had a
Being a good public speaker, Jfdrian had no lot of catching up to do when I started my politics
problems getting into the school debating team. (= degree.
Because he was ... )
4 Who's the teacher who taking us for German next
• to talk about actions happening at the same time.
Waiting for the exam to start, Carol went through year?
her revision notes one more time. 5 Having been done a lot of research, I found writing
• to replace some relative clauses. the essay quite straightforward.
The teacher taking your class today is called Mrs
Jenkins. ( = The teacher who is taking ... ) 3 Use a participle to join each pair of sentences.
Perfect participles can be used: 1 The new girl was sitting at the front of the class.
• after prepositions and conjunctions, such as She was called Karen.
after, before, when, while, on, despite. The new 9irl Mftin9 at the front of the class was
After having revised for four hours, I took a break. called f(aren.
• to mean because.
Having been a good public speaker at school, Adrian 2 I opened my bag. I realised I'd left my books at
decided tojoin the university debating team.(= school.
Because he had been/was ... ) 3 It was compiled by a team of experts. It is widely
• to talk about actions happening in sequence. recognised as the most up-to-date dictionary in
Having waited for half an hour for the exam to start, the world.
Carol nervously turned over the paper.
4 Adrian was handed the exam paper. Adrian
Past participles can sometimes be used: realised he was in the wrong exam.
• as an alternative passive form.
Built in 7 936, the school buildings are in a bad state
5 I had never sat in the driving seat before. I was
of repair.(= The school buildings were built in 7 936. terrified for the whole of my first driving lesson.
They are in a bad state of repair.) 6 The people will mark your papers in the UK. They
• to replace some relative clauses. need to be able to read your handwriting.
A teacher called Mrs Jenkins took our class today.(=
A teacher who is called ... )
See Grammar database 32 on pages 190-191 for
more information.
 Use of English
1 Look at the gaps in exercise 2. What part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, etc) is each missing word?

2 exam practice
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in
the gap in the same line. Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS.
EXAM EXPERT
Learning how to learn and think
How should you do the
What is the point of the (1) _ system? Although this question ED UCATE exam practice task?
may seem (2) _at first sight, it's actually not as stupid as it RIDICULE
Remember that irregular
sounds. The reason it's worth trying to answer is that schools and
forms are sometimes I
universities clearly (3) _ academic achievement, passing exams EMPHASIS
never tested in this task.
and gaining (4) _ much more than acquiring skills such as QUALIFY
raising children or car (5) _. But why is this? Why do they MAINTAIN ��f:lS111�
neglect to teach practical skills at school?
One answer may be that schools don't exist to help us gain useful
(6) _ about the world. At school, what we're actually learning KNOW
is how to learn effectively. The idea is¥.:hat we can then make use
of that (7) _later on in life when we come to deal with more ABLE
(8) _ aspects of day-to-day living.
However, some people argue that the current system is in fact a
(9) _because it doesn't actually teach children how to become FAIL
good (10) _. Learning how to learn is one thing. Learning THINK
how to think is quite another.

3 Look at exercise 4. For each second sentence, decide what EXAM EXPERT
kind of word (noun, verb, adjective, pronoun, preposition,
etc) could come immediately after the word or words given at How should you do the exam practice
the beginning of the sentence. task?
a If you're not sure of the answer, just
4 exam practice write the word in bold in the gap.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to b If you're not sure of the answer, look at
the first sentence using the word given. Do not change the word the word in bold and make a list of all
given. You must use between two and five words, including the the different patterns and collocations
it is associated with.
word given. Write the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS.
1 We really should have another 4 Why don't you use a dictionary 7 It was unfair that Hardip was
parents' meeting. to find out what those words given more time to finish the
high mean? test.
It another parents' up deserve
meeting. Why don't you a Hardip given more
2 The teacher standing in for Mrs dictionary? time to finish the test.
Williams was really nice. 5 The earthquake led to the 8 Although she couldn't swim
was school being demolished. very well, Sindy decided to go
The teacher in for result on a lifesaving course.
Mrs Williams was really nice. The school had to able
3 Revising these topics again is a of the earthquake. In spite swim very
good idea. 6 I'd rather not do my homework well, Sindy decided to go on a
go now. lifesaving course.
I think you these feel
topics again. I my homework
now.
 Writing: informal letter/email
����������������-
Word power!
accommodation • cost • length • level • intensive

Starting point
If you are thinking of doing a short course
somewhere (learning how to type, use a computer,
learning a foreign language, etc), what things do
you need to consider before you apply?

1 Read this letter and answer the questions.

1 Apart from mentioning his idea, what else did
Pedro mention in his letter to Diana?
2 What information was mentioned in the
advertisement Diana found?
3 What information that they need was not
mentioned in the advertisement?
4 Is the letter formal or informal? Give examples.

Deel v Pee-fro,

ThC!VlRS ci Lot fov !JOL,x Letter. 1t wcis gvecit to neciv

froVI,\, t]Ou 1 l'ViA, so gLcid uouv Leg's out ofpLcistev
VlOW.
DoLV\,g Cl snort tupLV\,g e,ouvse tnLs S,UVl,\,Vi,\,eY Ls
ci g vecit Lcteci I lt'LL be so Vi,\,ue,n ecisLev to wvLte
esscius OV\, the C,QVl,\,-putev cit UVlLVevsLtu Lf we C,Cl V\,
ttj-pe. c;oov1 tnLVl\zLV\,g 111 I 'Ve ciduciLLtj v10Vle soVl,\,e 2 Two parts of Diana's letter are incomplete.
vesecwe,n ciV\,v\ fouVlv1 ci e,ouvse LVl Mei V\,e,nestev tncit Use your imagination to complete them in an
souVlv1s LcteciL. appropriate style.
It's oVlLtj tnvee weelzs, so Lt's Vlot too LoVlg, ciV\,v\
3 Using the information in the letter, the ideas you
AL.so, thetj SC!tj lV\, tneLv Clvl tncit thetj C,C!V\, neL-p US, had for exercise 2 and your imagination, write a
-fi,V\,d soVl,\,ewneve to stci!J, wnLe,n e,ouLv1 be veciLL!J short advertisement for the typing course.
useful.
Theve cive stLLL ci few tnLV\,gs we'LL V\,eect to-fi,Vlv1
out, tnougn. Thetj v\OVl't SC!tj nOW Vi,\,UC,n tne
e,ouvse e,osts, ciV\,v\ thetj ciLso v10Vl't scitJ
Have your say!
• If you could do a short course in something during
Let Vi,\,e RVlOW Lf !JOU WC!Vlt Vi,\,e to-fi,V\,c,{ out Vi,\,OYe. the summer, what would you choose to study?
AVltjWCl!J, I ncive to go VlOW C!S l'Vi,\, neL-pLV\,g Vi,\,tl
ctcid LV\, the sno-p.
f-to-pe to neciv fvoVI,\, tJ ou sooVl.
ALL the best,
DLC! VlCl
 Plan ahead
1 exam practice: informal letter
This is part of a letter you received recently from a
friend who is also learning English.

Have!JOU got an!f plans for the summer? I was

thinking ma!fbe ofgoing to a la113uage school
in the UK to improve m!f E113lish. It would be a
if
lot more fan we went together. What do!JOU
think?

You have seen the advertisement below in a

magazine and decide to write to your friend about
it. Read the advertisement and the notes you have 2 Read the information in exercise 1 carefully and
made. Then, using all the information, write a letter answer these questions. Use your imagination
to your friend. where necessary.
Give reasons why you should both go to Brighton
1 What's the name of your friend?
and suggest what other things you both.need to
think about.
2 Apart from their idea, what did they mention in
their letter to you?

The Danton 3 What will you say about that in your letter?
4 What was your friend's idea?
School of English 5 What do you think of the idea?
BRIGHTON, ENGLAND 6 What information have you found?

• summer courses at all levels 3 Use the notes in exercise 1 to write two or three
sentences explaining why you think Brighton
• help with accommodation offered is a good place to go to. Then write two or three
sentences mentioning the things you have to
think about further.

4 Make a paragraph plan. Decide what you will

include in each paragraph.
reasons to.._rao to Bnahton
........
eas!f to /l!f to {near London} 5 Write your letter in 120-150 words. You must use
help with accommodation grammatically correct sentences with accurate
spelling and punctuation in a style appropriate
things to think about
for the situation. Do not write any addresses.
cost ofcourse/accommodation?
dates? 6 When you have written your letter, make sure
that you have:
used informal English D
EXAM EXPERT mentioned your friend's letter in paragraph one D
a Learn an informal letter/email by heart before the given reasons why you should both go to
exam and just change a few words and phrases to Brighton D
fit the question you are given.
mentioned the points to think about D
b Remember that there is not just one letter/email
that is appropriate for all questions so make sure included any other relevant information D
you know what types of informal letter/email are started and ended your letter appropriately. D
possible and learn some useful phrases to use.
See Writing database on page 199 for further
information.
 Reading 1 "4.o6

3 exam practice
You are going to read an article about crime and violence on
television. For questions 1-15, decide which of the people
express these opinions. Choose from the list of people (A-H).
Some of the people may be used more than once. When more
than one answer is required, these may be given in any order.
A AnitaShar
Word power! B AlvinShar
C Toby Bassett
acceptable • desensitise • fiction D Devi Pascha
thriller • violence • whodunit E Greg Dawson
F LizBlack
Starting point G Damon Psaropoulos
H Claire Psaropoulos
Is crime a problem in your area? Is it
getting better or worse? Which person expresses these opinions?
Do you think people are afected Crime on television leads to crime in society. l_
negatively by any of the following? Politicians have a responsibility to act in the
• crime shows on TV right way. 2_
� crime reports in the news We must take care when using statistics. 3_
• films about crime
Television is more violent because society is more
violent. 4_
Violence on TV is much worse than it used to be. 5_
Society has always had the problem of crime. 6_
Programmes can deter us from committing crimes. 7_8_
We need to know how violent our society is. 9_
Crime is a problem in my local area. 10_
We should not overreact to news of crimes. 11_
The public can be actively involved in solving
crimes. 12_
Fictional criminals rarely achieve their aims. 13 _
What is shown on television is not important. 15 _
I haven't been affected by crime and violence on TV. 16 _

EXAM EXPERT
How should you do the exam practice task?
1 Read paragraph 1 of the article, Remember that when you are scanning a text it sometimes I
in which a teenager called Anita never helps to run your finger down the page, and to follow your
expresses her opinion about the finger with your eyes.
effects of violence on TV. Note down
as many arguments as you can
think of that someone could use to 4 Write a word from the article in each gap.
disagree with Anita. Discuss these
Criminals are people who ( 1) _crimes or, in other words,
with the class.
(2) _the law. The police try to (3) _criminals.When they
2 Read the rest of the article and circle do, the criminals are (4) _ . If they are officially charged by the

e
any crimes mentioned. police, they are then taken to (5) _.
TV Crime
'Programmes about crime can definitely be
educational,' says 18-year-old Greg Dawson, 'whether
the criminals get punished or not. Take Grange Street,
which has been dealing recently with the issue of
does it affect us? shoplifting. Yes, we saw two teenagers going into a
shop and stealing some clothes, but we also saw the
A recent study has shown that there is more repercussions - their being arrested and being taken
crime and violence on our TVs than ever before. to court - and the guilt they felt. I think that particular
show has stopped a lot of teenagers who might have
Abe Kowalski met with a group of sixth formers
at an inner city comprehensive to find out their thought about shoplifting from trying it.'
opinions.
Liz Black, 18, believes we are focusing on the
Anita Shar, 17, has strong views on the subject. 'There's wrong problem. 'TV programmes are an irrelevance,'
no doubt that violence and crime on TV have a negative she says. 'What's more important is what people
impact on society,' she says. 'We've seen over the experience in their daily lives. Round here, it's not
last fifty years or so a huge rise in TV violence, and safe to get your mobile out in public because it might
a corresponding rise in violence in society. That's not get nicked. We should concentrate on that before we
coincidence. The two are clearly related.' worry about what's on TV.'

Anita's twin brother, Alvin, is not so sure. 'I must have Damon Psaropoulos, 17, agrees that we should not
watched hundreds of bank robberies, mu�_ers and other worry about TV drama. 'To me,' he says, 'the worst
crimes on TV over the years,' he says. 'That hasn't made kind of violence we see on TV is on the News, but
me any more likely to go out and kill someone or rob it's important that it's reported, so we know what
a bank myself. It's too easy to say there's a direct link our society is like. What we must not do, though, is
between what we watch and what we do. People have see one crime and think that the whole country has
been stealing and killing since the beginning of time.' become a nation of criminals. It hasn't.'

Toby Bassett, also 17, agrees with Alvin that it may not Damon's sister, Claire, aged 16, has the final word.
be a simple case of cause and effect. 'I think maybe 'People talk about the messages that crime and
Anita's got it the wrong way round. The increase in violence on TV send out. What about the messages
violence and crime in society is just being reflected in our governments send out? They're telling us all
the programmes that are shown. And we have to be very the time that it's okay to use violence under certain
careful. Abe mentioned this study that said there's more circumstances - when we go to war, for example.
crime on TV than ever before, but what form is it in? Is it That's a terrible message to be giving to young people.
drama, or is it on the news? Programmes like Crimewatch, They should be saying: under no circumstances is it
where they re-enact real life crimes and get people to okay to use violence.'
ring in with information, help to catch criminals. They're
clearly good for society. But if they're being included in
the figures then that's just misleading.'

Devl Pascha, 16, believes there's little cause for

concern. 'I agree that the vast majority of people can Find these words and phrases in the text and
watch violent crimes on TV without wanting to commit underline them. Can you work out what they mean
similar crimes themselves. I'd take it one stage further, from the context?
though. Programmes like that actually stop some
coincidence • reflected • re-enact
people breaking the law. What's the message that these
misleading • repercussions
programmes are sending out? That crime doesn' t pay. At
the end of the show, the goodies win, the criminals get
caught, and justice is done. Most of the programmes
with crime in are police dramas. The police always come
out on top in the end.'
Have your say!
• Do you think there's too much crime and violence
on TV and in movies?
 3
Grammar I Use these words and phrases to complete the
sentences.
at no time • little • nor • not • only
Inversions
Look at this sentence and answe(the questions.· 1 _____ did the police interview Mrs
Never has the crime rate been so low. Watkins.
2 There weren't any fingerprints on the glass,
Is this sentence grammatically correct?
2 Are the subject and verb in the question form?
_____ were there any traces of poison.
3 Is it a question? 3 until they found the body were the
police able to make an arrest.
When some negative adverbial words and phrases 4 did I realise how bad the
are placed at the beginning of a sentence, the conditions in prison actually were.
subject and the verb'invert'. This means We use the 5 after the trial did the accused
question form, even though the s,entence is not a­
finally confess to the crime.
question..
Negative adverbial words and phrases we can put at
the beginning of a sentence include: Hardly, Barely,
4 Rewrite each sentence beginning with the word
or phrase given.
Scarcely, Never, No sooner, Rarely, Not �nly, Under.
no circumstances, At no time, etc. 1 Women rarely commit violent crimes.
Hardlyhad I opened the dooi when I realfsed the flat Rarely ____
""nod been burgled! it., 2 Prisoners cannot become Members of Parliament
No sooner had the robber left the bank than he was under any circumstances.
arrested.. Under no circumstances ____
Rarelydo first-time offenders get sent to prison 3 The detective did not suspect Hitchins of having
�,�Not onlyare criminals punished in prison, but theyare committed the robbery at any time.
also educated. -.- . At no time ____
"lnversioris are usually formal, so they ,i're not.usually 4 I hadn't realised how guilty I would feel.
_use9 rr,i speech u.11less you are trying to make a Little ____
dramatic effec:t.
5 She had only just been released from prison when
Putting the ne9ative aaverb afthe"beginning of the· she was arrested for shoplifting!
sente�fo� adds emphasis. . .
Hardly ____
See. Gr,qmmar databas; 33 on page 191 for more··· .
_ 6 Davis had only just bought his Porsche when he
. informatjpn.
was stopped for speeding.
Be careful! No sooner ____
Hardly/Barely/Scarcely ... when 5 Imagine you are a detective. You have been
No sooner ... than investigating a crime and are now writing your
report. Use the notes to write sentences from the
1 This sentence was in the article on page 1 SS. report.
Without looking back, choose the correct form
Adams entered bank- pulled out gun
of the subject and verb.
we found getaway car - then realised Adams was the
Under no circumstances it is I is it okay to use violence. bank robber
2 If a sentence is correct, put a tick(). If it is
we had no idea -wife helping him plan crimes!
found in flat: a million euros in cash, two million
incorrect, correct it.
euros worth of jewellery!
1 Under no circumstances are prisoners allowed I've never met such an unrepentant couple!
to carry weapons. interviewed them eight times - then they confessed!
2 Never there has been such a miscarriage of
justice. 1 No sooner
2 Not until
3 Rarely criminals get away with their crimes.
4 Hardly had the programme started when people 3 Little
4 Not only
started calling in with information!
5 No sooner the police had appealed for witnesses 5 Never
than someone came forward. 6 Only after
1,
I
 Vocabulary
Crime and punishment 3 Word formation
1 Use a word in each gap to complete the text. Complete the table.

accused • evidence • fraud • innocent • judge

Person Person
jury • solicitor • trial • verdict • witness
crime rob
accuse theft

TRIAL OVER!
offence murder
law convict

4 Word patterns
The (1) at Barkingham Crown Court
of Stan Pemberton, 32, collapsed today. Pemberton, Choose the correct word or phrase to complete
who had been charged with (2) , was each sentence.
cleared of all charges. Following the testimony of 1 Are you accusing me of stealing I to steal?
an expert (3) , the (4) ____ 2 Terry denied to drive I driving the getaway car.
dismissed the twelve members of the (:i.)�- ____ 3 We're charging you for I with murder.
and told the (6) he was free to go. 4 She was convicted of attempting I to attempt to
Outside the court, Pemberton's (7) pervert the course of justice.
issued a statement. 'Stan Pemberton has always 5 Stella refused cooperating I to cooperate with the
said he was (8) and that was the police.
(9) of the court. There was no (10) 6 I don't know why you're blaming me to break I for
____ that my client was in any way connected breaking your stereo!
with this crime. We are glad that this is all over: he
said.
Be careful!
refuse= say you will not do something
deny= say you did not do something
2 Phrasalverbs
Choose the correct word to complete these
sentences.
1 The shoplifter was caught making I doing off with
over € 1 OOO worth of electrical equipment.
2 Although the driver had been speeding, the police
officer let I gave him off with a warning.
3 The bomb blew I went off at half past seven this
morning.
4 What made you think you could take I get away
with this without being caught?
5 The burglars broke I made in through a
downstairs window.
6 I was set I taken up! Someone else made it look
like I'm guilty!
7 If you hit I beat someone up, you can be charged
with physical assault.
 1
Listening EXAM EXPERT
How should you do the
Word power! 3 " 4.os exam practice exam practice task?
If you're sure you've
You will hear part of an interview chosen the correct answer
try cases• sentence
with a journalist who reports on to a question after hearing
responsibility• plead the recording once,
crimes. For questions 1-7, choose
the best answer (A, B or C). a use the second time
Starting point 1 What are people mostly
you listen to check that
you've got it right.
interested in reading about in the
What do you think the daily life of a b don't bother checking
newspapers? you've got it right
judge is like?
A sad stories when you hear the
Would you like to be a judge? B any kind of murder piece again.
C violent murders
1 Read through the questions in
exercise 2 and next to each one, 2 Which aspect of the murder trial confused the journalist?
note down a word or phrase which A the reason for the crime
logically and grammatically could fill B how the crime was committed
the gap. C the denial of the crime
3 What reason is not suggested for the murderer saying little in
2 "4.07 exam practice his defence?
A Someone had threatened him. .I
You will hear part of a talk given by
B He knew deep down that he was guilty.
a magistrate (a kind of judge). For
C He hoped his other crimes would stay undetected.
questions 1-10, complete the sentences.
4 What aspect of the police and the courts makes it difficult for
Magistrates handle less serious crimes a first-time offender?
and are local I 1 I A their determination to teach criminals a lesson
The magistrates are given legal advice by a B their experience and professionalism
C the fact that the law is so strict
12 I
5 The arson and attempted murder case is an example of
_ =_,s-1 are dealt
Defendants aged '---- 3_ __
I A how stupid criminals can seem to be when they are in
with by the Youth Court. court.
The Referral Order is for defendants B how accidents can easily lead to serious consequences.
who plead guilty and do not have any C how the rate of serious crime is on the increase.
14 I 6 The journalist feels a certain amount of sympathy for the
The I 5 I of the crime often criminal because of the
attends the panel as well. A punishment they are going to suffer.
B events that led up to the crime.
I6 I is an example of the minor C discomfort they feel when in court.
offences that magistrates deal with.
7 The journalist can get angry about the fact that
A trial is arranged if the defendant pleads
A criminals can steal your property and get away with it.
11 I B robbers sometimes injure innocent people during their "
The least severe punishment is usually crimes. I
Is I C people don't consider the emotional distress victims suffer.
Kathleen views
sending a young EXAM EXPERT
offender to prison as How should you do the exam practice
a(n)l9 task? • Now you have heard what
I
magistrates do, would you like to be
The Youth Court is not a If you think there are two different
possible answers, put both of them. one?
always 1_0
�_ _ _ � • What could be done to prevent
I
b If you think there are two different
in its aims. possible answers, just put one of them.
crime in your local area?

