SOCIOLOINGUISTICS

CHAPTER 2 : LANGUAGES, DIALECTS, AND

VARIETIES

TYPES DEFINITION EXAMPLES PAGE

Language A method used by human 28-29
to communicate. It can be
written or spoken.
Dialect A certain form of a 28
language which is peculiar
to a specific region or
social group.
venacular Original dialect that 28
influence by knowledge
patoa Used by low status in 28
relation to the standard
language of the country.
Mutual a relationship between 29
intelligibility languages or dialects in
which speakers of
different but related
varieties can readily
understand each other
without prior familiarity or
special effort.
The role of Power needs some sort of 32
social identity asymmetric relationship
between entities: one has
more than something
 important. A language has
more power than its
dialects.
Standardization Standardization is a 33
process in which the
language has been
codified in several ways.
The process usually
involves the development
of ordinances such as
grammars, spelling books,
and dictionaries, and
perhaps a literature.
Styles, Language styles used 52
Registers, and daily. We can adjust the
Genres state when using a
language style, we can
speak formally or very
informally.
CHAPTER 3 : DEFINING GROUPS

DEFINITION EXAMPLES PAGE

Speech People can group together 63
Communities for one or more reasons:
social, religious, political,
cultural, familial,
vocational, avocational, and
so on.
Linguistic a broad or narrow area that Sundanese in Indonesia 64
boundaries cause of the differences of
language even they are in a
group or country.
Shared the speakers in such a 65
norms community share some
kind of common feeling
about linguistic behavior in
that community,
CHAPTER 4 : LANGUAGES IN CONTACT:

MULTILINGUAL SOCIETIES AND

MULTILINGUAL DISCOURSE

DEFINITION EXAMPLES PAGE

Multilingualism use many language or use I speak Indonesia to talk 83
as a Societal different language in with my friend, I speak
Phenomenon different case/ place or for Javanese in my
some situation related to hometown, I speak
the society. English with my close
friend and my lecturer,
and I speak Javaness
with my family in my
home.

Competencies using many language that 84

and means use different
convergence in language in different place
multilingual or case
societies
Language People comes from same 85
ideologies background.
surrounding Language ideologies is
multilingualism believe about the same
A language background. It is
important to note that
ideologies about
multilingualism are also
part of the development of
 contact linguistics as a field
of study, and this influences
the terms we use to refer to
various contact
phenomena. Much of the
research on discourse in
multilingual contexts uses
the term code-switching
(sometimes written without
a hyphen) to avoid the issue
of whether people are
speaking multiple language
or dialects.

Linguistic A recently emerged area of Word ‘happy day’ in 86

landscapes study in the sociolinguistics Berlin, Germany.
of multilingual societies is
the topic of linguistic
landscapes that is, the
display of languages in
public spaces, including
signs, billboards,
advertisements, and graffiti.
In other words, in linguistic
landscapes there is other
language in own place.
Language Many people have a For example, if a person 88
attitudes in monoglossic ideology, that fluently in X language
is, they believe that then they also fluent in
multilingual languages should be kept Y language. So, we can’t
settings strictly separate, and this is know where actually
true of monolingual and they are from.
multilinguals alike
Domains Domains is a place that 90
Diglossia used. One is used
in one set of circumstances
and the other in an entirely
different set; these
circumstances are called
domains.

Language Associated with this 92

attitudes and prestige valuation for the H
ideologies variety, there is likely to be
a strong feeling that the
prestige is deserved
because the H variety is
more ‘beautiful,’ ‘logical,’
and ‘expressive’ than the L
variety. That is why it is
deemed appropriate for
literary use, for religious
purposes, and so on. There
may also be considerable
and widespread resistance
to translating certain books
into the L variety, for
example, the Qur’an into
 one or other colloquial
varieties of Arabic or the
Bible into Haitian Creole or
Demotic Greek. (We should
note that even today many
speakers of English resist
the Bible in any form other
than the King James
Version.).

