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SIEMENS Power Generation

TRAINING
Three Gorges
2003.08.21-2003.09.09

PG G132 Power Generation

PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei
Excitation Systems
Solutions
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Three Gorges
Timeline
2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09

Since 1945 contactless governors ( Magnetic-Regulator )

Since 1931 Power and Frequency - Regulation

Use of Tube-amplifiers since 1923

Pitch-governor up to 60MVA (1908)
Tirill Regler
(1905/06)
Thury Regler
Since 1880 (1889)
Electromechanical Governor
already 8 different types,
2 from T.A. Edison

Centrifugal governor (Watt, 1788)

| | | |
1700 1800 1900 2000
First use of a Static Excitation system (1938)
Use of Thyristors ( THYRIPOL) (1966)
Use of digital Voltage Regulators ( THYRIPOL) 1987
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Excitation Systems
Solutions
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Three Gorges
2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09

Excitation Systems for Synchronous Generators

Generator Output 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 MVA

SIPOL

RG3

THYRISIEM®

Excitation Systems for Generators with rotating Exciters

THYRIPART®

THYRIPOL-L®

Static Excitation System with Compounding Source

THYRIPOL®

Static Excitation System

Application Range Extended Application Range

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2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09

SIPOL - The System Solution for Low Power Output

Up to 20 Amps Excitation Current
Features and Benefits:
• Compact design and easy
installation
• Short delivery time
• Failure monitoring through digital
display
• Actual value displayed on digital
display or as analog value
• User-friendly operation
• Spare parts support* within 24
hours
• Fully digital system stands for
lower maintenance
• Compatible with generator types
of all manufacturers.

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Solutions
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2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09

RG3 - The System Solution for Low/Medium Power Output

Up to 130 Amps Excitation Current
Features and Benefits:
• Uninterruptible automatic transfer
through diode decoupling via
redundant power input facility
• Redundant manual channel or
redundant AVR with separate power
converter available through redundant
power circuit facility
• Local and remote control for
commissioning and operation
• Special solution for industrial purposes
• Profi-BusTM
• The interfaces can easily be adapted to
customer requirements, especially for
refurbishment
• Rotating-diode monitoring
• Power system stabilizer (PSS)
• Joint reactive power control
• Volts per Hertz limiter and stator
current limiter

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2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09

THYRISIEM® - The System Solution for Medium/High Power

Output Up to 225 Amps Excitation Current
Features and Benefits:
• Complete redundant structure
• Two independent controller
channels including manual and
automatic mode
• Two independent rectifier sections
(2 x 100 % concept)
• Rectifiers can be replaced during
operation of generator
• Complete digital controller from
real-value detection up to the
thyristor firing stage
• Complete set of limiters to ensure
safe operation even at the limits
of the generator
• Local operation panel including
fault indications
• Power system stabilizer (PSS)

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2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09

THYRIPART® - The System Solution for Medium Power Output

Up to 1000 Amps Excitation Current
Features and Benefits:
• Load-dependent: the compound excitation
is fed from generator voltage as well as
from generator current and supports load
steps or short circuits on the generator line
side.
• Black start capability: during start-up, the
internal oscillating circuit delivers a voltage
rise and builds up the field from the
remanence voltage of the generator.
• High availability and reliability: the
fundamental excitation is still supplied
through passive components (transformer,
reactor, capacitor, uncontrolled rectifier)
even if the regulator is out of order.
• Small voltage gradient: normally the
controlled thyristor rectifiers create
relatively high voltage gradients dU/dt. The
THYRIPART® excitation system uses an
uncontrolled rectifier, so the dU/dt is low.
The strain on the field windings insulation
is then lowered.
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THYRIPOL® - The System Solution for High Power Output

Up to 8000 Amps Excitation Current
Features and Benefits:
• Power system stabilizer (PSS)
• Higher level closed-loop and
open-loop controls
• Volts per Hertz limiter, stator
current limiter
• Local operator panel including
fault indications
• Full redundancy concept possible
(e.g. 2 AVRs)
• fully controlled thyristor rectifier
• fully digital system from actual-
value detection up to firing pulse
generation

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THYRIPOL up to 2000 A , 1000 V DC
2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09

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Three Gorges Standard THYRIPOL, 2200 A
2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09

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Excitation Systems
Solutions
TRAINING THYRIPOL, (n-1) redundant, 3000 A
Three Gorges
2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09
( Sidi Krir, Egypt)