I
 Speaking

Word power!
a safe • be aware of/that • security code
password • car/burglar alarm • lock
4 Do exercise 5 with a group of three
students as the examiner and two
Starting point candidates.The rest of the class
should give each of the candidates a
What can people do to try to prevent crimes happening to mark out of five.
them?
EXAM EXPERT
1 Read the task for exercise 3 and look at the pictures. For
each picture, make notes on (1) the crime prevention How should you do the exam practice
idea shown in the picture and (2) why that idea might be task?
sensible. a Try to relax and have a natural
conversation. It's okay to smile and
2 " 4.09 Listen to two candidates talking about one of the seem interested!
pictures in exercise 3 and answer these questions. b Never smile because you are
ll
1 Which picture are they talking about? discussing very serious questions
2 Do the candidates discuss the benefits of the idea? and you should show what a serious
3 Does it sound like they are having a conversation and working person you are.
together?

3 exam practice 5 exam practice

I'd like you to imagine that you are writing an article together Can you think of any other crime
on crime prevention for a local magazine. Here are some ideas prevention ideas?
that you are thinking of writing about. Talk to each other about
the benefits of each idea and then choose the three you will Why do people commit crimes?
mention in your article. You have about three minutes. Is crime a serious problem in your area?
What are the benefits of each idea? What do you think life is like in prison?
Which three will you mention in your article?

•
Is imprisonment the best punishment
for most crimes? Why? I Why not?

MARK SCHEME
5 Engaged in a natural conversation,
had eye contact with other speakers,
listened to other speakers.
4 Some of 5 and some of 3.
3 Spoke too much or too little, had
some eye contact with other
speakers, listened to other speakers
EXAM EXPERT at times.
How should you do the exam practice task? 2 Some of 3 and some of 1.
If you don't understand or are not sure what your partner or Did not engage in a conversation, no
the examiner has said, eye contact with other speakers, did
a don't admit it or you will lose marks. not listen to other speakers.
b it is fine to say What do you mean exactly? or Could you say
that again?
See Speaking database on page 193.
 The
genuine
Reading Z g 4.10

article
Word power!
dishonest • fake • fraud • genuine • illegal
immoral • pirated goods • theft

Starting point Counterfeit or pirated goods, fakes and forgeries: they're all
Put these crimes in order, 1-8, where 1 is big business. Nicholas Snow briefly considers a life of crime
the most serious and 8 is the least serious
and questions what we think of as honest.
in your opinion. Compare your answers
with a partner.
•
•
Bank robbery_
Burglary_
W hat child hasn't dreamed of
being able to make their own
money and becoming super rich? Admit
• Forging money_ it - you've thought about it, haven't
• Keeping money you you? Well, you're not alone. In fact,
find in the street_ last year in Britain, around 300,000
• Picking someone's counterfeit bank notes were taken out
pocket_ of circulation. 1 And those are just
• Selling fake or pirate the ones they found.
goods_ Obviously, the forger has less of an
• Shoplifting_ incentive to make notes of smaller value
• Stealing a car_ because they will make less money, so
the vast majority of fakes (280,000)
were £20 notes. You wouldn't think,
then, that forgers would bother with £1

1 Read the article title, the words in blue 2 exam practice

under the title and look at the photos.
You are going to read an article about honesty. Seven
What you think the article is about?
sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from
sentences A-H the one which fits each gap (1-7). There is one
EXAM EXPERT extra sentence which you do not need to use.

How should you do the exam I! A You can find a fake anything these days.
practice task? B He wasn't really rich, but he lived comfortably.
a Read the removed sentences before
C You also need a place to hide your activity.
you read the text to give you an
initial general idea of what the text is D Being accused and then convicted of a crime has serious
about. consequences on your life.
b Don't read the removed sentences E The reason for the campaign was that people just didn't
first as, until you've read the text,
they won't make much sense. consider illegal downloading or copying of films to be a crime.
F They had a combined value of £6 million.
G Some of the paintings didn't sell at all but others went for high
prices.
H Yet they do - in a big way.
 coins, would you? It is said that what is and isn't dishonest. s Many
up to 1 in 36 of those in circulation are people still don't.
fake. And their numbers are rising, too, If I were to make a career change and
in contrast with the falling number of decide to live on the wrong side of the
fake banknotes. law, I think I would quite like to be an
Making your own money is a lot of fuss, art forger. You don't have to buy a lot of
and I really don't think it's for me. You expensive equipment and you can work
need expensive specialised equipment away quietly in your back room without
to print the notes or forge the coins. 3 It's a arousing the suspicion of your neighbours. I once
little difficult to explain the delivery and use of a knew someone who did something like this, and
noisy coin-cutting machine to the neighbours, isn't he made a nice living from it. ,,6 He used
it? Of course, like any criminal, there is always the to paint in the style of certain artists, rather
chance of getting caught. If you're found guilty of than copy their work. He had perfected a way
forgery, you could be sentenced to prison for up to of 'ageing' the paintings. This actually involved
ten years, which is no laughing matter. putting them in the oven so that the varnish
But the real money is in counterfeit goods. cracked and looked old (I'm giving you ideas, here,
Clothes, watches, jewellery, toys, electrical goods aren't I?). Then he sent them to be sold, being
- just about anything can be forged, �!-,_imitated, or careful to choose smaller art sales, thus avoiding
pirated. These goods are then sold for a fraction the experts. Was this dishonest? You see, he
of the price of the genuine article. The effect on wasn't claiming that they were genuine, but he
the market is calculated in hundreds of billions of was relying on other people thinking they were.
dollars. Similarly, theft of copyright on such items ? Just as he had planned, people thought
as CDs and DVDs is said to cost the music and they had discovered a lost masterpiece. Was he
film industries billions. A campaign used on rented breaking the law? It's a risk, isn't it? Now that I
DVDs used the slogan, 'You wouldn't steal a car think about it, I don't think a life of crime is such
... ' to emphasise that piracy is theft. However, in a good idea. Perhaps honesty is the best policy
many people's minds, the line is not clear between after all.

3 Find words or phrases in the text or removed

NORK IT OUT!
sentences which have a similar meaning to these
words and phrases.
Find these words and phrases in the text and
1 someone who copies things to make them look underline them. Can you work out what they
mean from the context?
like the real thing (paragraph 2)
the vast majority of• in contrast with
2 items that are not genuine (paragraph 2) I really don't think it's for me• found guilty
3 being arrested (paragraph 3) a fraction of the price of• honesty is the best policy
4 jailed (paragraph 3)
5 catchy, memorable phrase (paragraph 4)
6 making people think you're committing a crime
(paragraph 5) Have your say!
• Do you think the art forger in the article was
breaking the law? If not, why not? If so, what
punishment would you give him?
• Do people in your country download music from
the internet? Is this illegal? Explain your viewpoint.
 GrammarZ Impersonal passive
What does 'It' in this sentence refer to?
Question tags It is said thatjustice is blind.
Circle the correct word to complete each a nothing
sentence. b something in a previous sentence
1 You're going to prison, are I aren't you?
Some verbs, such as say, think, feel, know and believe
2 You're not going to prison, are I aren't you?
can be put into the passive with it as the subject. This is a
We use question tags (1) to ask someone to more formal way of saying people say/think/etc.
agree with us and (2) to check that something is It has been said thatjudges are not strict enough. =
true. Some people have said thatjudges are not strict enough.
When we ask someone to agree with us, our
Note:There is another common passive structure used
voice goes down at the end of the sentence.
with say, suppose, think, believe, know, feel: subject+
When we check that something is true, our voice
verb in passive+ full infinitive.
goes up at the end.
This prison is believed to be the most secure in the country.
When the main verb is positive, the question tag
See Grammar database 35 on page 192 for more
is usually negative.
information.
You stole that watch, didn't you?
When the main verb is negativ�, the question
tag is usually positive.
You didn't do it, did you? 3 Rewrite these sentences using the impersonal
See Grammar database 34 on page 192 for more passive.
information.
1 Everyone feels that she's a successful Minister of
Justice.
2 People will think that the police gave her special
1 Each of the question tags in these sentences is treatment.
incorrect. Correct them.
3 Everyone had thought that he was innocent.
1 You were sixteen when you were first arrested, 4 We didn't know that he'd been in trouble as a teenager.
didn' t you? 5 Some people have said that McGarrett received an
2 She's never been in any trouble, has she been? unfair trial.
3 We won't get caught, won't we? 6 Nobody has ever said that the legal system is perfect.
4 Fletcher stole the diamonds, stolen't he? 7 People believe that he left the country and assumed a
5 They had a terrible time on the run, hadn't they? new identity.
6 You've got an alibi, haven't you got?
7 You're not going to tell anyone, will you? 4 Rewrite each sentence beginning with the word or
words given so that the meaning remains the same.
2 Imagine you're a detective investigating a 1 People believe that education prevents crime.
burglary. You are interviewing a suspect who
It ____
you think has been lying to you. Ask questions
using these question tags. Education___ _
2 Everyone knows that life in prison is hard.
You're lying to me, aren't you?
It_ _ _
1 ... are you? Life ____
2 ... were you? Be careful! 3 Most of us feel that freedom is very important.
3 ... did you? It ____
4 ... didn't you? ./ I am telling the truth,
Freedom _ _ _ _
5 ... haven't you? aren't I?
4 The papers say that the police found some
6 ... can't you? � I am telling the truth,
amn't I? fingerprints at the scene of the crime.
7 ... don't you? It ____
The police ____
 Use of English
1 These phrases appear in the 2 exam practice
text you are going to read in
Read the text below and
exercise 2. What do you think
decide which answer
they mean?
(A, B, C or D) best fits
a innocent until proven guilty each gap.
b beyond a reasonable doubt
c find the defendant 'not guilty' Guilty or Not Guilty?
In many legal (1) _around the world, the defendant is considered to
EXAM EXPERT be innocent until proven guilty. This means in effect that it is not (2) _
to the defendant's lawyers to prove that the defendant did not commit
How should you do the exam
the crime he or she is (3) _of.Rather, it is the responsibility of the
practice task?
(4) _to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did
If you are really not sure which
of the four words fills the gap, (5) _the law.
a pickone at random. But what does the phrase 'beyond a reasonable doubt' mean in practice?
b say the sentence to yourself It means that, although there may not be absolute (6) _, such as a
with each word in turn and video, that the defendant committed the crime, the judge or (7) _,
pickthe word that sounds alfer having examined all the (8) _, are certain that the person is
the best. guilty. If they are not certain, or, in (9) _words, if they believe there is
a reasonable doubt, they must find the defendant 'not guilty'. In British
(10) _, defendants are never (11) _innocent.The only possible
(12) _are 'guilty' or 'not guilty�
3 The story in exercise 4 is 1 A structures B systems c constructions D arrangements
supposed to be amusing. 2 A about B up c over D round
Quickly read the text, ignoring 3 A accused B blamed c charged D arrested
the gaps, and explain in your
own words why the situation
4 A persecution B prescription c prosecution D persuasion
is funny. 5 A commit B abandon c break D cheat
6 A observation B sign c proof D demonstration
4 exam practice 7 A audience B jury c team D collective
8 A warnings B hints c confirmation D evidence
Read the text below and think
of the word which best fits each
9 A other B more c differing D these
gap. Use only one word in each 10 A exhibitions B courts c councils D institutions
gap. Write your answers IN 11 A mentioned B declared c spoken D stated
CAPITAL LETTERS. 12 A verdicts B conclusions c decisions D effects

Another unsuccessful criminal

It has (1) _said that ignorance is no defence in the eyes of the law, but EXAM EXPERT
some criminals (2) _to be a lot more ignorant (3) _others.Take How should you do the exam
the case (4) _ the convict who broke (5) _of prison in Washington, practice task?
DC, USA. A few days later, (6) _ the massive police hunt for him, he a Ifyou thinkthere are two
decided to accompany his girlfriend to her trial (7) _robbery. He sat possible different answers for
in the courtroom (8) _morning listening to the proceedings, and a gap, write both.
then at lunchtime (9) _out to get a sandwich. (10) _ he was out, his b lfyou thinkthere are two
possible different answers for
girlfriend needed to speak to him, and so (11) _him paged over the
a gap, only write one ofthem.
court loudspeaker system. Police officers in the building recognised his
name and immediately arrested him (12) _his return to the court -
in a car he had just stolen.
 Writing: essay

Starting point 1 Read the essay written by a student in answer to the

statement'Capital punishment is an appropriate
Put these crimes in order, with 1 being punishment for murderers' and use these words and phrases
the most serious, 2 the next most to fill the gaps. Capitalise the first letter where appropriate.
serious, etc. If you think two or more are
a second argument against • firstly • hand • however
the same, give them the same number.
in conclusion • in other words • personally • secondly • such as
armed robbery theft
arson kidnapping
blackmail manslaughter
burglary murder
speeding picking pockets No countries in the 6uropean Union carr
y out the death penalty for those
forgery shoplifting convicted of murder. 1
· -
�;:-- � -- - ------ , a number
o'J+ countr,es throughout the
world,
2 the USA, do Mill have capital punishment.

:ere are several arguments in favour of capital punishment.

-�- ----:----
----- , it is argued that the death
penalty acts as a deterrent. 4
eople do not commit murder -;_b�ec_a u_ _se-t-:-;- -
� h-e --: dea
- -th:--p_en_ _a_lty _ e_x-is-ts-. -
, some people believe that
murder ,s. such a terrible crime that d
ea th is the only appropria
pumshment. te

On the other &

·
that soc,ety --;-;:--;---;-----:---- ---- , it can be argued
should sho w ho w much it values life by
never killing anybody
- even murderers 7
· · · -:--�----- ----- capital
puntshment ,s that sometimes innocent
people are found guilty. If they are
,mpr,soned, they can be released. This
canno t happen if they have alrea dy
been put to death.

B
r�------- ,
on�bo-;th;-s,:-:des_ __ -:--/ ---
there are strong arguments
-- ------- believe that ...

2 Make a paragraph plan for the essay.

Aim of paragraph Points to make
paragraph 1
Which of the crimes above deserve these
paragraph 2
punishments?
the death penalty I capital punishment Raragraph 3
a prison sentence paragraph4
a suspended sentence
3
community service
a fine Complete the final paragraph in an appropriate formal style
a warning using your own ideas.
1 exam practice: essay
You have been doing a class project on crime and punishment.
Your teacher has asked you to write an essay about the
following statement:
There are far more effective punishments for criminals than prison.

EXAM EXPERT
How should you write an essay?
a Always agree completely with the statement you are given.
b Remember you can choose whether to completely agree or
disagree with the statement, or present a balanced view and
express your opinion at the end.
See Writing database on page 195 for further information.

2 Work in pairs. Make a note of the m in advantages and

disadvantages of each of these punishments.

Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)
The death penalty I It may act as a strong deterrent. Mistakes can't be corrected.
capital punishment
A prison sentence

A suspended
sentence
Community service

A fine

A warning

3 Read the question in exercise 1 and discuss the following.

Do you agree with the statement? Do you disagree with the statement?

For which crimes is Which punishments re For which crimes Explain why all other
imprisonment not more effective? Give is imprisonment punishments are less
appropriate? reas�ns to support :J your appropriate? effective and why prison
---................
_
Give reasons. opinion. Give reasons. is the best punishment
.,.
for all crimes.
Does it depend on the crime?

What does it depend on?

Give details and examples.

4 Make a paragraph plan. Decide what you are 6 When you have written your essay, make sure
going to include in each paragraph. that you have:
used a formal style D
5 Write your essay in 120-180 words in an
used some discursive expressions D
appropriate style.
followed your paragraph plan D
checked your spelling and grammar. D
G
 Check your progress!
Units 11-12
Write a word from the box in the correct form to 2 Write a form of the word in brackets in each gap
complete each sentence. to complete each sentence.
find' • lock • left • commit • learn • give • have 1 The man denied the_ (accuse) ofblackmail.
2 Is committing a crime_ (accept) in some
I wish I_ my homework at home again! situations?
It's high time you_to tie your own shoelaces! 3 You'll need to do quite a lot of_ (revise) before
Almost everyone wis�s they_ more money. the exam.
I bet people in prison wish they_ any crimes. 4 Our_ (intense) summer course only lasts six
I'd rather you_ me y,�:mr composition tomorrow, weeks but it's very demanding.
not now. 5 Guess what? I 've won a_ (scholar) to go to
Suppose you_ some money in the street. Would college in the UK!
you keep it? 6 The media are starting to ask questions about the
If only I_ the window before I left, the burglar _ (fail) of the police investigation.
wouldn't have got in. 7 Everyone thought the woman was guilty, but there
wasn't enough_(evident).
7 marks 8 When the fake banknotes were traced back to him,
the man was charged with_ (forge).

8 marks

3 Circle the correct word to fill the gap in each sentence.

1 My elder brother is a(n)_ at the University of Essex.
A pupil B undergraduate C apprentice D beginner
2 The police asked to see the man's driving_.
A licence B degree C certificate D pass
3 It's amazing that we can learn to_a foreign language.
A compress B compare C comprehend D compact
4 Nancy and I had both bought exactly the same kind of school bag without knowing it. It was a complete_.
11 A coincidence B chance C luck D fortune
5 I think people who_ the law should be punished.
A break B commit C misbehave D undo
I
6 My dad had to go to court because he was a(n)_ to a crime.
i A spectator B viewer C observer D witness
7 Don't forget to set the_ alarm when you go to bed tonight.
A criminal B burglar C thief D police
8 The judge looked very serious as he read out the_ of the jury.
A saying B result C verdict D sentence
9 Warning! People parking in this area will be_.
A persecuted B prescribed C persuaded D prosecuted
10 My dad's really angry with my mum because she was caught_ last week when she was driving to work.
A running B accelerating C speeding D chasing

10 marks
4 Write a word from the box in the correct form 6 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
N
I
in each gap to complete the sentences. Use similar meaning to the first sentence, using the ..­
..-
one of the words twice. word given. Do not change the word given. You
must use between two and five words, including
break • go • work • beat • get • cross
the word given.