Language The H variety is also likely to 93

learning be learned in some kind of
formal setting, for example,
in classrooms or as part of a
religious or cultural
indoctrination. To that
extent, the H variety is
‘taught,’ whereas the L
variety is ‘learned.’

The statuses of Diglossia is become social 93

the H and L problem status of the
varieties person who educated or
not.
Multilingual There is no limitation in 96
Discourse using language. There are
no strict or explicit
guidelines for what
language to speak, even
 within sometimes very
short utterances.

Metaphorical - Situational code- 97

and situational witching is based on
code-switching situation when we
use formal language
and when we use
unformal. For
example, they speak
one language in one
situation and
another in a
different one.
- Metaphorical code-
switching is
language as a
symbol. For
example, attributed
to Charles V ‘I speak
Spanish to God (holy
symbol), Italian to
women (romantic
symbol), French to
Men German to my
horse (rude symbol).
Accomodation - Accomodation : We 98
and audience are trying to
design accomodate ourself
to speak based on
what the
interlocutor
understand. (salah
satu mengalah).
- Convergence :
Behaviour decided
once to low their
self to make it
interlocutor
undrstand what they
said.
- Divergence : when
we use formal
language the
interlocutors don’t
understand so we
decide to use
another language
form.
SOCIOLOINGUISTICS

CHAPTER 10 :

PERFORMATIVES LOCUTIONS ILOCUTIONARY

SPEECH ACTS In using The utterances we use The intent of a locution is called
-is subfield of performative are locutions. Most an illocutionary act. A term used
pragmatic. utterance, a locutions express some in speech act theory to refer to
Speech acts person is just when we speak intent an act performed by making an
is an saying that a speaker has (A utterance.
utterances. something but is meaningful utterance). A
actually doing speakers can also use
something if different locutions to
certain real- achieve the same
world conditions illocutionary force or use
are met one locution for many
(perform an act different purposes.
instead of Example: “it is cold here,
describing it). the door’s open and cold
Example: “I someone see to the
swear” “I door?”.
apologize”.
Locutions also often
cause listeners to do
things.

MAXIMS

IMPLICATURE Quantity manner Quality

-Is something In gricesn One of the maxims for In gricean pragmatics, the
the speaker pragmatics, the conversation in gricean maxim which indicates that
suggests of maxims which pragmatics, states that utterances should be truthful.
implies with states that utterances should be clear
an utterance, utterances and to the point.
even though should contain
it is not all the
literally information
expressed. required, but
not more.
SOCIOLOINGUISTICS

CHAPTER 11:

-Conversation -Conversations divide into

analysis two, that are some speech
is planned and some
speech is unplanned.
Planned speech such as
public performances like
commencement addresses,
or sometimes we will
rehearse a contribution
ahead of time for a
conversation of great
significance, but anyone
who has done this knows
conversation then rarely
processed as planned.
-Conversation Unplanned speech is not
analysis unorganized speech
(speech about anything
goes).

-Working within the ethno

methodological tradition
(how many speaker
-Adjacency pairs involved the conversation,
speaker take turns of
various lengths with little
 overlap, turn taking and
etc.)

-Includes greeting leads to

a return of greeting, a
summons leads, to a
response, a question leads
to an answer, a request or
-Openings offer leads to an -(e.g. how are you/hi/hello)
acceptance or refusal, a
complaint leads to an
apology or some kind of -For example say goodbye or
- Closing rejection, statement or somehow accidently cut off.
compliment.

-The beginning of
- Turn-taking conversation.

- Repair
-Closing the conversation.
Pre closing signals which
serve to negotiate the
actual closing. Some closing
can show by expression
-Institutional such as “well, I think that’s
talk all” or “I’ll let you go now”.

-Pauses in the
conversations.

-If there is false starts, false

statement, stammers,
errors, and corrections.

-Based on situation or
formal circumstances. For
examples teacher and
student.