MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE ROSE TO FAME IN THE ADVENT OF THE 2OTH CENTURY.

modern
architecture is believed to come from the Enlightenment and new technological abilities
developed out of the Industrial Revolution. Modernity is also read as a reaction to eclecticism
and the lavish, detail-oriented styles of the Victorian era and later Art Nouveau.

·0 emphasizes function

·1 mixed use of cubic and cylindrical shapes feel asymmetrical

·2 flat roofs and the absence of ornamentation or moldings create a clean and simplified
look

·3 industrial or utilitarian appearance

·4 Stark, neutral colours like white, cream or grey 7

·5 rebellion on traditional styles

variations of modernism (a timeline)

·6 Expressionism and Neo-expressionism (early 1920s)

-eveolved from the avant garde works of artist fro european countries

-distorted shapes, fragmented lines, organic or biomorphic forms, massive sculpted shapes,
extensive use of concrte and brick, lack of symmetry

- neo expressionism refeers to the expression of an architect's feelings about the surrounding
landscape

-the Einstein Tower or Einsteinturm in Potsdam, Germany

Constructivism (between 1920s and early 1930s)

-belief that design comes from construction

-emphasized abstract geometric shapes and functional machine parts

- Tatlin's Tower (unbuilt)

·7 Bauhaus (1920s)

-German expression meaning house for building

-use principles of Classical architecture in their most pure form: functional, without
ornamentation of any kind
-Bauhaus buildings have flat roofs, smooth façades, and cubic shapes. Colors are white, gray,
beige, or black. Floor plans are open and furniture is functional. Popular construction methods of
the time — steel-frame with glass curtain walls — were used for both residential and commercial
architecture

- originated in Weimar, Germany (1919), moved to Dessau, Germany (1925), and disbanded
when the Nazis rose to power

-Gropius House

·8 De Stijl (1917-1930)

- made bold, minimalist geometric statements

-also known as neo-plasticism

-Rietveld Schröder House

·9 Functionalism (1930s)

-utilitarian structure that was quickly constructed for purely practical purposes without an eye
for artistry

-"form follows function"

- Yale Center for British Art

·10 Minimalism (1940s)

-open floor plans with few if any interior walls; emphasis on the outline or frame of the
structure; incorporating negative spaces around the structure as part of the overall design; using
lighting to dramatize geometric lines and planes; and stripping the building of all but the most
essential elements

- "Less is more."

- Barragan House

·11 International Style (1950s)

-term often used to describe Bauhaus-like architecture in the United States

- tend to be geometric, monolithic skyscrapers with these typical features: a rectangular solid
with six sides (including ground floor) and a flat roof; a curtain wall (exterior siding) completely
of glass; no ornamentation; and stone, steel, glass construction materials.

-Seagram Building
 ·12 Desert or Mid-Century Modern (1950s)

-mid-20th century approach to modernism that capitalized on the sunny skies and warm climate
of Southern California and the American Southwest

-Rocks, trees, and other landscape features were often incorporated into the design

-expansive glass and streamlined styling

-dramatic roof lines with wide overhangs; open floor plans with outdoor living spaces
incorporated into the overall design; and a combination of modern (steel and plastic) and
traditional (wood and stone) building materials

-Kaufmann Desert House

·13 structuralism (1960s)

-social structures and mental processes that contributed to the design.

-all things are built from a system of signs

a process of searching fpr the re;ationship between elements

-may consist of cell-like honeycomb shapes, intersecting planes, cubed grids, or densely
clustered spaces with connecting courtyards.

-Berlin Holocaust Memorial

·14 Metabolism (1960s)

-Metabolism is a type of organic architecture characterized by recycling and prefabrication;

-The design was to "install the capsule units into a concrete core with only 4 high-tension bolts,
as well as making the units detachable and replaceable," according to Kisho Kurokawa Architect
& Associates. The idea was to have individual or connected units, with prefabricated interiors
lifted into the units and attached to the core.

-Nakagin Capsule Tower

·15 High-Tech

High-tech buildings are often called machine-like. Steel, aluminum, and glass combine with
brightly colored braces, girders, and beams. Many of the building parts are prefabricated in a
factory and assembled on site. The support beams, duct work, and other functional elements
are placed on the exterior of the building, where they become the focus of attention. The
interior spaces are open and adaptable for many uses.

-Centre Georges Pompidou

·16 Brutalism (1970s)

-Rugged reinforced concrete construction

-Bauhaus architect Le Corbusier used the French phrase béton brut, or crude concrete, to
describe the construction of his own rough, concrete buildings. When concrete is cast, the
surface will take on imperfections and designs of the form itself, like the wood grain of wooden
forms. The form's roughness can make the concrete (béton) look "unfinished" or raw. This
aesthetic is often a characteristic of what became known as brutalist architecture.

-Common features include precast concrete slabs, rough, unfinished surfaces, exposed steel
beams, and massive, sculptural shapes.

-Hubert H. Humphrey Building

·17 Organic(1970s)

- using new forms of concrete and cantilever trusses, architects could create swooping arches
without visible beams or pillars.

-never linear or rigidly geometric

-wavy lines and curved shapes suggest natural forms

-Guggenheim Museum

·18 Postmodernism (1970s)

-evolved from the modernist movement, yet contradicts many of the modernist ideas.
Combining new ideas with traditional forms, postmodernist buildings may startle, surprise, and
even amuse. Familiar shapes and details are used in unexpected ways. Buildings may incorporate
symbols to make a statement or simply to delight the viewer.

- AT&T Headquarters (SONY Building)

·19 Deconstructivism(1980s)

-an approach to building design that attempts to view architecture in bits and pieces. The basic
elements of architecture are dismantled

-no visual logic

-It is constructed of concrete (enough to fill 10 football fields 1-foot deep), steel (enough to
make 20 Statues of Liberty), and glass (enough to cover 5 1/2 football fields). The exterior "skin"
is insulated, earthquake-resistant glass on a steel structure. Diamond-shaped (4 by 7 foot) glass
units allow natural lighting. In addition to coated clear glass, half of the glass diamonds contain
aluminum sheet metal between glass layers. This triple-layered, "metal mesh glass" reduces heat
and glare — the first U.S. building to install this type of glass.

-Seattle Public Library