1 Reports are coming in that a bomb has_ off in 1 I don't want to study for the exam next week.
the city centre. feel
2 Paul was finally expelled for_ up one of his I don't _______ for the exam next
classmates. week.
3 When you have finished your composition, 2 People believe that London has a lot of crime.
simply_ out any notes you have made by have
putting a line through them. London a lot of crime.
4 Miss, could you_ over what you just said 3 I was three years old when I learned to read.
about the unreal past again, please? age
5 When we got to school, we realised that I learned to read _______ three.
someone had_ in during the night. 4 Please don't chew gum during the lesson.
6 I think I probably have to_ down to learning rather
some more vocabulary before the exam. I chew gum during the lesson.
7 Can't you_ out the meaning of the word from 5 Don't you think you should start revising for the
the context? i,_ -, exam?
about
7 marks Isn't it revising for the exam?
6 Please don't keep boasting about the grade you got
5 Write a question tag to complete each
in the exam.
stop
sentence.
I wish _______ about the grade you
1 You've never been arrested by the police, got in the exam.
____ ? 7 The criminal was convicted and then sentenced to
2 There will always be criminals in society, ten years in prison.
---- ? been
3 Let's get together at my house to do some Having _______ sentenced to ten years
revision together, ? in prison.
4 It can be quite an educational experience to visit 8 I found the grammar rule in the back of the book
another country, ? because I couldn't remember it.
5 Our parents' generation had a much harder time up
at school, ? I couldn't remember the grammar rule
6 Your sister doesn't think she's going to fail the _______ in the back of the book.
exam, ____ ? 9 When he took the driving test, my brother passed
7 We'd better get down to some hard work, it easily first time.
---- ? sailed
8 We'd really miss our teacher if she left, My brother at the first
____ ? attempt.
10 Ian might not say much, but he's very intelligent.
8 marks
spite
Ian is very intelligent, _______ much.

20marks

Total: 60marks
Revision
Reading
Starting point
Describe the plot of either a book you have read or a film you have seen about sport.

1 Look at the questions and multiple-choice options in exercise 2 and find words and phrases to complete
these sentences.
1 Jenny me of the time we played baseball together.
2 I'm not really sure how to to people who ask personal questions.
3 If people laugh at you when you lose, the best thing is to them.
4 You look . Are you worried about tomorrow' s match?
5 Players usually wear numbers on their backs so that the crowd can them.

2 exam practice
You are going to read an extract from a short story. For questions 1-7, choose the answer (A-0) which you
think fits best according to the text.
1 What is Jake reminded of by Ben at the start of the 6 Ben is pleased by the fact that
extract? A Jake feels the same as he does about the situation.
A a mistake he made B his explanation is clear enough for Jake to
B a time when they were not friends understand.
C an enjoyable time they spent together C Jake is able to explain things in a way he
D an occasion when Ben hurt himself understands.
D Jake knows how he feels without being told.
2 How do the boys respond to Mr Mciver?
A They ignore what he says. 7 Why does Ben point to the school building?
B They find his comments amusing. A He wants to show how it never changes.
C They don't think he means what he says. B He wants Jake to identify the students.
D They begin to get ready more quickly. C He hopes that he can get away from Jake.
D He sees something through one of the windows.
3 Why does Jake check his boots?
A He wants to make sure he is completely ready.
B He feels slightly uncomfortable with the
3 Find words or phrases in the text which have a
similar meaning to these words and phrases.
situation.
C He wants to show Ben how easy he finds it. 1 pieces of metal or plastic on the bottom of football
D He is trying to make Ben feel more boots (paragraph 1)
comfortable. 2 speaking in a proud way about one's achievements
4 What does Jake not understand at first? (paragraph 1)
A what Ben is referring to 3 smiling widely (paragraph 1)
B what being in the sixth form really means 4 turned red in the face (paragraph 1)
C how much Ben has changed 5 tired, exhausted (paragraph 1)
D why they have to work so hard 6 in a shy way (paragraph 1)
5 Why is Ben in a thoughtful mood? 7 slightly uncomfortable or nervous (paragraph 2)
A He wants to go to university. 8 moving slowly in air or water (paragraph 2)
B He is sorry that Jake doesn't like Sean. 9 annoying, upsetting (paragraph 3)
C He thinks Sean is making the wrong decision. 10 steps (paragraph 4)
D He is about to be parted from someone he loves.
J ake finished tying his boots, 'I suppose so,' said Jake, finally. N
c
stood up and stamped his feet Then he remembered that Ben's 0
'iii
on the tiled floor of the changing brother, Sean, was going away to ·s:Cl.I
room. The noise of his studs was university that year. Ben was very �
lost in the chaos of ten other boys close to Sean, closer even than he
getting changed, shouting insults, was to Jake, and Sean's leaving
boasting about what they were would turn his world upside down.
going to do in the match. Jake Jake watched the last of the other
looked up as a towel flew past his boys leave. 'Maybe we'd better
head. 'Think you can get it in their go out,' he said, quietly. Ben
net this week?' It was Ben, grinning looked at him. 'Yes, maybe,' he
as he pulled his number nine shirt said after a moment, but made
over his head. Jake blushed briefly no move towards the door. Jake
as he remembered the own goal stood and kicked a sock across
he had scored in the last match. the room. 'He'll be back,' he said
He knew Ben meant no real harm, and Ben nodded, grateful that

�Changes
but the memory of the weary Jake had understood what was
silence from his own team-mates bothering him without needing an
and the laughter and celebrations explanation.
of their opponents hurt anyway. He
threw the towel back to cover his 'I know,' Ben said. They began to
embarrassment. Mr Mciver, the PE he was afraid of opening a door walk out of the changing room,
teacher, stuck his head around the somewhere because of what he along the short corridor and out
door. The noise level fell a little. might find inside. A few of the boys into the sunshine. The sound of
'All right, lads,' he said. 'I want a started to disappear out of the shouts and a whistle came down
hundred per cent out there today. door, their boots clicking as they to them from the pitch. Ben put
And that means you, Smithy.' The walked. Ben watched them leave his hand on Jake's shoulder and
boy he was referring to smiled and then spoke. 'It's all changing, stopped him. 'Look,' he said, and
sheepishly. 'I want all of you out isn't it?' Jake looked around the pointed back the way they had
there in two minutes. Get a move room, which looked the same to come. Jake looked at the school
on!' He disappeared and there was him as it had always done and building. He saw nothing unusual
a new sense of urgency about the then realised that Ben was talking about the red-brick walls, with their
changing room, with those boys about something else. Ben stood high windows, or the entrance to
who had not yet put on their boots to look out of the small window, the building, where one or two
starting to rush. shouts from the first boys to reach students he recognised stood
the pitch drifting back into the chatting. 'What? Looks just the
Ben sat down next to Jake with room. 'They don't know it yet, but same as ever to me,' he said. As
a thoughtful look on his face, it's all changing. Two months, then he turned, he realised that Ben
his elbows on his knees and his the summer, then we'll be in the had already started to run towards
head in his hands. It made Jake sixth form and everything will be the pitch. As he ran, Ben turned,
slightly uneasy and he started to different.' The sixth form meant running backwards for a few paces,
check his boots, which he already more work, more exams, but they facing Jake. 'Exactly!' he shouted,
knew were perfectly fine. Jake liked were used to that, so Jake couldn't then turned again as he reached
to keep things on a light, joking see what Ben was getting at. the pitch and lost himself in the
level and tried to avoid getting Things changed every year. Why excited mass of boys chasing the
too serious, too emotional, as if was Ben in this mood? ball.
 [I
N
c
0 Listening
·s;
a:
QI

1 "4.11 exam practice

You will hear part of a radio phone-in programme about television programmes. For questions 1-10,
complete the sentences.
Sound Off is unusual for a 1
� � � � � � � ----;::=
� ============================�
2 - - - - - - - - - - - - --
Sound Off does things that people normally associate with �- �
-

� ---=========================�
The presenter of Sound Off has been criticised by journalists for his 3
Some people think that Charles Wilson doesn't show enough 4 '----- - - --------- -
�

,---':====================================�
Nancy thinks famous people shouldn't expect to have 5

-=-�-=================================�
�� � �
According to Nancy Girl Power is a bad example of 6
Girl Power was broadcast for 7 �------------------
----- - - - - �
-
News Review is unusual because it is made outside '----8 - - - - - - - - ----- - - - - -
�

'----------,� � � � � ;::::=
Nancy is not interested in 9
� ======
Nancy suggests that News Revie)r�hould be on at �1__
====== ==== == ============ ==
== ==
0 _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
==�
�
2 "4.12 exam practice
You will hear a radio programme about education. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer (A, B or C).

1 What was the point of the 4 How has learning French 6 What does Gareth say teachers
experiment? changed, according to Hannah? no longer do in the classroom?
A to show what school used to A Pupils now learn language A care about their pupils'
be like that is more useful. development
B to punish some school B Pupils now learn less B merely focus on what the
pupils vocabulary than in the past. book says
c to teach the importance of c Pupils now are much better c sit facing a group of
freedom at learning languages. students

2 One thing Mark liked about 5 What did Hannah and her 7 How does Gareth say that
the clothes he had to wear was classmates find funny about the relationships between pupils
maths lesson? have changed since the fifties?
A they were very attractive.
B they stayed cleaner for A They were used to questions A Pupils helped each other
longer. at a higher level. more back then.
c they were practical. B They had no idea how to B Boys and girls understand
answer the questions. each other more now.
3 What does Mark say about the c They had to ask each other c There was more bullying
work he had to do? questions. then.
A It was quite varied.
B It seemed irrelevant.
c It was confusing.
.(;g Have your say!
• Would you like to try the educational system of 60 years ago?
• What would be the main differences between this and today's system?
O Speaking N
c:
0

·s:
VI

a:
QJ

1 Ask and answer the following questions. 3 Read the examiner's instructions and do the task.
• Do you have any ambitions for the future? I'd like you to imagine that a teenage friend
• What kind of work would you like to do? of yours, John, has asked for your advice
• Do you know what qualifications you need to do that on summer jobs. Here are some jobs that
job? your friend is considering. Talk to each
• How important is it to you to earn a high salary? other about what doing these different
• Are there any jobs you would never do? jobs would be like and then choose the job

2 Read the examiner's instructions and do the

you think would be suitable. You only have
three minutes for this.
task.
Candidate A, here are two photographs • What would doing these different jobs be like?
of people doing different jobs. I'd like you • Which job would be suitable for your friend?
to compare them and say which job you
think is more satisfying? You only have one
minute for this.

• Which job do you think is more satisf.¥i_ng?

Candidate B, which job would you prefer to do?

Candidate B, here are two photographs of

different offices. I'd like you to compare them
and say which office you would prefer to
work in. You only have one minute for this.

• Which office would you prefer to work in?

4 Ask and answer the following questions.
• Should teenagers work part time to earn money?
• Do people nowadays work too hard?
• What are the best ages to start and stop working?
• Apart from money, what else is important to people
in their working lives?

Candidate B, which office looks more comfortable?

N
c:
0 Use of English
Ill
·s:Cl.I
a: 1 exam practice 3 exam practice
Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each Complete the second sentence
gap. Use only one word in each gap. Write your answers IN CAPITAL so that it has a similar meaning to
LETTERS. the first sentence, using the word
given. Do not change the word
Identity theft given. You must use between two
For three months, Joanna Sugden was the victim of a crime and five words, including the word
given. Write the missing words IN
(1) she didn't even know was being (2) . Joanna
CAPITAL LETTERS.
had (3) her identity stolen. Someone was going around the
UK (4) to be her - forging her signature in (5) ____ 1 I think you should start eating
to take money out of her bank account, and buying things online with more fruit and vegetables.
her credit card. high
It eating more fruit
'If I (6) not checked my credit card bill carefully; says and vegetables.
Joanna, 'they might still (7) using my identity and stealing 2 We pay Linda to wash our car
(8) me today. The amounts on the bill didn't (9) ____ every Sunday.
any sense to me, so I contacted��e credit card company. They started have
to investigate, and it turned (lOf - this had been going on for We Linda every
ages.They contacted the police, and the next time the thief tried to Sunday.
take money out of my account, she was arrested and charged 3 I wish you would decide what
(11) theft. (12) programme you want to watch!
I haven't got all the money
mind
that was stolen back yet, I'm hopeful that I will eventually:
I wish you would ____
2 exam practice what programme you want to
watch!
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some 4 Some people say that Pele was the
of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. Write greatest footballer ever.
your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS. said
It that Pele was the
Want to work in the media? greatest footballer ever.
Bravo, the brand-new magazine for teens, is looking 5 Could you pass me my medicine,
for (1) _, creative and energetic youngsters to join EN THUSE please?
its team of trainee (2) _. If you are aged between JOURNAL mind
Would me my
thirteen and sixteen, then our (3) _wants to hear EDIT
medicine, please?
from you!
6 Cheating in exams is not
You must have excellent (4) _skills.The ability COMMUNICATE acceptable under any
to use a computer and the internet would be circumstances.
an advantage, as you will be given (5) _for RESPONSIBLE no
researching and writing stories and making initial Under in exams
(6) _ to interview people. ARRANGE acceptable.
7 Do you regret lying to your
Under the (7) _ of experienced members of staff, SUPERVISE parents?
you will learn all aspects of magazine (8) _ , PRODUCE wish
perfect for those of you thinking about finding Do you to your
(9) _in the media in the future. EMPLOY parents?
8 Many people believe that
All (10) _ should contact us in writing at the APPLY
fast-food is unhealthy.
address below.
thought
Fast-food unhealthy.
 Writing: email
1 Look at the task in exercise 2 and answer these questions.
1 Who are you writing to?
2 Is this the first time you have written to him?
3 How formal/informal should your email be?
4 How are you going to start and end your email?

2 exam practice: email

You help to run a
basketball team for
young people. A similar
team from abroad is From: Leroy
coming to your country Sent: 12th April
on a tour, during which Subject: Basketball match
they would like to
arrange a match with Thanks for your email.
your team. You have been
exchanging emails with I thi�k all we need to do now is decide exactly where and
Leroy, the manager of when we'll play. I'll leave the final details up to you,
the team, discussing the but it should be a Saturday at the end of June or the
possibility of having a start of July. Some information about where we're playing
match. would be useful, as well as how to get there. We don't
want to get lost!
Read Leroy's latest email,
and the notes which Thanks.
you have made. Then
write a reply to Leroy, Yours,
giving all the necessary Leroy
information.
suggest Sat 5th July
at Sports Centre

follow motorway to
our town, then signs
to Sports Centre
Sports Centre facilities -
changing rooms, cafe,
swimming pool my mobile number
6975552189

4 When you have written your email, make sure

that you have:
checked your spelling and grammar D
used paragraphs D
given all the necessary information D
used an appropriate level of formality/informality D
started and finished your email in an
3 Write your email in 120-150 words. You must use appropriate way. D
grammatically correct sentences with accurate
spelling and punctuation in a style appropriate
for the situation.
Cirammar database
1 Present simple and past simple
We use the present simple: Emphatic present simple and emphatic past simple
• for habits. W hen we want to emphasise an action or situation, particularly
My dad talks in his sleep. to emphasise that it actually happens/happened, or that it is/was
• to show how often things happen or don't different to what someone else thinks, we can use the emphatic
happen. present simple, with do or does, or the emphatic past simple with
I don't see my cousins very often. did.
• for permanent situations. You haven't got a sister,have you?
She lives in Switzerland. Actually, I do have a sister,but she lives abroad.
• for general truths, facts and abilities. You didn't agree with Joanne, did you?
Anne is married. Actually, I did agree with her.
• for states. Note: We don't use the emphatic present simple or
Does Rod have a girlfriend at the emphatic past simple with the verb to be.
moment?
Stative verbs
• for the future (in timetable� ..
Term starts next Monday. - - Some verbs are not normally used in continuous tenses because
they don't describe actions. These are called 'stative verbs'. For
• for the future (in time clauses).
example, we say I love you, not I am loving you.
I'll call you when I get back.
We use the past simple: Stative verbs often refer to ...
• for habits in the past. • thinking (eg believe, imagine, know, understand)
I talked in my sleep when I was a child. • emotions (eg hate, like, love, prefer, satisfy, want)
• to show how often things happened or • the human senses (eg hear, see, smell, sound, taste)
didn 't happen. • appearance (eg appear, look, resemble, seem)
I didn't see my cousins very often when I • relationships between things (eg belong to, consist of, include,
was growing up.
involve, own).
• for single completed actions.
I bought my dad's birthday present BE CAREFUL!
yesterday.
Some verbs are stative with one meaning and non-stative with
• for permanent situations in the past. another meaning.
She lived in Switzerland.
be:
• for general truths and facts about the Dave is thirteen years old. (state)
past. You're being silly! (action)
They were married for seventy years.
have:
• for past states. Sheila has a headache at the moment.(state)
Roula had long hair a few years ago. Sheila is having a bath at the moment.(action)
• for the main events in a story. think:
I went downstairs and made the kids their What do you think of this book? (state)
breakfast. W hat are you thinking about? (action)

2 Present perfect simple and past perfect simple

We use the present perfect simple: • for completed actions where the important thing
• for actions and situations continuing up to now. is the present result.
We've been engaged for the last six months. I'vefinished my homework so I'm free now.
• for a series of actions continuing up to now. The present perfect simple is often used with words
We've had an argument every day this week! and phrases like: just, yet, already, still, this is the
• for completed actions at a time in the past which is first time ... , ever,never,for,since, so far,up to now,
not mentioned. recently, lately, before, etc.

e
Has he ever told you that he loves you?
We often use the present perfect simple with the • in reported speech. CV
Ill
superlative and with ordinal numbers (first, second, Charlotte said she'd never met such nice people. l'O
.c
third, etc).
She's the nicest person I've ever met. It's the second
• in third conditional sentences.
Ifyou'd told me you were in trouble, I'd have offered
...
l'O
l'O
argument we've had today! to help. ...l'O
"'C

The present perfect simple can also be used to refer to • for wishes about the past. E
E
"'
the future in time clauses after when, as soon as, etc. I wish I hadn't split up with Jenny.
I'll invite Tracy round when we've.finished dinner.
The past perfect simple is often used with words and
�
BE CAREFUL! phrases like: before, after, when, already, as soon as, it
was thefirst time ..., etc.
Carl has been to Paris. = Carl is not in Paris now. Note: We can often choose between using the past
Carl has gone to Paris. = Carl is in Paris or is on his perfect simple and the past simple, as there is little or
way to Paris now. no difference in meaning.
We use the past perfect simple: ./ They'd been engaged for three years before they got
• for actions and situations continuing up to a married.
moment in the past. ./ They were engaged for three years before they got
They'd been engaged for three years before they got married.
married. Note: After we have used the past perfect simple to
• for completed actions before a moment in the past. show that we are talking about a past time before
I'd asked Sam to go out with me several times before the main past time of a narrative, we often use past
hefinally said yes! simple instead of continuing to use past perfect.
• for completed actions where the im;ortant thing is I had met the Grangers only once before. They seemed
the result at a moment in the past. - · a very interesting couple ...
We'd just had some bad news so we decided not to
go to the party.