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Excitation Systems
Solutions
TRAINING THYRIPOL, (n-1) redundant, 4000 A
Three Gorges (HPP Xingo, Brasil)
2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09

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Excitation Systems
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TRAINING
Three Gorges Blockdiagramm according IEEE
2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09

Synchronous
Machine Exciter Synchronous Power
Regulator Machine System

Excitation System

Excitation Control System

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Detailed Blockdiagram
2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09

Limiters and
Control

Actual Value and

Static

Generator
Reference AVR Exciter Generator Terminals

Power System
Stabilizer

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Excitation Systems
Solutions
TRAINING Factory Testing
Three Gorges
2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09

• Insulation Test
• Wiring Test
• Visual Inspection
• Parameter Setting and Verification
• Check of Internal PT and CT Circuits
• Check I/O
• Functional Testing by Simulation
• Test of Chopper
• Software Test

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Excitation Systems
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TRAINING Functional Requirements
Three Gorges
2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09
Automatic Voltage Regulator

• Better +/- 0.2% Regulation

( System according to Accuracy of PT‘s, typical better 0.5% )
• Range from remanent up to 110% rated Generator Voltage
• Excitation Current Regulator
• Reference values setting by raise/lower or analog input
• Most advanced 32bit Technology

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TRAINING Functional Requirements
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2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09
Modes of Control

• Automatic Control Mode ( AVR )

Accuracy < +/- 0.2% Terminal Voltage
Response Time < 0.03s

Smooth Transfer
< 0.1% change in Terminal Voltage

• Manual Control Mode ( ECR )

20% If 0 ... 110% If nom

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TRAINING Functional Requirements
Three Gorges
2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09
Auxiliary Excitation Control Features

• Maximum Excitation Limiter (OEL)

- with integration mode
• Ceiling Current Limiter
- undelayed
• Minimum Excitation Limiter (UEL)
- with integration mode
• Volts-Per-Hertz Limiter
• Follow-up Control for Manual Mode
• Reactive Current Controller
• Power System Stabilizer ( Optional )
•Loss of Exciter Diode Protection)
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Fault Analysis
2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09

Extensive Fault Supervising System

For each fault is available:
• Fault Number and Description
• Fault Value
• Fault List
• Number of Faults
• Fault time
• Trace for one event

In Case of no Fault, the Operation Condition is

2003-06-03 displayed Power Generation
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Excitation Systems
Solutions
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Ceiling Voltage, Ceiling Current

If Uf 1 Uf = Output voltage of thyristor rectifier

I f = Output current of thyristor rectifier
Ifmax 1 = Output current with ceiling operation
2 = Output current without ceiling operation
2 I
IfN f

If0

Time in s

U
f

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No-Load Limiter

E2 Ed = I1*xd

J1
n




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Overexcitation Limiter

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Stator Current Limiter

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Volts per Hertz Limiter

Voltage Order 1 of one Phase

E1 = 4,44 *1*w*1*f*10-8 [V]

i.e.
FLUX is proportional to Ratio Volts/Hertz

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Volts per Hertz Limiter

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Excitation Systems
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TRAINING
Three Gorges Computer Representation of AVR according IEEE 421
2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09

VS V*)RSV
OEL VS KFF
VAMAX VRMAX

VT 1 - -
KP KA VA VR EfD
1 + sTR HV Gate KB
1 + sTA -
- VH
VREF UEL
VAMIN VRMIN
sKF
1 + sTF1 VVE < VRmin = 0

1
VFE > VFEmax : VAmax 1 1 + sTF2
VFE < VFE max : VAmax 2
VFE < 0 : VAmin = 0

V*)RSV : rectifier supply voltage

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Three Gorges Computer Representation of PSS
2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09

Brushless Excitation Systems

Static Excitation Systems

VSmax

K_PDG
Vs
VSmin

K0PDG K1PDG K2PDG K3PDG K4PDG

VSI 1 -
-
. 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 .
S TD_PDG S Ti 1PDG S Ti 2PDG S Ti 3PDG S Ti 4PDG

Range -200 ... + 199,99 %

6 ... 98304 ms
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Model - Calculation ( i.g. Design of DC Fieldbreaker )
2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09

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2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09

Generator Diagramm

Active pow er (active current)

D
E
Max. turbine pow er
C

Underexcited Overexcited
B Operating Point

A
Reactive pow er (reactive current)

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Excitation Systems
Solutions
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Three Gorges
2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09

Picture of HPP Three Gorges, China

14x 840 MVA Generators, THYRIPOL Excitation Systems

2003-06-03 Power Generation
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