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    The Chemistry of Carbohydrates

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    ANGELA DENISSE AMAT
    Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules and serve important functions like energy storage. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Monosaccharides link together to form disaccharides and longer chains. Carbohydrates function as fuels for cellular metabolism, take part in biosynthesis, and provide stored energy. They also form structural elements in plants and animals. Carbohydrates are classified based on their number of carbon atoms, location of carbonyl groups, and chirality.

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    The Chemistry of Carbohydrates

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    ANGELA DENISSE AMAT
    186 views2 pages
    Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules and serve important functions like energy storage. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Monosaccharides link together to form disaccharides and longer chains. Carbohydrates function as fuels for cellular metabolism, take part in biosynthesis, and provide stored energy. They also form structural elements in plants and animals. Carbohydrates are classified based on their number of carbon atoms, location of carbonyl groups, and chirality.

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    THE CHEMISTRY OF CHO

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    Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules and serve important functions like energy storage. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Monosaccharides link together to form disaccharides and longer chains. Carbohydrates function as fuels for cellular metabolism, take part in biosynthesis, and provide stored energy. They also form structural elements in plants and animals. Carbohydrates are classified based on their number of carbon atoms, location of carbonyl groups, and chirality.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    186 views2 pages

    The Chemistry of Carbohydrates

    Uploaded by

    ANGELA DENISSE AMAT
    Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules and serve important functions like energy storage. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Monosaccharides link together to form disaccharides and longer chains. Carbohydrates function as fuels for cellular metabolism, take part in biosynthesis, and provide stored energy. They also form structural elements in plants and animals. Carbohydrates are classified based on their number of carbon atoms, location of carbonyl groups, and chirality.

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    of 2

    Name: Angela Denisse A. Amat Date: Sept.

    26, 2019
    THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBOHYDRATES
    Course: DMD-II Prof: Mrs. Dalisay Caponpon

    THE  TYPES, FUNCTIONS AND CLASSIFICATION OF CHO


    Carbohydrates, or saccharides, are the most abundant class of biomolecules.
    Carbohydrates are used to store energy, though they serve other important
    functions as well. This is an overview of carbohydrate chemistry, including a look
    at the types of carbohydrates, their functions, and carbohydrate classification.

    LIST OF CARBOHYDRATES ELEMENTS


    All carbohydrates contain the same three elements, whether the
    carbohydrates are simple sugars, starches, or other polymers. These
    elements are:
    Carbon (C)
    Hydrogen (H)
    Oxygen (O)
    Different carbohydrates are formed by the way these elements bond to each
    other and the number of each type of atom. Usually, the ratio of hydrogen
    atoms to oxygen atoms is 2:1, which is the same as the ratio in water.

    WHAT A CARBOHYDRATE IS
    The word "carbohydrate" comes from the Greek word sakharon, which means
    "sugar". In chemistry, carbohydrates are a common class of simple organic
    compounds. A carbohydrate is an aldehyde or a ketone that has additional
    hydroxyl groups. The simplest carbohydrates are called monosaccharides, which
    have the basic structure (C·H2O)n, where n is three or greater.Two monosaccharides
    link together to form a disaccharide. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are
    called sugars and typically have names ending with the suffix -ose. More than two
    monosaccharides link together to form oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.In
    everyday usage, the word "carbohydrate" refers to any food that contains a high
    level of sugars or starch. In this context, carbohydrates include table sugar,
    jelly, bread, cereal, and pasta, even though these foods may contain other
    organic compounds. For example, cereal and pasta also contain some level of
    protein.

    THE FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES


    Carbohydrates serve several biochemical functions
    MONOSACCHARIDES SERVE AS FUEL FOR CELLULAR METABOLISM.
    Monosaccharides are used in several biosynthesis reactions.
    Monosaccharides may be converted into space-saving polysaccharides,
    such as glycogen and starch. These molecules provide stored energy for
    plant and animal cells.
    Carbohydrates are used to form structural elements, such as chitin in
    animals and cellulose in plants.
    Carbohydrates and modified carbohydrates are important for an
    organism's fertilization, development, blood clotting, and immune system
    function.
    THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBOHYDRATES EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRATES
    Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose
    Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose
    Polysaccharides: chitin, cellulose

    CARBOHYDRATE CLASSIFICATION
    Three characteristics are used to classify monosaccharides:
    Number of carbon atoms in the molecule
    Location of the carbonyl group
    The chirality of the carbohydrate

    1. Aldose - monosaccharide in which the carbonyl group is an aldehyde


    2. Ketone - monosaccharide in which the carbonyl group is a ketone
    3. Triose - monosaccharide with 3 carbon atoms
    4. Tetrose - monosaccharide with 4 carbon atoms
    5. Pentose - monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms
    6. Hexose - monosaccharide with 6 carbon atoms
    7. Aldohexose - 6-carbon aldehyde (e.g., glucose)
    8. Aldopentose - 5-carbon aldehyde (e.g., ribose)
    9. Ketohexose - 6-carbon hexose (e.g., fructose)

    A monosaccharide is D or L, depending on the orientation of the asymmetric carbon


    located furthest from the carbonyl group. In a D sugar, the hydroxyl group is on
    the right the molecule when written as a Fischer projection. If the hydroxyl group
    is on the left of the molecule, it is an L sugar.
    Source: The Chemistry of Carbohydrates, ThoughCo.
    By: Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. (March 08, 2019)

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