3 Present continuous (am/is/are-ing) and past continuous (was/were-ing)

These two tenses often have a similar meaning, • for future arrangements in the past.
although the present continuous refers to the present I was very excited because we were going to the zoo
and the past continuous refers to the past. the next day.
We use the present continuous: • for two actions in progress at the same time.
• for events happening at a particular moment. While I was studying, my brother was playing his
Don't make so much noise! I'm working! trumpet.
• for temporary situations or events. The past continuous and past simple can be used
We're living with my grandparents until our house together to show that one action interrupts another:
isfinished. I was watching TV when suddenly a face appeared at
• for changing and developing situations. the window.
The traffic in this town is getting worse. Present perfect continuous (has/have been
• for future arrangements. -ing) and past perfect continuous (had
We are having a test next Monday. been-ing)
• to refer to annoying habits (usually with always). We use the present perfect continuous:
You are always interrupting me! Stop it!
• for events and actions continuing up to the present
We use the past continuous: moment or stopping just before it.
• for events happening at a particular moment in the I'm bored because I've been working all day.
past. We use the past perfect continuous:
What were you doing at nine o'clock last night?
• for events and actions continuing up to a particular
• for temporary situations or events. moment in the past or stopping just before it.
My brother was working as a waiter last summer Tom was tired when I saw him because he had been
until he found a better job. playingfootball.
• for changing and developing situations.
The situation at work was becoming very stressful,
so I left.
 CU
II\ 4 so, such, too, enough
.c
l'O

.....
..
l'O
l'O We use so, such and enough to show the results of a enough
"'O situation:
l'O ... not ... adjective enough+ for and/or full
E so adverb infinitive
E
l'O ... so ... adjective ... that ... There isn't enough time for us to contact Ben before the
\!J adverb meeting.
many/much+ noun I think Zoe is old enough to be left at home on her own
She's so clever that she learned Russian in three now.
months! We use too to refer to something that has a negative
Matt kicked the ball so hard that he broke his toe. effect because it is more than enough or more than is
I've got so many hobbies that I don't have time for all necessary.
of them. too
such ... too ... adjective + for and/ or full infinitive
... such ... a/an+ adjective+ singular noun ... that ... adverb
adjective+ plural noun many/much+
a lot of+ noun noun

I got such a low mark that I failed the exam. I'm afraid you're too young to see thisfilm without an
adult.
Jill and Denise are such good friends that they're
always together. .,__ We got there too late for the start of the concert.
I've got such a lot of homework that I can't come out Ifyou eat too many sweets, you'll damage your teeth.
tonight. Note: When we want to refer to something that is
large and positive, we do not use too. Instead, we use
very, really, extremely, etc.
You look really nice in that dress.

5 used to, would, be/get used to

We use used to: We use would:

• for past states. • for past habits.
I used to live in Germany. My Grandma would read to me every night when I was very young.
• for past habits. Note: Would is not used to talk about past states, only actions which
We used to come here on holiday are repeated. Used to and would are not usually used for the recent past.
every year when I was a child.
We use be/get used to:
Note: The negative of used to is
didn't use to or never used to. • for situations that are now familiar or no longer strange.
It took me a while to get used to my new school.
Note: Be used to refers to the state of being familiar with something,
while get used to refers to the process of becoming familiar with
something.

6 Thefuture
There are a number of different ways of expressing We can use either will or be going to for:
the future in English, such as will, be going to, present • facts about the future.
simple, present continuous, future perfect, and future Technology will continue to develop. (more formal)
continuous. For some situations, more than one Technology's going to continue to develop. (more
choice is correct. informal)
will and be going to • predictions not based on present evidence.
In a thousand years, there won't be any wars. (more
There is sometimes very little difference in meaning formal)
between will and be going to. It is often just a matter of In a thousand years, there aren't going to be any
formality. Will is generally more formal than be going wars. (more informal)
to.
• decisions made at the moment of speaking. Present continuous
I know! I'll buy Mum a CD for her birthday. We can use present continuous for:
I know! I'm going to buy Mum a CD for her
birthday.
• arrangements made before the moment of
speaking
Note: will emphasises the decision, whereas be going They're driving to Paris next week.
to emphasises the intention. The meaning, however,
is basically the same in both sentences. BE CAREFUL!
We can also use will for: We cannot say: I'm being a scientist when I grow up.
• most first conditional sentences. because it is not an arrangement.
Ifyou help me, I'llfinish more quickly.
• offers, suggestions and requests. Modals
I'll help you. We can use modals for:
Will you help me? • predictions which we are not so sure about.
BE CAREFUL! It might rain tomorrow.
• predictions which we are almost certain about.
With offers and suggestions in the question form, we Carl can't be playing tomorrow. He's got a broken
do not use will with I and we. We use shall. leg.
X Will I help you set up the new video?
./ Shall I help you set up the new video? Future perfect simple
We can also use be going to for: We use the future perfect simple for:
• plans and intentions (which you already have when • actions which are completed some time between
you speak). ij___
now and a point in the future.
I'm going to be a scientist when I grow up. I will havefinished my homework by eight o'clock.
• predictions based on present evidence. Watch out! Future perfect continuous
You're going to drop that box!
We use the future perfect continuous for:
Present simple • actions in progress up to a point in the future.
We can use the present simple: At nine o'clock, I will have been playing this
computer game forfive hours!
• for timetables, arrangements and fixed events
(which the speaker cannot change). Future continuous
The tour of the museum starts at 11 o'clock.
• after ifin first conditional and zero conditional
We use the future continuous for:
sentences. • actions in progress at a point in the future.
Ifrobots start driving taxis, what will all the taxi This time next week, I'll be travelling round
Switzerland.
drivers do?
• after certain time expressions, such as when and • habits or repeated actions at a point in the future.
In a hundred years' time, we'll all be having holidays
while.
I'll call you when I get there. on other planets.

7 Articles
We use a and an (indefinite articles) with: • singular countable nouns (for general groups 'or
• singular countable nouns (when we are not being categories).
specific). The calculator makes maths a lot easier.
Have you got a DVD player? • plural countable nouns (when we are being
specific).
BE CAREFUL! The videos are in the cupboard.
An comes before words with a vowel sound. It is the • uncountable nouns (when we are being specific).
sound that is important, not the spelling. So, we say The ice cream is in the fridge.
'an umbrella' but 'a uniform'. We don't use an article with:
We use the (the definite article) with: • plural countable nouns (when we are not being
• singular countable nouns (when we are being specific).
specific). Videos are cheaper than DVDs.
That's the woman who won the lottery! • uncountable nouns (when we are not being
specific).
Ice cream is more popular in the summer.
 BE CAREFUL! • nationalities:
Be careful! There are a lot of phrases and other rules She's French, the Germans
that determine which article we use. Pay particular • organisations:
attention to the following: the army, the police, the Scouts
• entertainment: • buildings:
a programme on television, on the radio, watch (the) the bank, the post office, go to prison/hospital, be in
TV, listen to music, play football, play (the) piano, go prison! hospital, go to the prison! hospital ( as a visitor)
to the cinema • health:
• time: have toothache, (the) flu, a headache, a cold
in 2013, in the 1990s, in the 21st century, in the • travel:
morning, at night, in April, in (the) winter go by bus, take the bus, on foot, take a taxi, go home
• geographical features: • education:
Mount Everest, the Mediterranean, Crete, the go to school, go to the school ( as a visitor), be in thefifth
Thames, London, Greece, America, the USA, the year, be in Class 5, maths
UK, Mars, the Earth, the Sun, the Moon
• people and work:
a doctor, a teacher, the President, become President,
the Queen, go to work, be at work, have a job

8 Time clauses

With first conditional sentenc�,:.. we do not use will • before:

or be going to immediately after if, even though we Don't open your books before youfinish/you have
are referring to the future. We use a present tense. finished the test.
Ifyou see Adam tomorrow, ask him to call me. • after:
The same thing is true with these time words and I'll collect the papers after youfinish! you have
phrases. We use a present tense (present simple, finished.
present continuous or present perfect) and not will • until! till
or be going to to talk about the future. Don't open your books until youfinish/you have
• when: finished the test.
Tell me when youfinish/you havefinished the • while:
exercise. I'll mark these compositions while you do/you are
• as soon as: doing the test.
I'll tell you as soon as Ifinish/I havefinished.

9 Conditionals (1 ): zero, first, second

Many sentences with if are conditionals: they Note: A common mistake is to use Ifyou/she/etc
express a condition and a result. We use different will... when referring to the future. Remember that
tenses and different structures, depending on what we use a present tense for the future in this kind of
we are trying to express. sentence.
We use the zero conditional (if+ a present tense+ a
Ifyou call Debbie next Monday, she will tell you about
the party.
present tense):
• for general or scientific truths. Note: Instead of will, we can also use may, might, can,
Ifyou burn plastic, it produces a bad smell. could, shall, should, ought to and have to.
We use the first conditional (if+ a present tense+ We can also use thefirst conditional with an
will+ bare infinitive): imperative (if+ a present tense+ imperative):
• for real or likely situations in the present or the • for giving instructions about real or likely situations
future. in the present or the future.
Ifyou work hard, you will pass the exam. Ifyou make a mistake, use an eraser.
We use the second conditional (if+ past (simple or
continuous)+ would+ bare infinitive).
• for impossible, unlikely or hypothetical situations.
IfI won the lottery, I would buy a new house.
• Instead of would,we can also use might and could. Note: All these conditional sentences can also be
IfI had more time, I might/could take up a new written with the ifclause in the second half of the
hobby. sentence. Notice that when the ifclause comes first,
we use a comma and when it comes second we don't.
• We can also use could in the ifclause. Use an eraser ifyou make a mistake.
IfI could go anywhere on holiday, I would go to the I would buy a new house ifI won the lottery.
Bahamas.

10 unless, in case, as long as, provided that

• Unless means 'except if' or 'if ... not'. • As long as and provided that both mean 'only if'.
We're having a picnic in the morning, unless it rains. As long as/Provided that everyone comes, the party
( = ... except if it rains or ... if it doesn't rain.) will be a great success.
• In case means 'because itlheletc might'. We can also use so long as with the same meaning.
Take your mobile in case I want to call you. (= ... You'll pass the exam so long as you're careful.
because I might want to call you.)

11 Countable and uncountable nouns

Nouns can be either countable or uncountable. Note: After so,as and too we can use much and many
Countable nouns are ones we can count (one car, two in affirmative statements.
cars, three cars, etc). Uncountable nouns are ones we
There are so many things I want to tell you!
can't count (truth, water, advice, etc). UHcountable He's got too much baggage to carry by himself.
nouns include abstract ideas (information),materials
(iron) and collections of things (luggage). Here are some common uncountable nouns, all of
With countable nouns, we: which take a singular verb: information, furniture,
advice, news, luggage, baggage, knowledge, money,
• use al an and some. travel, paper.
We've got a dog. I need some potatoes.
With some of these nouns, we can use phrases such as
• use many (usually in questions and negative a piece of . .., an item of . .., a sheet of . .., etc.
statements). There are also some plural uncountable nouns.
Does this bank have many branches outside the city
Common ones include: clothes, jeans, scissors,
centre?
trousers, groceries, spectacles, etc.
• use a plural verb, when the noun is plural. With plural uncountable nouns, we:
Your books are on the table.
• use some, but not a/an.
With uncountable nouns, we: I need some new trousers. (not ... a new trouser)()
• use some,but not al an.
• use many.
Let me give you some advice.
You didn't get many groceries, did you?
• use much (usually in questions and negative
statements). • use a plural verb.
Where are my jeans?
We don't have much information about the accident
yet. Note: Some nouns can be countable with one
• use a singular verb. meaning and uncountable with another (glass, a
My money is in my wallet. glass). This often happens when we talk about a
material or substance and a thing made out of it:
chocolate (the substance), a chocolate (one from a
box),paper (the substance), a paper (a newspaper),
coffee (the substance), a coffee (a cup of coffee), etc.

12 Quantifiers
• Many is used for countable nouns, usually in • In positive statements, we usually use lots of and a
negative sentences and in questions. lot of for both countable and uncountable nouns.
We don't have many visitors to the hotel at this time He's won a lot of/lots ofprizes/money.
of year.
• Much is used for uncountable nouns, usually in
negative sentences and in questions.
Have you got much free time these days?
• With countable nouns, we can also use the phrase • Little!A little are used for uncountable nouns.
a large number of and with uncountable nouns we Little means 'not much'.
can use a large amount of or a great deal of We can't meet for coffee next week because I have
Simon has a large number of friends. little free time.
The police have a large amount of!a great deal of A little means 'some'.
information about the criminal. We can meet for coffee next week because I have a
• Few/A few are used for countable nouns. Few little free time.
means 'not many'.
We get few visitors to the hotel at this time of year. Note: The phrase only a few ... means 'not many'
A few means 'some'. and only a little ... means 'not mud{
The shop still has a few copies of the book left.

13 Modals (1 ): ability, permission, advice/criticism, obligation

We can use modals (can, could, may, must, should) and BE CAREFUL!
semi-modals ( have to, ought to) to express permission, Can cannot be used as an infinitive. Use to be able to:
ability, obligation, advice and criticism.
.I I'd love to be able to go on a round-the-world cruise.
• have to has a similar meaning to must
X I'd love to can go on a round-the-world cruise.
• ought to has a similar meaning to should
permission
BE CAREFUL! • Use can, could or may to ask for and give permission
now, for the future, or generally. They mean the
While modals and ought to have only one form (I
same thing, but could is more polite than can, and
should, he should, etc), have to changes its form may is more polite than could.
depending on person and tense. Can! Could!May I go on the school trip next week?
She has to go home now.
• To talk about past permission, we don't usually use a
modal.
BE CAREFUL! .I I was allowed to go on the school trip.
Modals are never followed by the full infinitive (with X I could go on the school trip.
to). Use the bare infinitive. Note: We do use could to talk about past permission in
She could play the guitar when she was three. reported speech.
ability My parents said I could go on the school trip.

• Use can to talk about ability now or generally. advice

The doctor can see you now. Terry can speak Arabic. • Use should or ought to to ask for and give advice
now, for the future, or generally. They have a very
• Use can to talk about decisions made now about similar meaning, but should is much more common
future ability. in spoken and written English (both formal and
We can go to the concert tomorrow, ifyou like. informal) than ought to.
• Use will be able to to talk about future ability. You should/ought to eat less fast-food.
You will be able to take your driving test after a few criticism
more lessons.
• Use should or ought to + have + past participle
• Use could to talk about ability in the past. (modal perfect) to make criticisms about past
Tammy could read when she was two years old. behaviour.
You should!ought to have studied harder for the test.
• Use could to talk about present, future or general
hypothetical situations. obligation
I wish I could go with you tomorrow. • We often use must for personal obligation now, in
• Use could+ have+ past participle (modal perfect) the future, or generally.
to talk about past hypothetical situations. I must remember to get Dad a birthday present.
I could have bought (=was able to buy) a more • We often use have to for external obligation now, in
expensive shirt, but I didn't want to. the future, or generally.
I have to study for a test tonight.
 -=-,'ill have to for future obligation. DBE CAREFUL! Q)
Ill
more careful in future. n,
You mustn't eat that! = Don't eat that! ..0
n,
• For perso or external obligation in the past, use �
You don't have to eat that. = You can eat it ifyou want
...
had to. n,
I had to -id,· my bedroom last night. to but it isn't necessary.
n,
Note: It is very unusual to use must for questions. We E
DBE CAREFUL! En,
usually use have to.
Do I have to be home by midnight? Must cannot be used as an infinitive. Use to have to:
...
\,,!)
,I I'd hate to have to go to school on Sundays.
)( I'd hate to must go to school on Sundays.

14 Comparatives and superlatives

We use comparative adjectives and adverbs to compare We use superlative adjectives and adverbs to compare
things or people that are different and separate from one member of a group with the whole group.
each other. This is the best computer in the shop.
This computer is better than those computers. Of all the people in my family, Tom drives the most
Tom drives more carefully than his sister. carefully.
Note: superlative adverbs are not used very often in
English.

Adverbs
type of adverb adverb comparative superlative
regular adverbs slowly more/less + adverb most/least + adverb
more slowly most slowly
irregular adverbs early earlier earliest
late later latest
far further/farther furthest/farthest
fast (drivefast) faster fastest
hard (work hard) harder hardest
well (do well) better best
badly worse worse
often more often most often

Adjectives
type of adjective adjective comparative superlative
regular adjectives with one syllable old +er + -est
older oldest
regular adjectives with one syllable big double final letter + -er double final + -est
(ending in vowel+ consonant) bigger biggest
regular adjectives with two syllables happy replace -y with -ier replace -y with -iest
ending in -y happier happiest
other regular adjectives with two or more comfortable more/less + adjective most/least + adjective
syllables more comfortable most comfortable
irregular adjectives I quantifiers good better best
bad worse worst
far further furthest
little less least
much more most
many more most

• To compare two or more things that are similar or the same, we can use as+ adjective/adverb+ as.
My story is (nearly) as funny as yours.
Paul did as well as Carol and Angela in the test.
• We can also use the negative form of this: not as+ adjective/adverb+ as.
My story isn't as funny as yours. ( = Your story isfunnier.)
 15 Questions
to be - main verb and auxiliary verb Question words
• With the verb to be ( as a main verb or an auxiliary With the question words who and what, whether we
verb), we form questions by inverting the subject use to do or not depends on whether the question
and verb. word refers to the subject or object of the verb.
Main verb: Is this book interesting? Compare:
Auxiliary verb: Were you given any homework? Who told you? ( = Someone told you something.)
to have - auxiliary verb Who did you tell?(= You told someone. Who was it?)
• With the verb to have as an auxiliary verb, we form
questions by inverting the subject and verb. Note: Adverbs immediately before a main verb
Have you ever been to France? take the same position in a question as they do in a
statement.
to have - main verb Statement: I still want to go with you.
• When to have is the main verb, we form questions Question: Do you still want to go with us?
using the verb to do.
Do you have any brothers or sisters?
all other verbs
• With all other verbs, we form questions using the
verb to do.
Does she go out often?
Did you do your homework las�1:_ight?

16 The passive
The passive is formed by using the verb be in the We use the passive:
correct form with the past participle of the main verb • when we don't know who does/did/etc the action.
of the sentence. The verb be may be in a tense, such as My car has been stolen!
the present perfect, or it may be some other form of
the verb, such as the full infinitive. We normally put • when we aren't interested in who does/did/etc the
the person/thing the action is done to before the verb, action.
and the person/thing doing the action after the verb The monkeys are fed every day at three.
(when it is necessary). • when it's obvious who does/did/etc the action.
Our mail is delivered every morning. (simple present) A man was arrested last night in a local park.
David is being told offby the Head. (present • for emphasis, formality and impersonal style.
continuous) Passengers will be informed of any delay as soon as
possible.
The tickets were booked by a travel agent. (simple
past) Some verbs can take two objects: a direct object and
an indirect object.
We did some shopping while our car was being My doctor gave me a prescription.
washed. (past continuous)
In the passive, we usually use the person as the
My wallet has been stolen! (present perfect) subject
I had been invited to the party, but I didn't go. (past I was given a prescription (by my doctor).
perfect) When we want to say who did the action, we
An announcement will be made when we have more normally use by.
information. ('will' future) The burglar was spotted by a neighbour.
All compositions 'should be left on my desk at the end Note: We usually say who does/did/etc an action only
of the lesson. ( other modals) when it is necessary.
I can't stand being insulted in public like that! ( -ing When we want to describe something used to do an
form) action, we normally use with.
Terry refused to be interviewed by the local This rope has been cut with a knife.
newspaper. (full infinitive)
Note: We do not normally use the passive in the
present perfect continuous or the past perfect
continuous.
Note: Some verbs are not normally used in the Note: When an adjective is followed by a full
passive. They include intransitive verbs (without infinitive, we do not normally use the passive.
objects), eg disappear, vanish, consist, seem, appear,
and some common transitive verbs such as have, let, ./ It is easy to play Snakes and Ladders.
lack, resemble, fit and suit. X It is easy to be played Snakes and Ladders.

17 -ing form or infinitive

After some verbs, nouns and adjectives, we use the for get
full infinitive. These verbs include: afford, agree,
• always remember (usually I'll never forget).
appear, arrange, ask, attempt, be pleased!able!etc,
I'll never forget arriving at school on thefirst day.
choose, decide, expect, fail, happen, help, hope, intend,
learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, • not do something you are/were planning to do.
refuse, seem, tend, want, wish, would like. Oh, no! I forgot to lock the front door!
I've arranged to meet Diana outside the library. t ry
Did you manage to speak to Mrs Harris? • do something as an experiment to solve a problem.
I can't promise to be there, but I 'll try. Ifyou're cold, why don't you try putting a sweater
After some verbs and phrases and after prepositions, on?
we use the -ing form. These verbs and phrases • make an effort to achieve something.
include: admit, appreciate, avoid, be capable of, be I'm going to try tojoin the school football team.
good/bad at, be interested in, can't help, can't stand,
consider, delay, deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy, feel like, stop
finish, give up, imagine, involve, look forward to, • stop an action.
mention, mind, miss, practise, succeed in, suggest, talk Will you please stop making so much noise?
about, think of • interrupt an action to do something else.
The young man admitted lying to the police. I'm tired of driving. Why don't we stop to have a cup
It's hard to imagine standing on the Moon and seeing of coffee?
the Earth above you. goon
I would suggest asking your teacher for some advice. • continue.
After modal verbs, make and let, we use the bare It started raining, but we went on playing football.
infinitive. • stop one action and start another.
You can send the information to me by email. After doing my French homework, I went on to do
I hate it when people make me wait. my maths homework.
Why don't you let James join you?
like
Note: In the passive, make is followed by the full
infinitive. • enjoy.
All the students at our school are made to wear a cap. I like collecting stamps.
• be in the habit of, think it right to do.
Some verbs can be followed by both the -ing form or I like to get up at six so that I can be at work by eight
the full infinitr,e without a change in meaning. These thirty.
verbs include: begin, continue, hate, intend, love,
prefer, start. reg ret
With some other verbs, using the -ing form of the full • be sorry about what has happened.
infinitive change the meaning. These verbs include: Don't you regret leaving university beforefinishing
remember your degree?
• be sorry about giving somebody bad news.
• have a picture in your mind of a past event. We regret to inform passengers that the train to
I remember seeing _\fount Everest for thefirst time. Doncaster has been cancelled.
• do somethino you are/were planning to do.
I forgot the butter, but at least I remembered to get
some milk!
 18 prefer, would rather, had better
Prefer and would rather are both used to express Note: We do not usually say I don't prefer .... We
preferences. normally use I prefer not to ... .
Had better is used for saying what someone should do. Iprefer not to stay up too late during the week.
We can use prefer in the following ways: We can use would rather in the following ways:
• prefer+ noun!-ing form + to + noun!-ing form • would rather+ bare infinitive + than + bare infinitive
I prefer adventurefilms to romantic comedies. I would rather paint than draw with a pencil.
(general preference) (general or specific preference)
I prefer watching adventurefilms to/rather than • would rather+ person+ verb (in past tense)
(watching) romantic comedies. (general preference) I would rather you didn't tell everyone my secrets.
• would prefer+ full infinitive + rather than (general or specific preference)
I would prefer to watch an adventurefilm rather We can use had better in the following ways:
than a romantic comedy. ( specific preference, on
this occasion) • had better + bare infinitive
You had better ask Colin what time the, meeting is.
(advice)

19 Modals (2): degrees of certainty

.,_ �
When we make deductions (form an opinion based on John's in America, so that can't be him at the door.
evidence), we use different modals to show how sure I haven't received Amy's email yet, so she can't/couldn't
we are. have sent it.
For deductions about the present, the modal is We use should and ought to for deductions we think are
followed by the bare infinitive. probably correct
For deductions about the past, the modal is followed Liam's trained very hard, so he should!ought to win the
by the perfect infinitive (have+ past participle). match.
We use must, canvt and couldn't for deductions we We use could, may and might for deductions we think
think are almost certainly correct: are possibly correct:
Sharon reads books in English quite often so she must Mum's late. She could/may/might be stuck in traffic.
enjoy them. Didn't Paula call you? She could/may/might have
You must have felt very satisfied when you passed the forgotten.
exam.

20 Prepositions of time and place

The prepositions at, on and in are all used to refer to We use in to refer to:
times and to places. They are also used in different • periods longer than a day: in 1996/thefirst week of
phrases. Marchisummer
We use at to refer to: • parts of the day: in the morning/ afternoon! evening
• a specific time: at one o'clock!midnight/6.30 • inside rooms, buildings or large areas: in the
• a public holiday: at Christmas/Easter/New Year cinema/London/the centre of town
• a specific location or building: meet at the airport! • other phrases: in a week's time, in time, etc
McDonald's/the cinema Note: We can use different prepositions with the
• group activities: be at a match/party/concert same place with slightly different meanings.
• other phrases: at the weekend, at work, at night, at I 'll meet you at the library.
dawn, etc (111 meet you outside the library or at the entrance to
We use on to refer to: the library.)
I 'll meet you in the library.
• days: on Monday/Friday morning/my birthday
(I'll meet you inside the building.)
• positions on a surface: on the table!a bridge/the
road Note: On time means 'at the right time, not late'.
Please be on timefor your interview.
• islands: on Tenerife!Crete!the Isle of Man
In time means 'early enough'.

e
• other phrases: on TV, on the phone, on time, etc We got to the bus station just in time to catch our bus.
 Q)
Ill
21 Indirect questions t'O
I .0
.....
t'O
t'O
Direct questions use inverted word order, begin with
a question word and end with a question mark:
Each introductory phrase is followed by a question
word clause. Notice the word order.
...
""C

t'O
E
...
E
How are you? Could you tell me where I canfind Ms Archer?
What are you thinking about? I wonder ifyou could let me know who is in charge
How much are those shoes in the window? here. c,

Indirect questions are more formal than direct When the question has a 'yes/no' answer, we use ifor
question . They are formed using an introductory whether.
phrase, normal word order, and may or may not end
Could I ask if!whether the salary includes travel
with a que tion mark. expenses?
Common introductory phrases are: When an indirect question begins with a question
Could you tell me where the 501 bus leaves from? form, it needs a question mark at the end. Otherwise,
Do you know what time it is? we do not use a question mark. Compare:
I wonder ifyou could send me a catalogue. Would you mind telling me where the hotel manager
Would you mind telling me when the interview will
is?
I wonder ifyou could tell me where the hotel manager
take p 1
Could I ask where the Head's office is? is.
"-
Do you think you could tell me what the job involves?

22 Reported speech
• am/is!are going to• was/were going to
'We're going to eat soon,' said Mrs Taylor.
• Mrs Taylor said that they were going to eat soon.
• Ii �a-.: onouns, and time and place words are Note: past perfect simple and continuous do not
ofien ,-=erent in reported speech compared to change tense.
dire-__ - 'I'd been standing there for an hour,' said Gareth.
Gareth said (that) he had been standing there for an
Tense ges hour.
� · g,erb is in the past (eg said), we usually Note: We often don't make any changes to the verb
- e tense of what the person actually tense when we are reporting a scientific fact or when
something is still true.
'Italy is in Europe,' said the geography teacher.
• The geography teacher said that Italy is in Europe.
Modal changes
If the reporting verb is in the past (eg said), we also
usually have to change some modals.

-
• will• would
'I'll be there at eight,' said Rod.
• Rod said (that) he would be there at eight.
• prese:= .:"' _-:.-:-:: •• :11uous - past perfect continuous • can• could
'I've b � eople all morning,' said Rich. 'I can swim,' said Bob.
· had been phoning people all • Bob said (that) he could swim.
• must/have to• had to
'I must go soon,' said Fiona.
• Fiona said (that) she had to go soon.
• may• might
'I may need some help,' said Tanya.
• Tanya said (that) she might need some help.
Pronoun changes • today• that day
We also usually have to change some pronouns (and 'I'll call Bill today,' said Ben.
other words that are similar to pronouns). • Ben said (that) he would call Bill that day.
• my• his/her • tomorrow• the fallowing day or the next day
'I'll tidy my room later,' said George. 'I'll do it tomorrow,' said Monica.
• George said (that) he would tidy his room later. • Monica said (that) she would do it the following
• this/that+ noun• the or that
day.
'I love this movie', said Angela. • tonight• that night
• Angela said (that) she loved the/that movie. 'I'll do it tonight,' said Barbara.
• this/that+ verb• it • Barbara said (that) she would do it that night.
'That is fantastic!' said Steve. • next week/month/year• the following week/month!
• Steve said (that) it was fantastic. year
'I'll see you next week,' said Fred.
• these/those + noun• the or those
• Fred said (that) he would see me the following
'I'm going to sell these old books,' said Mr Fisher.
• Mr Fisher said (that) he was going to sell the I week.
those old books. • yesterday• the day before or the previous day
'I passed my driving test yesterday,' said Narinda.
• these/those + verb• they
'Those are fantastic!' said Steve. • Narinda said (that) she had passed her driving test
• Steve said (that) they were fantastic. the day before.
• verb+ these/those (without an object)• them • last week/month/year• the previous week/month/
'I'm going to take these,' said Courtney. year or the week/month/year before
'I went there last year,' said Gloria.
• Courtney said (that) she was going to take them.
�� • Gloria said (that) she had been there the year
Time and place changes before.
We also usually have to change words connected to • ago• before
time and place. 'Ifinished an hour ago,' said Francis.
• Francis said (that) he hadfinished an hour before.
• here• there
'I wish Jason was here,' said Adam. Note: We often don't make any changes to time and
• Adam said (that) he wished Jason was there. place words when the information is still true at the
moment of speaking/writing.
• now/at the moment• then or at that moment 'I'll see you all tonight,' said Terry.
'I'm doing it now,' said Dawn. • Terry said that he'll see us tonight.
• Dawn said (that) she was doing it at that
moment.

23 Reported questions
We use reported questions when we want to say what Note: In direct questions we use the question form
someone else asked. and question marks (Have you seen ...?). In reported
Phil asked if he could come to the party. questions we do not use the question form or
We use the same rules regarding tense, pronoun and question marks (asked if I had seen).
time and place word changes with reported questions
as we do with reported speech. Wh- questions
With questions beginning with what, who, which,
have, do or be and modal questions when, where, why and how we do not use ifor whether.
If a direct question begins with the verbs have, do or We use the same question word as we used in the
be (usually as auxiliary verbs), or a modal (will, can, direct question, but we do not use the question form
etc), we use ifor whether in the reported question. and we do change tenses, modals, etc.
This is the kind of direct question which requires the 'Why did you go there?' asked Alan.
answer yes or no. • Alan asked me why I had gone there.
'Have you seen Placebo in concert, Jake?' asked Carl.
• Carl asked Jake if/whether he had seen Placebo in
concert.
 Q)

24 Reporting verbs
VI

.c
RI

.....
RI
RI
Different reporting verbs take different grammatical
patterns.
• + full infinitive
agree: They agreed to come on Thursday. ...RI
"'C

claim: He claimed to be a police officer. E

• + noun (or noun phrase)
refuse: She refused to talk to anyone. E
deny: Sam denied the accusation. �
say: When she said the answer, I knew she had won. • + someone + full infinitive c,
suggest: I suggest pizzafor tonight. ask: Could you ask John to come in for a moment?
tell: ( certain phrases) I want you to tell the truth. beg: I beg you to stop!
• + that clause
command: I command you to stop!
claim: Are you really claiming (that) you're order: I order you to stop!
innocent? tell: I told them to be quiet!
deny: Do you deny (that) you were there? • (+to someone)+for+ -ing
say: He says (that) he's happy. apologise: Don't forget to apologise (to your teacher)
state: He stated (that) it was the truth. for being late.
suggest: I suggest (that) we have pizza tonight. • someone + noun
• + -ing ask: I asked James a question.
deny: Do you deny stealing the money? tell: (certain phrases) I told Chris the truth.
suggest: I suggest getting a pizza tonight.

25 although, even though, in spite of, despite, however

Although, even though, in spite of, despite and however • in spite of/despite+ the fact (that)+subject+ verb,
are all used to express contrast, and so are similar in subject+verb.
meaning to but. In spite of/Despite the fact (that) I did a lot of
although/even though revision, I didn't pass the exam.
Although and even though have a very similar meaning • in spite of/despite+noun, subject+ verb.
but even though is more emphatic than although. In spite of/Despite all my revision, I didn't pass the
They both take the same grammatical structure: even exam.
though! although+ subject + verb.
Although/Even though I did a lot of revision, I didn't Note: For all of these structures, we can also put in
pass the exam. spite of/despite in the middle of the sentence.
Note: We can also put although and even though in the I didn't pass the exam despite doing a lot of revision.
middle of the sentence.
I didn't pass the exam although! even though I did a lot BE CAREFUL!
of revision.
With in spite of! despite+ -ing form, the subject of the
in spite of! despite main verb must also carry out the action of the -ing
verb.
In spite of and despite mean exactly the same thing and
take the same grammatical structures: .I Despite doing a lot of revision, I didn't pass the exam.
• in spite of/despite+-ingform, subject+ verb. X Despite doing a lot of revision, the exam was
In spite of!Despite doing a lot of revision, I didn't impossible. ( = the exam did a lot of revision!)
pass the exam.
however
Note: We can also use the perfect -ing form to show However can be used at the beginning or end
that the action happened before the result. of a sentence, or in the middle under certain
In spite of!Despite having done a lot of revision, I didn't circumstances.
pass the exam. I did a lot of revision. However, I didn't pass the exam.
I did a lot of revision. I didn't pass the exam, however.
I did a lot of revision for the exam. I didn't pass,
however, so I 'm going to have to take it again in
December.
 26 Relative clauses
There are two types of relative clause: defining and Defining relative clauses
non-defining. With both types, we use different Defining relative clauses give us essential information.
relative pronouns depending on what we are We cannot remove the relative clause and still
referring to: understand the sentence.
• who for people (and animals when we want to The colour which I love most is green.
give them a personality). If we remove the relative clause, the sentence doesn't
The girl who won the dance competition was called make any sense:
Janie. The colour is green. Which colour? We don't know.
• which for things (and animals when we don't want With defining relative clauses, we:
to give them a personality). • cannot use commas.
The trophy which she won was made of silver. X The colour, which I love the most, is green.
• when for times. • can replace who, which, when and why with that.
That was the summer when we went to Kenya.
./ The colour that I love the most is green.
• where for places.
New York. where he grew up, used to be well known Note: When the subject of the defining relative clause
for its crime rate. is different to the subject of the rest of the sentence, we
can usually leave out the relative pronoun completely.
• why for reasons.
The reason why I couldn't come with you is rather The colour which I love the most is green.
complicated. The colour that I love the most is green.
The colour I love the most is green.
• whose the possessive of who. �'"
That's Mrs Davis, whose husband is also a teacher Non-defining relative clauses
here. Non-defining relative clauses give us extra
Note: We can also use in which, to which, at which, information. We can remove the relative clause and
etc instead of where and when. The choice of in, at or still understand the sentence.
to, etc depends on the preposition the verb or noun This computer game, which I bought yesterday, is
usually takes. So, you grow up in a place - we can called Road Rage 3000.
use in which; you go to a place - we can use to which;
you arrive at a building - we can use at which, etc. If we remove the relative clause, the sentence still
./ That's the house where Daryl used to live. makes sense:
./ That's the house which Daryl used to live in. This computer game is called Road Rage 3000.
./ That's the house in which Daryl used to live. (more With non-defining relative clauses, we:
formal) • must use commas. (Think of the commas as
brackets/parentheses, giving extra information.)
BE CAREFUL!
X This computer game which I bought yesterday is
When the subject before the relative pronoun is the called Road Rage 3000.
subject of the verb after the relative pronoun, we do • cannot replace the relative pronoun with that.
not repeat the subject.
X This computer game, that I bought yesterday, is
./ The boy who won the poetry competition is in the called Road Rage 3000.
fifth year. • cannot ever leave out the relative pronoun.
X The boy who he won the poetry competition is in
the fifth year. X This computer game, I bought yesterday, is called
Road Rage 3000.

27 The causative
The causative is a grammatical structure we can use • If we use by, we say who is actually going to do the
to show that someone pays or asks someone else to do work.
something for them. She had the dress made by a professional
• The causative = have/get+ object+ past participle dressmaker.
(by/with). • If we use with, we say which tools or materials they
The newsagent delivers our newspaper every used.
morning. They had their house painted with a special paint.
• We have/get our newspaper delivered every
morning.

•
A
• get is usually more informal than have. Choosing the right tense
We get our newspaper delivered every morning. If you are not sure what tense have or get should be
(more informal) in, think of the sentence as a normal subject + verb +
We have our newspaper delivered every morning. object sentence and use the same tense.
(more formal)
The newsagent delivers our newspapers. (present
• We can al o u e this structure with get. simple)
We get the newsagent to deliver our newspaper every • We have/ get our newspapers delivered. (present
morning. simple)
Note: The causatiw can also sometimes be used for The newsagent is going to deliver our newspapers.
unpleasant ituations which we did not arrange. (be going to future)
Mum had her handbag stolen on holiday. • We are going to have/ get our newspapers delivered.
(be going to future)

28 Conditionals (2): third, mixed and inverted

Sometimes we want to imagine a different past. We Sometimes we want to imagine how changing
can use the third conditional for this. something about the present could have changed
The third onditional: things in the past. We can use another mixed
conditional for this.
• is formed using if+ past perfect + modal + have +
past pani iple. This mixed conditional:
• refers to a hypothetical (unreal or imaginary) past. • is formed using if+ past (simple or continuous) +
IfI had known you were ill, I would htive called you. modal + have + past participle.
(=I didn'· -now you were ill so I didn't call you.) • refers to a hyp othetical (unreal) present condition
If you had tried harder, you might have won the and a past result.
game. (= fou didn't try very hard and that might be IfI had a car, I would have taken you home last
why you lost the game.) night. (= I don't have a car so I didn't take you home
Sometimes we want to imagine how a different past last night.)
could change· · g in the present. We can use a We can make second and third conditional sentences
mixed co ::"iorwl for this. more formal by using an inversion. Instead of using if,
This mixe o "tional: we use the same word order as we use in questions.
• is formed g f_,. past perfect + modal + present. WereI the President, I would make sure people obeyed
• refers o • etical (unreal) past condition and the law. ( = IfI were the President, I would make sure
a prese people obeyed the law.)
If I had retised ore, I would know the answers to Had I known, I would have done something about it.
the e _ ·o -. = I didn't revise enough (past) so I (=IfI had known, I would have done something about
don't · O" • ·. - answers to these questions (present).) it.)

29 Direct and indirect objects

:)c ::ollowed by both a direct and an When these verbs are used in the passive, the subject
indirect o _· . :..:..sua..ly a person). These verbs include: of the sentence is usually the indirect object of the
bring, buy c � · :znd, make, offer, owe, pass, active sentence and not the direct object.
promise, _ · : . ,, - · , teach, tell, write, etc. My brother was given some old magazines by Mr
Mr John.son '"e my brother (indirect object) some Johnson.
old maga=ine:s ··� -::object). (Some old magazines were given to my brother by Mr
My mum b ·:: me ; direct object) a DVD (direct Johnson is not very natural.)
object).
I was bought a DVD by my mum.
Sentence o be written with the
(A DVD was bought for me by my mum is not very
indirect ob_jecr lien this is the case, we usually
use a preposi: ·o� o-=-..en_ oror to). natural.)
Mr Johnson - : :..e old magazines to my brother.
My mum bou D ]) for me.
 30 Infinitives of purpose
When we want to talk about someone's purpose With a negative purpose or with stative verbs, we
(the reason they do something), we can use the full don't normally use the infinitive alone.
infinitive: .I We'd better hurry up in order/so as not to be late.
I called Andrea to ask her about the homework. � We'd better hurry up not to be late.
We can also use: Note: With the verb try we can use and instead of the
• in order + full infinitive full infinitive with a similar meaning.
I called Andrea in order to ask her about the Why don't you try andjump over this wall?
homework.
This is more informal than the full infinitive. We only
• so as + full infinitive use this structure to express a purpose with the base
I called Andrea so as to ask her about the form of the verb, not with tries, tried, etc.
homework.
I try and help myfriends when I can. (=I try to help my
Note: We can also express the same idea using so that. friends when I can.)
I called Andrea so that I could ask her about the
homework.

31 Unreal past
A past tense does not always re!e_r to past time. In • about the present, we use a past tense.
some sentences and with some verbs or phrases we I wish I was learning the piano, instead of the
use a past tense to refer to the present or the future guitar.
or to a general situation. • about the past, we use a past perfect tense.
These sentences include ones that contain: I wish I had known about the test! I haven't revised!
• a second conditional: • criticising other people or complaining about a
I could take a taxi ifI had more money. situation now, in the future or generally, we use
• Suppose and What if ... ?: wish + would.
What iflife existed on other planets? I wish you wouldn't talk with your mouth full.
• would rather+ you!he!she!we!they: • expressing hyp othetical ability or permission now,
I'd rather you didn't call me 'Bob'. I prefer 'Robert'. in the future or generally, we can use wish + could.
• It's (high!about) time: I wish I could come with you next week.
It's high time you made up your mind. • expressing desires in a formal way, we use the full
• polite questions: infinitive.
Did you want me to speak to Sandra for you? I wish to speak to Mr Spencer.
• wish and ifonly: Note: We do not normally say
Ifonly I was better at sport. I wish I would!wouldn't ...
We use different structures with wish (and ifonly), Note: To express desires about the future, we often
depending on exactly what we want to express. For use the verb hope.
wishes: I hope to go to university.
We do not use I wish I will ...

32 Participles
Present, perfect and past participles can be used in a • after prepositions and conjunctions, such as after,
number of different clauses and sentence structures before, when, while, on, despite.
as an alternative to the normal subject+ verb + object After driving all day, I was really tired.
sentence structure. Present participles end in -ing. After having driven all day, I was really tired.
Past participles usually end in -ed, although there • to mean because.
are many irregular verbs (seen, gone, brought, etc). Being tall, I had no problem getting into the
Perfect participles are formed using having+ past basketball team. (= I had no problem getting into the
participle. basketball team because I am tall.)
Present participles and perfect participles can be
used:
Present participles can also be used: Note: You have to be careful that the participle and Cl)
Ill
• to talk about actions happening at the same time. the rest of the sentence both refer to the same subject. ra
.c
Standing on the edge of the cliff, I began to feel X Driving to work, a horse ran across the road. ra
.....
dizzy. .I Driving to work, I saw a horse run across the road. ra
"'C
• to replace some relative clauses. Both present and past participles can be used as ....
ra
The architect designing our new house is very adjectives: E
experienced. ( = The architect who is designing our Era
new house is very experienced.)
The book was very interesting.
I was very interested in the book. ....
I.!)
Perfect participles can also be used: We can sometimes use these participles as adjectives
• to talk about actions happening in sequence. before nouns:
Havingfinished my homework, I went to meet my Police have found the missing child.
friends. (=Ifinished my homework and then went Many people in developing countries want to move to
to meet myfriends.) the developed world.
Past participles can sometimes be used: However, you have to be careful because there are
• as an alternative passive form. many verbs where the participle can't be used like
Arrested for murder, the man denied everything. this.
( = The man was arrested for murder. He denied X Thefound child was glad to get back home.
every hing.) In these cases, you have to say it in another way, often
• to repla e ome relative clauses. by using a relative clause:
The �ruien chosen to carry theflag felt very proud. The child who had beenfound was glad to get back
( = The �-r:.uJent who had been chosen to carry the
flag_e:; ·eryproud.) home.

33 Inversions
When - egative adverbial words and phrases • Rarely:
are pla - .. e beginning of a sentence, the subject Rarely do we get any visitors here.
and the.c1; ·- i..-ert: This means we use the question • Seldom:
form o.; � _ even though the sentence is not a Seldom do we get any visitors here.
• Not only( ... but also/too):
Not only did you cheat in the exam, but you lied
about it too!
• Under no circumstances:
Under no circumstances should you talk to
strangers.
• At no time:
At no time did he admit he was guilty.
• Little (in certain phrases):
Little did I realise/know/understand how much
trouble I was in.
• Not until (Note: It is the second verb in the sentence
which inverts with this structure):
Not until we got home did we remember wea left
,·hen the car broke down! Grandma in the town centre!
• • Only then:
\·hen the car broke down! Only then did we remember wea left Grandma in
the town centre!
n unbelievable story! • Only after:
Only after the robbery did I appreciate how
Nos an the car broke down! important the photographs were to me.
 "'"'
Cl.I
34 Question tags
...."'"'
.0

..."'
"'C We can use question tags to:
• ask someone to agree with us.
BE CAREFUL!

E It's cold today, isn't it? You have to be careful with the verb have.
E"' If it's being used as an auxiliary verb, we use have in
... (Note: When we are asking someone to agree
with us, our voice goes down at the end of the the question tag.
\!:>
sentence.) If it's a main verb and there's no other auxiliary verb,
• check that something is true. we use do in the question tag.
You were born in Israel, weren't you? You've got a computer, haven't you? (auxiliary verb)
(Note: When we are checking that something is They had an argument, didn't they? (main verb)
true, our voice goes up at the end of the sentence.)
With most question tags, if the verb is negative we Unusual question tags
use a positive question tag. If the verb is positive we Pay particular attention to these question tags:
use a negative question tag. • Let's ... shall we?
be+ have (as auxiliary verb}+ modals Let's get a pizza, shall we?
In sentences where the verb is be (either as a main • I 'm (NOT followed by not) ... aren't I?
verb or as an auxiliary verb), have (only as an I'm coming with you, aren't I?
auxiliary verb) or a modal, we make question tags (BUT: I'm not coming with you, am I?)
using the same verb or modal in the same person • Don't ... will you?
and tense. Don't tell Mum, will you?
lit :.
You're the new assistant, aren't you? Note: In sentences with a negative word like never, no,
He hasn't done something stupid, has he? nobody, etc, we use a positive question tag.
Diana can help us, can't she? He never tells the truth, does he?
We won't get in any trouble, will we? Note: If the subject of the main verb is someone,
nobody, etc, we use they in the question tag.
Other verbs
With all other verb forms, we use the verb do in the Someone will have to pay for the damage, won't they?
question tag in the same person and tense as the
first verb.
She goes to the same school as Ben, doesn't she?
(present simple)
Phil and Carl had an argument, didn't they? (past
simple)

35 Impersonal passive
Some verbs, such as say, think, feel, know, believe and Note: There is another common passive structure
understand, can be put into the passive with it as the used with say, suppose, think, believe, know,feel and
subject. understand: subject + verb in passive + full infinitive.
This is a more formal way of saying people say/think! This judge is said to be very strict! (= People say this
etc. judge is very strict!)
The subject it here does not refer to anything. The punishment wasfelt to be appropriate. (=People
It has been said (that) money is the root of all evil. felt the punishment was appropriate.)
( = People have said money is the root of all evil.) He is thought to have escaped in a helicopter.
It is thought (that) he escaped in a helicopter. (=People think he escaped in a helicopter.)
( = People think he escaped in a helicopter.)
It has been said (that) judges are not strict enough.
(=Some people have said (that) judges are not strict
enough.)
It was felt (that) the punishment was too strict.
( = Some peoplefelt the punishment was too strict.)
Speaking database

Greetings and farewells Problem solving

• Hello. To the interviewer:
• Good morning/afternoon. • I'm sorry. Do you think you could explain it again,
• How do you do? please?
• Pleased to meet you. • I'm sorry. I didn't catch what you said.
• Nice to have met you. • Do you want us to ... ?
• Goodbye. To the other candidate:
• Would you like me to begin?
• What do you think about ... ?
• What about ... ?
• How about ... ?
Talking about yourself
• I'd say that ...
• I've lived here all my life/for (ten) years �-d ... • One possibility is ...
• I used to live in ... • I'd suggest ...
• There are (four) of us in my family. There's me, ... • I completely agree, and ...
• My dad works as a ... and my mum is a ... • Absolutely, and would you agree that ... ?
• I'm in the (third) year of secondary school/high • In a way, you are right.
school, etc. • I partly agree with you, but ...
• One of my favourite subjects is ... • I agree to a certain extent, but ...
• I don't have much free time, but ... • You have a point, although ...
• I enjoy listening to music/collecting stamps, etc. • I'm afraid I have to disagree because ...
• I've been studying English/playing tennis, etc for ... • I don't really agree. Don't you think ... ?
• In the future, I'd like to ... • So, which do you think we should choose?
• I haven't really decided yet, but ... • Personally, ...
• One of my ambitions is to : .. • To sum up, then, we've chosen ...

Comparing I Expressing preference

Discussing
• This is a photograph of ... , while the other is of ...
• That's an interesting question. I suppose ...
• In the picture, there's a ...
• To be honest, I haven't thought about it before, but I
• To begin with, ...
think ...
• The first point I'd like to make is ...
• As 1/(John)/you said earlier, ...
• Another similarity is that ...
• Despite what (John) says, I would say that ...
• Similarly, ...
• To my mind, ...
• On the one hand, ...
• If you ask me, ...
• On the other hand, ...
• Well, I don't really know much about it, but I
• ... whereas ...
imagine ...
• ... while ...
• I'd like to make two points. Firstly, ...
• A key difference is that ...
• I tend to think that ...
• Another way in which they differ is that ...
• I can't quite make out ...
• I'm not absolutely sure, but ...
• As for which I would prefer ...
• Myself, I think.I would prefer ...
• Although ... , I think. I would go for ...
• As far as fm concerned, ...
Writing database

Article
Example question
You see this announcement in an international magazine.

What does the future hold?

W hat will life be like for our grandchildren?
Will we be living on the Moon in fifty years' time?
What do you think? Write us an article, giving your suggestions.
The best article will be published in our magazine. Give your
article a title

Write your article.

Wilat the. future holds

Example answer

. It's impossible to know

You can ask rhetorical . m fifty years' time?
What will ltfe be ltke be sure Of · In some
questions to get your __.
for cert
. . thing we can
ain, but there , s one from life
readers' attention.
life for our gra ndc hild ren w1·11 be very different
ways .. s.
1 .11tt1e
some of the poss. b
toda�. Let's just imagine
Speak directly to------- . bet
. very rapidly I technology. You can
·s
your readers. One thing that is changing ever ything and
w1·11 rive in a world where
that our gran�children als o change, and
puters. Transport will
Introduce everybody relies on com dchildren will find
your first t�a_t .. aybe our gran
perhaps we'll have cars .,
point. fic Jams tn tli
themselves stuck in traf
. ment.
Use humour
e r way in whic h life will be different is the en
where appropria e. � Yet anoth blems of pollu
e going to solve the pro
It doesn 't look l"k we'r world where many
soo n, so our gra I n�children may live in a see
Give examples
/
xrmet . Sadly' they might never

J
where appropriate.
Introduce species have become e zoo s .
rt from .m books and
further points. an·1mals like pandas, apa f:
good points
. the present ' I believe the future will have its
____. So, ltke out!
r one, can , t wait to find
Conclude and ----- and its bad points. I, fo
summarise. Give your opinion
� ffl.=�·�· �� !\!!!. Wher e appropriate. .. - ·.
·rfflll-lrn1c#"...� . .""''m�#
. -"'!iii!!l\'l,-� !l!li
!l'!!l
...
""iifi-mLlytE-!t!!!.lml,ii!G!!',!l!!.
.!!!! 4 .
� • •!li'Jl'll �%!!'1". !!'l' ••
'!!i'!

Useful phrases for articles:

• Rhetorical questions: Have you ever . . . ?, Are • Introducing final points: So, In conclusion, To
you one of those people who . . . ? What do you sum up, To conclude
think about . . . ? • Introducing your opinion: In my opinion, If
• Introducing first point: Firstly, First ofall, you ask me, To my mind, Personally, I believe
In thefirst place, To begin with, One thing to that ... , In my view
consider is . . .
• Introducing further points: Secondly, In
addition (to this), Yet another . . . , Apart from
that. ..
 Essay

Example question
You have recently been doing a project
on sport, and your teacher has asked you
to write an essay giving your opinions on
the following statement:
The best sports are competitive.
Write your essay.
Example answer Give examples
where possible.
The first paragraph
should be a general
introduction to the - /v\LLLLoll'vs ofpeopLe ciroull'v tvie worLd, botvi cis spectcitors Clll'vd
subject.
pci rtLcLp�ll'vts, ell'vjDij s rt Dll'v Cl reguLcir bcisLs. /v\Clll'vij of tvie sports
tvieij e':'.JOi:J, for e;rnV1A:pLe footbciLL or tell'vll'vLs, ci re coV1ApetLtLve.
There cire VlAClll'vij otvier sports, viowevey, sucvi cis fi.,sviL� Clll'vd sk'.LL�,
Use some wviLcvi Clre ll'vOt. Use formal
complex language.
sentence
CoV1Ape�LtLve sports, wvietvier tvieij cire teciV1A gciV1Aes LLk'.e ru
structures.
Oll've-o��tMe gciV1Aes sucvi cis squcisvi, cire ci:p:peciLL
L0£1 ecciuse we ciLl
vicive tvie desLre to wLll'v. Tviei:J force us to do our best, Clll'vd cillow
tvie Wll!'vll'ver to celebrcite Cl vLctori:J. Howevey, wviell'vever tviere Ls ci
Wlll'vll'ver tviere Ls cilso Cl losev. For tviLs recisoll'v, soV1Ae people belLeve
Don't use contractions
(There's, etc). thet '� w�p ehtive sp orles "' b ett .', os �,-,�e bast, lose
"" '
�
There cs l!'vO doubt tvicit ll'vOll'v-GOV1Apehhve sports cCll!'v be viLgviL!j
Use a variety of e':'.JO!jClble. sk'.citebocirdLll'vg Ls extreV1Aeli:j populciy, Clll'vd o�ell'v people
discursive words and tebocird for full'v rcitvier tviClll'v to becit Clll'votvier paragraphs.
phrases (see below).
skccitebocimev. evertvieLess, Lt VlACli:J well be true tvicit wviell'v
wcitcviLll'vg Cl sport, Lt Ls VlAore excLtLll'vg wviell'v people coV1Apete.
Sum up your
argument in the � To coll'vclude, botvi coV1ApetLtLve Clll'vd ll'vOll'v-COV1ApetLtLve sports cire
final paragraph. � popuLci v. I :persoll'vcill!j belLeve tvi ci t we cCll!'vll'vOt sci wnLcn tijpe Ls
i:J
bettev. Tvieij botn vicive p sLtLve cispects cill'vd Lt snould be up to
Give reasons to
tne Lll'vdLvLduciL to cnoose vie sport tncit Ls rLgvit for tneVlA. support the
argument.

The final paragraph is often

the best place to express your
opinion clearly.

Useful phrases for essays:

Presenting two ( dis)advantages together: not Expressing results: because of this, for this reason,
only . . . but . . . also as a result, therefore, thus
Presenting two opposing views: on the one hand, Giving examples: for example, for instance, such
on the other hand as, like
Expressing contrast: however, but, although, even Expressing someone else's opinion: According to,
though, in spite of, despite Some people say (that), It is said (that)
 Formal letter/email
not true - many types no proof Example question
of game: sports, puzzle,
adventure You have just read an article in a local
newspaper about computer games. You
� decide to write a letter to the newspaper,
When will we These computer runes disagreeing with the writer of the article.
present a world where violence is everyt · g. Read the extract from the article on the
Teenage crime is on the increase as a direct result of left, together with the notes you have
these games and exam results are falling. How many made. Then write to the editor of the
hours are wasted on this rubbish, hours that could be newspaper, giving your opinion.
spent studying? Too many. I'm sure all responsible
parents will join me in calling for a ban on these Write your letter. You must use
products. grammatically correct sentences with
accurate spelling and punctuation in a
Another problem facing today's young ters is the style appropriate for the situation. Do
advertising aimed at them by ... not write any addresses.

bad idea - educate

'=e\!,,__,,,,____""""'----� people instead

�-�
Example answer
Explain your reason
for writing.
Use an appropriate
greeting.
I CIVl,I, writ�� w�tn yegctYvl to C1111, Cll't�cLe tnctt
e1-p-pee1Yevl �111, !:JDl,(.Y 111,ews-pct-pu Yece111,tL!:j. Tlit�s ctl't�cLe cLCl�Vl,l,evl
tnctt coVl,l,-pi,(.te Y gctVl,l,es et Ye e1 we1ste of tee111,C1geys' t�Vl,l,e
e1111,vl Lectvl to cy�Vl,l,e. 1 styo�L!:J vl�sctgYee w�tn tn�s -po� 111,t of
v�ew.
Introduce Cover all the
your first points in any
point. F�Yst of ctLL, �t �s 111,ot tyl,(.e tnctt e1LL coVl,l,-pl,(.teY gctVl,l,es Me
notes you are
v�0Le 111,t. MC1 111,!:J gctVl,l,es, �111,cLl,(.vl�� s-pol'ts gctVl,l,es, given.
e1111,vl e1vlve 111,tl,(.Ye gctVl,l,es, co111,te1�111, 111,0 v�oLeV\,Ce. 1111, fctct, soVl,l,e
of tnese gctVl,l,es ce1 111, be ve Y!:J evll,(.cctt�olll,CIL.
Introduce
further points. seco 111,vlL!:J, tneYe �s 111,0 -pyoof tnctt -pLct!:j �� v�vleo gctVl,l,es Introduce any
Lectvls to e1 111, �111,cyectse �111, tne cy�Vl,l,e Yctte. Most !:JOI,(.� -peo-pLe opinons or
wno -pLct!:j tnese gctVl,l,es Me 111,oyV1,1,C1L, no111,est tee111,C1geys. suggestions
Introduce your you make.
final point. · ------- F�111,e1LL!:J, tne wY�teY of tne e1rt�cL oY e1 be1111, 0111,
tnese gctVl,l,es. 1 111, Vl,l,!:J v�ew, tn�s wol,(.Lvl be e1 Vl,l,�stctR.e. t111,stee1vl,
we snol,(.Lvl evll,(.cctte !:JOI,(.� -peo-pLe e1bol,(.t tne -pyobLeVl,l,s of e1
SVl,l,ctLL 111,1,(.Vl,l,beY of tnese gctVl,l,es.
End the letter in
an appropriate
way. ---- 1 LooR. foY"WctYvl to neM�� otneY Yectv!eys' v�ews.

yol,(.YS fct�tnfl,(.LL!:J,
End with 'Yours
jC1V1,1,es 'PoweLL
faithfully' after
'Dear Sir' and
'Yours sincerely'
Write both your first
when you use
and last names.
the person's
name.
Useful phrases database for formal letters/emails

There are a number of different kinds of formal Requesting information:

letters/emails. Make sure you know who you are • Reason for writing: I am writing to enquire/
writing to, and why. request further information about ...
Include all the points from the prompts you are • Requesting first piece of information: Thefirst
given and use an appropriate style. thing I would like to know is ..., I wonder ifyou
would mind telling mefirst of all . . .
General useful phrases:
• Requesting further information: Do you think
• Greetings: Dear Sir, Dear Madam, Dear Sir! you could also inform me . . . ? Would you mind
Madam, Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms Smith, etc also telling me . . . ? Do you know . . . ? I would like
• Reason for writing: I am writing with regard to know if/whether ..., I hope you can also let me
to/in response to ... know about ...
• Ending the letter: I look forward to . . . -ing, • Thanking for information: I would like
Yours faithfully/sincerely, to thank you/Thank you in advance for this
Complaining: information.
• Reason for writing: I am writing in order to Giving information:
complain about . . . • Reason for writing: I am writing to request
• Introducing first complaint: First of all, In information about . . .
thefirst place, Thefirst problem is . . . , Myfirst • Providing first point: Thefirst thing I wish
complaint is ..., Thefirst thing I Jrould like to to inform you of is ..., I would like to begin by
draw to your attention is . . . informing you that . . .
• Introducing further complaints: Not only • Providing further points: Another piece of
. . . but also ..., In addition (to this), The ... was information you mayfind useful is that ...,
also unacceptable. I would also like to inform you that . . .
• Demanding action: I suggest that you replace • Ending the letter: Ifyou require further
the item. I would be grateful ifyou could give information, please do not hesitate to ask.
me a refund.
Requesting permission:
• Ending the letter: I look forward to hearing
• Reason for writing: I am writing to request
from you/receiving your explanation/receiving
permission for . . .
a full refund.
• Making first request: I wonderfirst of all
Making suggestions: whether/ifyou would mind ..., Thefirst request I
• Reason for writing: I am writing to suggest/ would like you to consider is . . .
arrange/make arrangements . . . • Making further requests: I would be grateful
• Making first suggestion: First of all, Myfirst ifyou would also consider ..., I wonder ifit
suggestion is ..., I would like to suggest ... might be possible for us to ..., I would also like to
• Making further suggestions: Secondly, request permission for . . .
Another/A further possibility is ... , • Thanking for permission: Thank you for
• Offering a choice: either ... or ..., Would you considering these requests.
mind choosing between . . . ?
 Review

Example question
You recently saw this notice in an
Reviews wanted! English-language magazine called
Have you been to the theatre recently? If you have, Entertainment Monthly.
could you write us a review of the play you saw?
Write your review.
Include information on the story, characters and
production and say whether you would recommend the
play to other people.

The best reviews will be published in the next issue.

Example answer

I;
Introduction:
Choose an 'lscie,lz Together' -
appropriate title.� CeV'vtrciL Turntre, "PLt:JVlAOt,tth
----I--- main information about
what's being reviewed.

----------- II
I
whcit hu-fie_V'vs wheV'v two se,hooL fvLeV'vG!s VlAeet t,t-p tweV'vtf::j
U �e a ------ ecirs ci�e� the t:J Leist sciw rne,h other7 fVI, 'lscie,lz
fri endly, t:J , ,
chatty style. Together', bt:J ALVlAll shci-pt-ro, the ClV'vswer t-s ci L ot of f l,tVI,
"
t;iV\,c;! ci few trnrs. !
IStart a new
'lscie,lz Together' stcirs ALClV'v TI!t:JLor cis t>cive ClV'vo! iiIparagraph
for each main
Meit,tretV'v LL-ptoV'v cis DebbLe. isest frLeV'vG!s cit se,hooL !,VI, � point youwant
the 13s>os, thet:J VlAeet t,t-p cigcii,VI, bt:J e,hllV'vte 1,V\, 2006' t;iV\,c;!
civrci�e to go 01,tt to c;(1,V1,V1,er. Mt,tch hcis e,hci�ec;( 1,V\, theLr Ito make.

LLves sLVl,ce theLr schooLG!cit:JS, ciVl,c;( thet:J hcive ci Lot of

e,cite,hi,� t,t-p to o!o. lst,tt WV'v thet:J stLLL be fri,eVl,G!s, t;iV\,c;!
G!o thet:J hcive ClV'vf::jthL� 1,V\, C-OVlAVlAOV'v7 lie11'
i.
{:
!,
Tui,s Ls V'vot t;iV\, rnst:J -pLcit:J to -pt,tt OV'v, cis we see t>cive t;iV\,c;! g: Give your
Debbi,e cis thet:J were 1,V\, the 13s>os t;iV\,c;! 1,V\, 2002. isoth tit opinion.
�-
ALClV'v TI!t:J LOr {;iVl,c;( Mllt,treeVI, Li,-ptoVI, Vvl,{;iVl,t;ige tojt,tV\,\,-p
Use appropriate
descriptive bcick?,wcirG!s t;iV\,c;! forwcirG!s 1,V\, hVlAe. Tue woV'vG!erft,tL
language. e,ostt,tVlAes - showL� the e,hci�es 1,V\, fcishLoV'v - heL-p theVlA

Conclusion
and your --. TuLs i,s t;iV\, eV'vtertcii,Vl,i,� t;iV\,c;! thot,tght--provoizi,� -pLcit:J thcit
recomm endation wot,tLc;( ci-p-prnL to VlAOSt teeV\,cigers t;iV\,c;! cic;(t,tLts. 1f t:JW get
ci e,hciVl,Ce to see Lt, o!oV'v't VlALss Lt 1

It's acceptable to use

contractions (I've, etc).
Useful phrases for reviews:
• What I ( dis )liked most was: I was disappointed • Reviews of films, TV programmes and plays:
by/with . . . , I was pleasantly surprised by ... lead (role), star, starring, X plays a ... , written by,
would appeal to . . . , Ifyou get a chance to . . . is set in, ending
• Reviews of books: main character, is set in, • Reviews of restaurants, hotels, etc: location,
comedy/thriller/science.fiction!etc, author! service, setting, owned/run by, reasonable prices,
written by, believable, ending, chapter book in advance
 Informal letter/email

Example question
You �ave received an email from your
English-speaking friend H;irry. Read
Harry's email and the notes you have
made.
Then write an email to Harry, using all
your notes.

From: Harry Parker

Sounds Date: 10th May
great! Summer plans ������....-...,....����----��---�_____.
Cost?
Subject:
(must be --
�.
summer. I've decided to go on an
less than
Just won dering what your plans are for the . It's in
€ 2oo!) ---- I'd love it if you could come with me
adventure holiday this summer, and
loads of different activities to do. I'm
Ask Wa les, and should be great fun. They have whole
____.
to 20th July. If you can't ome for the
best way
going for two weeks, from the 7th
to get for one week.
there two weeks, maybe you could come
from
London. Let me know what you think!

Hope to hear from you soon!

Harry

2nd-sister's wedding
during first week. rock climbing?
canoeing?
 i>

Write your email. You must use

grammatically correct sentences with
accurate spelling and punctuation in a
style appropriate for the situation.

Example answer

! To: Harry Parker

Date: 10th May first name,
----=
--� ;;;;...._,, '
Subject:

II
Use chatty,
Introduce _---. informal
----- I expressions.
your first Thanks for your e�ail! It's great the summer's nearly here, isn't it?
point. � ·,

The adventure holiday you �ent'.·oned sounds 1·k ' e a great ·deal
I - Do Use some
. 7 ' � informal
Start a new you know if they offer rock climbing and canoeing· I hope so.
1: punctuation,
paragraph such as
for each \ I'd love to come for two weeks, but my sister's getting married during
main point exclamation
the first week so I - obviously! - have to be here. I could come for the marks.
you want
: to make. -. second week, though. You didn't say how much it costs. I can only
afford €200, so I hope it's not more than that!
Make sure �re question for now - what's the best way to get to Wales from
you use
i,
all the London? Is there a train or a bus that goes near the place?
information
'! from the Well, I'd better go now as I've got an exam tomorrow.
question.
Ii Hope to hear from you soon! � Give a reason for ending
All the best, your letter/email.
Ii
II
Adam
'I

r:
---�� Only write a first name
----.1 sign
Use an
expression to
off.

Ii
Useful phrases for informal fetters/em
ails:
• Greetings: Dear Mary/John!etc
• Asking about health: How are you? • Introducing points: Well, Oh, and another thing!
things? I hope you're well. Hope you're
How are By the way, Listen, Let me tell you about . . . , Guess
well. what!
• Referring to someone's news: Glad
to hear . . . , • Ending the letter/email: I have to go now. Got to
I was very happy to hear/read ... , Gre
at news go. Take care. Write soon! Love, Lots oflove, All
about your ...
the best, Yours
 ·----·---··---------------------n'

Report

Example question
You work for your local tourist office. Always start with To: and think
Your manager asked you to visit a new of an appropriate name for the
tourist attraction (for example a theatre, person who will read the report.
museum or disco) in your area. Now you
must write a report for your manager. Put from: on the
line below then
Write your report. Describe the add your name.
Put Subject: on the next line.
attraction, say what it has to offer to Choose a heading that clearly
tourists and comment on its good and describes what the report is about.
bad points.
To: Ms CarLto111,

Example answer Fro111,1.: M0111,Lca PnLLLLps Every paragraph

SL<.ltiect: 1sai'Uwortn Tolj ML<.SeL<.111,1. should have a heading
You do not need to put Date: �4tn_JL<.� which clearly explains
the date, but you can if ___. what the paragraph is
you want to. about.

As requestevl, 1 nave VLsLtevl tne 111,ew 1sa�ewo rtn Tolj ML<.SeL<.111,1. at

�4,
�LLvitstre aR.ewortn. Mlj f,..111,vlL�s are prese111,tevl below.
Use key Use a
report --------- variety of
�al'\,Ce fees
phrases. grammatical
Do not use 6111,tra111,ce Ls free for cnLLvlre111, L<.111,vler eLgnt. For tnose agevl eLgnt
to structures.
contractions sLx:tee111,, e111,tral'\,Ce costs E:1..50. Tue fee LS £:2..50 for avl L<.Lts.
(I've, etc).
Tue 111,1.L<.SeL<.111,1. ---- Use formal language.
-----
H-avL� bee111, rece111,tL!1 re111,ovatevl, tne bL<.LLvlL� Ls LI'\, ex:tre111,1.eL1j goovl
co111,vlLtL0111,. lvle 111,1.L<.SeL<.111,1. LS Large, wLtn over twe111,t11 roo111,1.s fL<-LL o f
to11s
a111,vl ga� fro111,1. tne past nL<-111,vlrevl 11ear:s. lvlere are 111,1.a111,11 to11s
for
VLSLtors to actL<.aLL11 toL<.cn a111,vl pta11 WLtn, so 111,1.a111,11 toL<.rLsts - CnLLvlre111,
a111,vl av!L<.Lts aLL�e - wLLL f,..111,vl tne 111,1.L<.SeL<.111,1. L111,terestL� a111,vl
e111,tertaL111,L�.
Some
otner facLLLtLes paragraphs
can be quite
lvlere LS a cafe 0111, tne fo Krtn floot; WnLcn serves s�c� a111,i::{ coLvl
short.
vlrL111,�. PrLces are reaso�bte alll,i::{ tnere Ls pLe111,t11 o f seatL�
.

C01'1,CLL<.SL01'1,
lvle 1sa�ewo rtn Tolj ML<.SeL<.111,1. Ls a111, ex:ceLLe111,t toL<.rLst attractL0111,.
1v1e
e111,tra111,ce fees. are reaso�bte a111,vl tnere Ls pLe111,t11 for people to
vlo
tnere. 1 beLLeve we snoL<-Lvl reco111,1.111,1.e111,vl tne 111,1. L<.seL<.111,1. to toL<.rLsts,
part:LC L<.Lart11 tnos.e WLtn cnLLvlre111,.

�-�----!!1""1�!""!"���1\!!!0'J�
\
We often make or talk about
recommendations in a report. These
are usually in the final paragraph.

Useful phrases for reports:

• Introductory information: To: From: Subject: • Recommending: I would like to suggest/
Date: recommend . . . , I therefore (do not) suggest/
• Headings: Introduction, Conclusion or recommend ... , I believe we should (not)
Recommendation (s) recommend . . . , You may wish to consider . . .
• Introductory paragraph: As requested, This
involved+ -ing, Myfindings are presented!
outlined below.
 Story

Example question
You have decided to enter a short story
competition. The competition rules
state that the story must begin or end
with the following sentence:
What was I going to do?
Write your story for the competition.
It is a good idea to give

I
your story a title.
Example answer

Cov1A-Lvcg /-tov1A-e
Use past Mt) flnt wns beLvcg reclecorntecl so v1A-t) frLevcclJ kL�e, wno wns
continuous for n�oLLclGtJ, nncl RLvcclLtJ sn�c{ I CO lA.Lcl stntl nt ner Try to include
,._
background �O k;. 1 v1A-0Vecl Lvc ovc TlA.escllltJ vce one or two
information. descriptive
�
rLvecl nov1A-e frov1A- worR ovc weclvcesclnt), Lt wn,s
adjectives or

c{nrR. 1 got v1A-lj Rei::) olA.t of v1A- t)jncp_et -pocRet nvccl -pkt et eve
adverbs.
Use simple
past for the
tne LocR. 1t Jt{vc't fi,t. 1 trLecl ngnLvc nvccl ngnLvc.
l
main events. Make sure you have at least
four main paragraphs. You
�LLsecl wntl. 1t wns tne Rei::) to v1A-t) flnt, vc0tJkLLe's may wish to follow this
It is acceptable to
use contractions nwse. 'On vcol' I snLcl to v1A-t)SeLf 'I Le� ner Rei::) Ovc tne guide. Paragraph 1:
(didn't, etc). p_Ltcne nbLe. How Gv1A- 1 goLvcg to get Lvc? ' I wGlLRecl rDlA.vccl background information.
Paragraphs 2 and 3: the main
However, a story tne lA.Se, trt1Lvcg nLL tne wLvcclows Glvccl cloors clowvcstnLrs.
part of the story. Paragraph 4:
should not be as 5 ert1tnLvcg WGS Loe Reel, bkt I cwLei see tnnt tne bGltnrDOv1A- the climax (key moment) of
informal as a letter Lvcclow WGlS o-pevc. I Rvcew tnere WGlS Cl Lnclcler Lvc tne the story
to a penfriend,
gnrnge, so I got Lt Glvccl Lenvcecl Lt ngnLvcst tne wnLL. I wns OR
for example.
nnLf w k"f' tne LG1clclev wne vc Cl voLce snoktecl, 'Freeze 1 what happened
after the climax.
yok' Y: lA.vcclev nrrest 1'
Try to include some
direct speech. e vceLgnbOlA.YS nGlcl cnLLecl tne -poLLce. lViftJ c{Lclvc't RvcOW I Don't just
wns stnt1Lvcg tnere nvccl, lA.vcfortkvcGteLtJ, I clLclvc't nG1ve GvctJ use the
verb say
Lcle vctL-fi,whovc ovc v1A-e. How colA.Lcl I -prove I wnsvc't n bkrgLnr7
with direct
wnnt wns I goLvcg to clo? speech.

Use connectors
\
You cannot change the words you are given in the
and conjunctions question at all. Always read the question carefully­
(so, but, although, sometimes you have a choice whether to start or finish
etc) to make some
sentences longer.
J
'!!!ill'¥¥l"'!!!l!lM¥1�11�a"- II",, _.
the story with the words they give you. Sometimes
you do not have a choice.

Useful phrases for stories:

• Time phrases: It all began, Meanwhile, Shortly • Verbs with direct and/or indirect speech:
afterwards, A little later, Some time later, say, tell, ask, shout, whisper, scream, think, cry,
Eventually, Finally, In the end promise
• Dramatic devices: Suddenly, All ofa sudden, • Concluding: It had all been ... , When it was
without warning, Just like that, Just at that all over, After everything that had happened,
moment, out of the blue Looking back now, In the end

e
• Direct speech: : ..,' said X.
Key word database
able (dis/in)ability,unable,disabled enter entrance
academy academic,academically entertain entertainer,entertainment,entertaining
accept acceptance,(un)acceptable,accepted, enthuse (un)enthusiasm,(un)enthusiastic(ally)
accepting environment environmentalist,environmental(ly)
accuse accusation,accused,accuser,accusing(ly) equip equipment,(un)equipped
achieve achievement,(un)achievable Europe European
act actor,actress,acting,action,activate, evident evidence,evidently
(in)activity,(in)active(ly) excite excitement,exciting,(un)excited(ly)
addict addiction,addictive expensive expenses,(in)expensive(ly)
advertise advertisement,advertising,advertised, fact factual(ly)
advertiser fail failure,failing,failed
allergy allergic fame (in)famous(ly)
allow allowance,disallow fashion (un)fashionable,(un)fashionably
amuse amusement,amusing(ly),amused finance finances,financial(ly)
announce announcement,announcer fit unfit,fitness
appear disappear,(dis)appearance forge forgery,forger
apparent apparent(ly) fortune misfortune,(un)fortunate(ly)
apply applicant,application,(in)applicable, freeze freezer,freezing,frozen
applied friend befriend,friendship,(un)friendly
appreciate appreciation,(un)appreciative(ly) globe global
argue argument,argumentative(ly) grow growth,grown,grower
arrange arranged,arrangement happy (un)happiness,(un)happily
arrive arrival harm harmful(ly), harmless(ly)
-1. ,. help helper,helping,(un)helpful(ly),
assist assistant,assistance
attend attendance,attention,attendee, helpless(ly)
(in)attentive(ly) honest dishonest,(dis)honesty,(dis)honestly
attract attraction,(un)attractive(ly) humour humorous(ly)
benefit beneficial ill illness
bore boredom,boring improve improvement,improved
broad broaden industry industrial(ly),industrialist
care carer,caring,careful(ly),careless(ly) infect infection,infected
certify certificate,certified inhabit inhabitant,inhabited
choose choice inject injection
comfort discomfort, (un)comfortable, injure (un)injured,injury
( un)comfortably intense intensive(ly)
commerce commercial,commercialise, interest disinterest,(un)interested,(dis)
commercialised,commercially interested,(un)interesting(ly)
communicate communicator,communication, introduce introduction
(un)communicative(ly) invent inventor,invention,(un)inventive(ly)
compete competitor,competition,competitive invest investment,investor
converse conversation,conversant,conversely jealous jealousy,jealously
convict conviction journal journalist,journalism
correspond correspondence,corresponding kind (un)kindness,(un)kind(ly)
create creator,creation,creativity,creative(ly) know knowledge,(un)known,knowledgeable
crime criminal(ly) law lawyer
culture cultural(ly) like alike,unlike,likeness,(un)likeable,
danger endanger,endangered,dangerous(ly) dislike
day daily,everyday literate illiterate,(il)literacy
decide decision,(in)decisive(ly) lose loss,loser,losing,lost
dedicate dedication,dedicated maintain maintenance
develop developer,development,developing manage manager,management,managing
differ difference,(in)different(ly) medal medallion,medallist
direct director,direction,(in)direct(ly) mix mixture,mixer
discover discoverer,discovery murder murderer,murderous,murdered
discuss discussion nature (un)natural,naturalist
dish dishwasher nervous nervousness,nervously
distant distance obey (dis)obedience,(dis)obedient(ly)
economy economist,(un)economical(ly) offence offender,(un)offensive(ly)
edit editor,edition,editing operate operator,operative,operation,operating
educate education,educator,educated, oppose opponent,opposing,opposition,opposite
educational(ly) pay payment,payable,(un)paid
emphasis (de)emphasise perform performance,performer
employ (un)employment,employer,employee, person people,(im)personal ,personality,
( un)employed,(un)employable, personalities,impersonate
self-employed poison poisonous
enjoyment,(un)enjoyable pollute pollution,(un)polluted, polluter
CV poor poorly, poverty science scientist, scientific(ally)
Ill
,a solve solution
.c popular
practice
(un)popular(ity)
practise, practising, (im)practical(ly) spectate spectator, spectacle
,a
,a prepare preparation strong strength, strengthen, strongly
"tJ produce producer, product, production, style stylist, stylish(ness), stylishly
.c
'- (un)productive(ly) success succeed, (un)successful(ly)
CV qualify qualification, (un)qualified supervise supervisor, supervision, supervising
>
real reality, really, unreal, realise, realisation surgery surgeon, surgical(ly)
,a
Ill recover recovery take retake
,a
'- relate relation(ship), relative(ly) teach teacher, teaching(s), taught
.c: report reporter theft thief
Q.
respond response, (un)responsive(ly) think thought, thoughtless(ness), thinker, (un)
responsible (ir)responsibility, irresponsible, thinkable
(ir)responsibly tour tourist, touring
revise revision, revised train trainer, trainee, trained
revolution revolutionary treat treatment
ridicule ridiculous(ness) true untrue, truly, truth, (un)truthful(ly)
rob robber, robbery value (in)valuable, (in)valuably, valueless,
;
rude rudeness, rudely valued
say saying(s) work worker, (hard)working, (un)workable
scholar scholarship, scholarly world worldwide, worldly

Phrasal verb database �- ·-

beat up hit (a person) repeatedly and violently cut down cut until it falls (for trees)
break down stop working (for machines, cars, etc) cut down on do/eat less of something
break in enter a building illegally cut off disconnect
break out (of diseases, fires, etc) appear suddenly die out become extinct
bring out release, publish (a new product, magazine, dig up remove from the ground
etc) do without manage to survive without
bring up mention (a subject); raise (children) drop out leave a course, etc before the end
bump into meet by chance eat up reduce, decrease (profits, etc)
call off postpone; cancel end up finally arrive at a particular place or in a
calm down become less excited or upset particular situation; finally do
carry out do, conduct (research, an investigation, etc) fill in complete (an application form, etc)
catch on become popular find out discover
catch up reach the same point fit in be accepted as a member of a group
catch up with reach; learn the latest news about flick through turn over and look at the pages (of a
check in sign the register at a hotel; tell the airline magazine, etc) quickly
you have arrived at the airport ready to get away leave home, work, etc in order
travel to take a break
cheer up become happier, make someone happier get back reply, respond, contact again
clear up become brighter (for the weather) (to someone)
close down stop doing business get back return
come about happen get back start a relationship again after having split
come across find (often by chance) together up
come cause trouble or disagreement (between get by survive on little money
between people) get down to start doing seriously (work, revision, etc)
come down lower, decrease (for prices, etc) get in arrive (for trains, buses, etc)
come down get a minor illness get off leave (a bus, etc)
with get on (well, have a (good, bad) relationship (with)
come into inherit badly, etc)
come off leave (a stage, football pitch, etc) (with)
come on develop, improve get on (with) continue doing sth
come out win get out of remove (clothes)
(on top) get over recover from, deal with
come out be published, be released (for magazines, get round move from the start to the finish of a track,
CDs, etc); become known course, etc
come over arrive from another country get through connect (to someone on the phone)
(usually to live) give back return something you have been given
come to regain consciousness after fainting give off produce (a smell, a gas, etc)
come up appear (on screen, etc); be going to happen give up stop making an effort; stop doing
come up with have, create, invent, think of (an idea) something (smoking, etc)
cross off put a line through an item on a list go for choose
cross out put a line through go off stop being fresh
go off explode (for bombs) set about start doing in an energetic way
go on continue; become (doing)
go out (with do social activities outside the house set off start a journey
friends, etc) set out start a (long and difficult) journey
go out (with be the boyfriend/girlfriend of set up start (a business, club, etc); make (a piece
someone) of equipment, computer, etc) ready for use;
go over explain the main points of put an innocent person in a situation where
go through experience it appears they are guilty
grow up become older show off demonstrate in a proud way how good you
hand in give (a form, test, etc) to someone so they are
can read or correct it, etc slow down decrease speed
hang around stay at a place doing nothing important sort out solve; arrange
hang up end a phone call speed up increase speed
help out help someone to do some work, etc splash out spend a large amount of money (on a
hold delay (someone) luxury item)
(someone) up split up end a relationship
hurry up do something faster stand for mean (for letters, abbreviations, etc)
join in take part in an activity stand in for take the place of
keep up with make sure you know the latest about stand up start standing
(developments, news, etc) stay on continue to go to school after you are old
lead to cause enough to leave
let down disappoint stay out not go home
let off not punish stay up not go to bed
live up to fulfil (potential, someone's expectations, stick up (for) support, defend
etc) storm off leave angrily
lock out prevent someone from entering a building take (time) spend time doing something other than
(often by locking the doors) off work, etc
.
log on gam access to a computerijsystem,
.
etc; get a take after resemble, be similar to (an older person in
computer, etc ready to use the family)
look after take care of take away remove
look back on think about the past take back return something to the place you got it
look down on not respect, treat as an inferior from
look into examine take down write what someone says
look round explore and look at (a place, building, etc) take off leave the ground (for planes, etc); become
look up find something in a reference book, such as popular; remove clothing
a dictionary take on employ (staff); agree to do (work, etc)
look up to respect take out arrange to be given or receive a licence,
make off escape insurance policy, etc
make up create; form a part of take over take control of (a company, etc)
meet up meet (usually socially) take to begin to do something regularly
pass out faint, lose consciousness take up use, need, fill (time, etc)
pay back return money, etc you have borrowed; take take up start (a sport, hobby, etc)
revenge on throw away get rid of (rubbish, etc)
pay off produce a benefit or success tidy up make a room, etc clean and neat
pick up collect turn down reject, not accept
pop up appear suddenly turn into change to become (a different thing)
pull out remove, reveal suddenly turn off make a machine, etc stop working
put in (for) apply (for promotion, a pay rise, etc) turn on make a machine, etc start working
put in install (a piece of equipment, etc) turn out be finally discovered
put off arrange for a later time; make one dislike turn over change (TV channel, etc)
something turn to ask, go to (for advice, help, etc)
put on start wearing (for clothes, jewellery, etc) turn up arrive, appear (often unexpectedly);
put through connect (on the phone) increase (the volume, level, etc)
put up provide accommodation; place on a wall wash up wash plates, etc after a meal
put up with tolerate, stand work out solve, calculate; do physical exercise in
rip off cheat order to get or remain fit
roll up wrap into the shape of a cylinder (for paper,
etc)
run away leave (home, etc) secretly (because you are
unhappy)
run into meet by accident
run out have no more left
sail through pass a test, etc easily
save up avoid spending money to keep it for a
particular purpose
see off say goodbye at a train station, airport, etc to
someone leaving
send out give, send, transmit (for messages,
information, etc)
Laser Writing Planner 1 Informal email
Complete the chart. Be careful! Do NOT write your email until your teacher has seen your notes here.

I Purpose I Your notes I Useful expressions

First line greeting Dear , or
Hi !

First thank your friend for their Thanks so much for your email. I
paragraph email and say you' re looking I can't wait ...
forward to meeting Adam and
his family

Second describe your interests; Let me tell you what I like doing.
paragraph remember to mention I'm into ... I It's cool that you like
skateboarding and say what ... I I've never ... I I also really
music you like love ...

Third answer Adam's question You asked me ... I I'd love to ... if
paragraph possible I Are there ... ?

Fourth ask any other questions you While I'm here, I was wondering
paragraph want to ask, and'make any final ... I Could you let me know ...? I
points (eg that you've attached What do you think? I I've attached
a photo of yourself) ...
Ending the end the email in an That's all for now! I Have to go
email informal way now! I Write back soon! I Take
care! I Bye for now!

Final line give your first name

Laser Writing Planner 2 Review

Complete the chart. Be careful! Do NOT write your review until your teacher has seen your notes here.

I Purpose I Your notes I Useful expressions

Title give the name of the hotel

First describe the hotel in general one of the most popular ... I a
paragraph (where it is, what it looks like modern/beautiful/large/etc building
from the outside, your general I it looks ... I I felt that ...
positive/ negative impressions)
Second describe the main facilities The hotel offers ... I There are also
paragraph ... I Guests can ... I Other facilities
include ...
Third describe further relevant One thing to bear in mind is ... I
paragraph aspects (such as prices I level Another positive aspect of the hotel
of service I nearby attractions is ... I One major drawback is ...
I quality of food in restaurant
etc)
Fourth conclusion and In conclusion, I to conclude, I I'd
paragraph recommendation definitely recommend ... I
I wouldn't recommend ... I
(not) particularly suitable for ...
Laser Writing Planner 3 Article
Complete the chart. Be careful! Do NOT write your article until your teacher has seen your notes here.

I Purpose J Your notes Useful expressions

Title write the title exactly as stated
in the question
First introduce the topic in a Are you crazy I mad about ...? I I
paragraph general way am! I'm a huge fan of ...

Second describe the most important One of the main advantages ...
paragraph two or three benefits of I Another positive aspect ... I
technology; remember to give What's more, I For example, I
examples For instance I such as
Third describe further benefits;
paragraph you may want to talk about
technology in the future
Fourth
paragraph
conclude your article
. In short, I There's no doubt that
... I I strongly believe that ...
.... :..

Laser Writing Planner 4 Essay

Complete the chart. Be careful! Do NOT write your essay until your teacher has seen your notes here.

I Purpose I Your notes I Useful expressions

First introduce the subject It is generally agreed that ... I It is
paragraph clear that ... I Some people claim
that ... I I would like to argue that
...
Second present your first main points Firstly, ... I First of all, I The
paragraph agreeing or disagreeing with evidence shows that ... I In
the statement, with examples addition, ... I As a result, ... I
and supporting details However, ... I Despite this, ...
Third present further main points, Another important point is that ... I
paragraph with examples and supporting We should also bear in mind that ...
details I ... such as ... I In particular, ...
Fourth present further main points, Finally, ... I This means that ... I
paragraph with examples and supporting This is shown by ...
details

Fifth come to a conclusion, To conclude, ... I In conclusion, ... I

paragraph summarise your opinion To sum up, ... I My view is that ...
Laser Writing Planner 5 Letter
Complete the chart. Be careful! Do NOT write your letter until your teacher has seen your notes here.
I Purpose I Your notes I Useful expressions
First line greeting Dear Sir or Madam,

First give your general opinion of I recently attended ... I In my

paragraph the festival and the reason for view, the festival was ... I I
writing would like to offer a number of
suggestions to ...

Second make your first suggestions, The first improvement I would

paragraph including reasons why like to suggest is ... I The reason
for this is that ... I As a result, ...

Third make further suggestions, In addition, ... I Another idea to

paragraph including reasons why improve the festival would be to
... I Because of this ...

Ending the I look forward to h"earing from

letter w_ ,. you. I Yours faithfully,

Final line give your full name

Laser Writing Planner 6 Article

Complete the chart. Be careful! Do NOT write your article until your teacher has seen your notes here.

I Purpose I Your notes I Useful expressions

Title write the title exactly as stated
in the question
First ask a question to get your Have you ever ...? I Are you one
paragraph readers' attention; introduce of those people who ...? I Do you
the subject worry about ...?
Second make your first suggestions, What we could do is ... I One
paragraph including reasons why great idea would be to ... I I'm sure
students would enjoy ... I That
would mean that ... I Another
fantastic idea is that we could ... I
Third make further suggestions,
Why don't we start ...? I That would
paragraph including reasons why
be great because then ...

Fourth make further suggestions,

paragraph including reasons why

Fifth conclude your article So, why not ...? I You can help by
paragraph ... I Together, we can ...
Webquests
Unit1 Unit2

•
Find the answers on line! Then use the information Find the answers on line! Then use the information
to write a paragraph about Facebook. to write a paragraph about Chicago.

1 When was Facebook founded? � 1 Which state is Chicago in?

==3 �31
�
2 Who was the main founder ofFacebook? 2 What is the population of Chicago?

� --a
3 When was he born? 3 Where does the name 'Chicago' come
� �'31
from?
�.":.
�
4 Where was he born? �
4 What disaster happened in Chicago in
� ��
� 5 Where was he studying at the time he =�§3 1871?

started Facebook?
5 What is the average temperature in July in
� �
Chicago?
-=3 6 Before Facebook, he created a website �c:31
� with a similar name. What was it called? �a
6 What is the average temperature in
January in Chicago?
7 How many users did Facebook have by �
� April 2012? =='3
7 What are the two tallest buildings in
:s_:3 Chicago?
8 Which film, released in 2010, tells the �
story of the founding ofFacebook?
8 Which two baseball teams come from
� �'!31 Chicago?
� :;;;�
 Unit4
Find the answers online! Then use the Find the answers online! Then use the
information to write a paragraph about the information to write a paragraph about the
history of photography. English billionaire, Richard Branson.

� 1 In which year did the Frenchman Joseph � 1 When was Richard Branson born?
� Niepce produce the first permanent �
photograph?
� �
2 Where was he born?
� �
� 2 When was the first colour photo taken? �
3 His first business produced a magazine.
=3 � What was it called?
� 3 Which camera did George Eastman �
� produce for sale in 1888? �
4 How old was .Branson when he produced
� � that magazine?
4 He also produced the popular Brownie �
� camera. When did it first appear? =a 5 He started a chain of record shops in r972.
� � What were they called?
�3 5 Which camera, intrdtluced in 1948 by �
�-ai Edwin H. Land, produced instant images? �
:;;=-=31 =- a 6 Which company did he form in 1984?

=a 6 When was the digital camera invented? ==3

� � 7 Which company did he form in 1999?
� 7 Tim Berners-Lee published the first �
�':31 photograph on the web in which year? � 8 In 1991, Branson broke the record for
� � crossing the Pacific Ocean in what?
� 8 Flickr, a popular image website, first �
�a appeared in which year? �
�-ai �
� �
 Units
Find the answers on line! Then use the Find the answers online! Then use the
information to write a paragraph about the information to write a paragraph about the WWF.
Sydney Opera House.

1 The Opera House is in Sydney, in which 1 The letters WWF used to stand for World
Australian state? Wildlife Fund. What do they stand for
now?

2 Which famous bridge is it near?

2 In which year did the WWF change its
�� name?
3 Which Danish architect designed the
Opera House?
3 In which year was the WWF formed?

4 His design won a competition in which

=a year? 4 In which country was the first WWF

office?

,�
�
� 5 When was the Opera House completed?
•t:. 5 Who was the first president of the WWF?
�
6 Who officially opened the Opera House?
� l ===3 6 The WWF protects endangered animals,
such as the one they chose for their
7 How much, in dollars, did the Opera symbol. Which animal is that?
� House cost to build?
==-a 7 Which country does that animal come
8 The Opera House is the home of which from?
� orchestra?
�
8 Approximately how many supporters does
� the WWF have worldwide?
�
 Unit8
Find the answers online! Then use the Find the answers online! Then use the
information to write a paragraph about rugby. information to write a paragraph about the
world's first stamp.

� l Who is usually credited with creating the � l What is the name of the world's first
� game of rugby? adhesive postage stamp?
�
�� 2 Where? � 2 How many of these stamps were ever
� printed?
�
3 In which year?
� 3 Which museum has the only complete
�a sheet of these stamps?
4 How many players are there in a rugby
:;;;:__3
league team?
� 4 In which year were these stamps first
� � introduced?
5 How many players are there in a rugby
�3531 �
union team?
�

I
5 Who was responsible for this?
�
�a 6 In football, you score a goal. In rugby, you
score a ... �� 6 Before stamps, who paid the postage?
==al
�
7 How many points does a team get for
� scoring in rugby union?
��=31
�
8 How many points does a team get for
scoring in rugby league?

l.SJW -W9!?Jtlit44@£4ibkftkASb£.-#

�
�
Find the answers online! Then use the information to write a paragraph about British politics.

l The British Prime Minister is also known as the First Lord of ________________
2 Some countries have a Finance Minister but in Britain the personwith this job is called the
•
::'.:=:-"'"3
�
3 Some countries have a Foreign Minister but in Britain the person with this job is called the Foreign
�
�
4 In British politics, what does MP stand for?----------------------
5 Each MP in Britain represents a different geographical area. This area's called a
�
�
�'="-31 6 MPs debate issues in the House of__________________________
7 The MP who's responsible for making sure all the other MPs follow the rules is called the
 Unit 10 Unit 11
Find the answers online! Then use the Find the answers online! Then use the
information to write a paragraph about nursing. information to write a paragraph about the
University of Warwick.

1 A woman with the surname Nightingale 1 In which city is the University of

"""'"'-31 made an enormous contribution to �=3 Warwick?
nursing. What was her first name?

� 2 In which year did the university first start

2 In which year was she born? teaching undergraduates?
:-;:;ai

3 In which year did she die? 3 In which year did Warwick Medical
==-=3 School open?

4 Which war started in 1853 and ended in

1856? � 4 What's the name of the main concert hall
� in the Arts Centre?
��
5 During this war, she was known as 'The
Lady with the "'-·" 5 What's the name of the sculpture in front
� of the Arts Centre at Warwick?

6 In which year did she start the world's first

�� official training programme for nurses? �=31 6 Who created this sculpture?

7 What was it called? 7 In which year did Warwick buy this

sculpture?

8 At which hospital in London was it based?

Unit 12
Find the answers online! Then use the information to write a paragraph about Frank Abagnale and the
film.

1 Which film is based on the life of Frank Abagnale Jr.?_____ .c.______________

•
2 In which year did it come out?__________________________

3 Who directed it?______________________________

4 What was the main type of crime that Abagnale committed? ---------------

5 Which organisation did the man hunting him, Carl Hanratty, work for?_____ ______

6 Who plays Abagnale in the film?---------------------- ---

7 Who plays Hanratty in the film? -------------------------