JNTUH COLLEGE OFENGINEERING

KUKATPALLY,HYDERABAD-500 085

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the is the bonafide record of the practical work
done during the academic year: 2014 – 2015 by
Name: GORLA PRAVEEN
Roll number : 1301143449 class: B.TECH 2 ND YEAR 1st SEM
In the laboratory of: BASIC SIMULATION LAB
Of the department of:ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Signature of the staff member:…………………....

Signature of Head Of Department:………………………………..

Date of Examination:……………………………………………..

Signature of Examiner/s:…………………………….

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EXPERIMENT NO:1
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT:BASIC OPERATIONS ON
MATRICES
1.AIM:GENERATION OF MATRIX:
Theory: Introduction to Matrices in Matlab
A basic introduction to defining and manipulating matrices is given here. It is assumed
that you know the basics on how to define and manipulate vectors (Introduction to
Vectors in Matlab) using matlab.

• Defining Matrices

• Matrix Functions

• Matrix Operations

Defining Matrices
Defining a matrix is similar to defining a vector (Introduction to Vectors in Matlab). To
define a matrix, you can treat it like a column of row vectors (note that the spaces are
required!):

>> A = [ 1 2 3 ; 3 4 5; 6 7 8]

A= 1 2 3

3 4 5

6 7 8

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2.AIM:operation on matrices:
a=[1 3 4;2 5 1;6 9 5]

a=

1 3 4

2 5 1

6 9 5

b=[2 8 5;4 8 2;8 0 3];

a+b

ans =

3 11 9

6 13 3

14 9 8

a-b

ans =

-1 -5 -1

-2 -3 -1

-2 9 2

a*b

ans =

46 32 23

32 56 23

88 120 63

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a.*b

ans =

2 24 20

8 40 2

48 0 15

a/b

ans =

0.9167 -0.5417 0.1667

-0.0167 0.6417 -0.0667

0.5833 0.5417 0.3333

a./b

ans =

0.5000 0.3750 0.8000

0.5000 0.6250 0.5000

0.7500 Inf 1.6667

a\b

ans =

0.4545 -6.7273 -1.6136

0.6364 4.1818 0.8409

-0.0909 0.5455 1.0227

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a.\b

ans =

2.0000 2.6667 1.2500

2.0000 1.6000 2.0000

1.3333 0 0.6000

a^2

ans =

31 54 27

18 40 18

54 108 58

a.^2

ans =

1 9 16

4 25 1

36 81 25

a'

ans =

1 2 6

3 5 9

4 1 5
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a.'

ans =

1 2 6

3 5 9

4 1 5

3.AIM:EXTRACTION OF MATRICES
b(1:1,1:3)

ans = 2 8 5

b(1:3,1:1)

ans 2

b(1:2,1:2)

ans =

2 8

4 8

b(2:3,2:3)

ans =

8 2

0 3

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inv(b)

ans =

-0.1000 0.1000 0.1000

-0.0167 0.1417 -0.0667

0.2667 -0.2667 0.0667

size(b)

ans =

3 3

det(b)

ans =

-240

4.AIM:SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIOS

Theory:
Solving Linear Equations:-

To find a particular solution of a linear equation in a Galois field, use the \ or /

operator on Galois arrays. The table below indicates the equation that each
operator addresses, assuming that A and B are previously defined Galois arrays.
OperatorLinear EquationSyntaxEquivalent Syntax Using \Backslash (\)A * x = Bx = A
\ BNot applicable Slash (/)x * A = Bx = B / Ax = (A'\B')'

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 • The results of the syntax in the table depend on characteristics of the Galois
array A:

• If A is square and nonsingular, the output x is the unique solution to the

linear equation.

• If A is square and singular, the syntax in the table produces an error.

• If A is not square, MATLAB attempts to find a particular solution. If A'*A or

A*A' is a singular array, or if A is a tall matrix that represents an
overdetermined system, the attempt might fail.

Note : An error message does not necessarily indicate that the linear equation
has no solution. You might be able to find a solution by rephrasing the problem.
For example, gf([1 2; 0 0],3) \ gf([1; 0],3) produces an error but the
mathematically equivalent gf([1 2],3) \ gf([1],3) does not. The first syntax fails
because gf([1 2; 0 0],3) is a singular square matrix.

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MATLAB CODE:

a=

3 4 -2 2

4 9 -3 5

-2 -3 7 5

1 4 6 7

b=[2;8;10;2];

x=inv(a)*b

x=

-2.4000

-2.0857

-3.7429

5.0286

a=

2 8 5

4 8 2

8 0 3

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e=eig(a)

e=

-4.5172

13.6149

3.9023

AIM: TO DETERMINE SUBMATRIX

MATLAB CODE
Clc
a=[ 1 2 3 4 5; 2 3 4 5 6; 3 4 5 6 7; 4 5 6 7 8 ;5 6 7 8 9]
b=a(2:4,2:3)
OUTPUT:

a=

1 2 3 4 5

2 3 4 5 6

3 4 5 6 7

4 5 6 7 8

5 6 7 8 9

b= 3 4

4 5

5 6

AIM: TO DETERMINE INVERSE OF A MATRIX

MATLAB CODE:
Clc

a=[ 1 2 3; 4 1 1;1 3 2];

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b=inv(a)
OUTPUT:

a= 1 2 3

4 1 1

1 3 2

b= -0.0556 0.2778 -0.0556

-0.3889 -0.0556 0.6111

0.6111 -0.0556 -0.3889

AIM: TO FIND DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX

MATLAB CODE
clc
a=[ 1 2 3; 4 1 1;1 3 2]
b=det(a)

OUTPUT:
a=

1 2 3

4 1 1

1 3 2

b = 18

AIM: TO DETERMINE EIGEN VALUES OF A MATRIX

MATLAB CODE
clc
a=[ 1 2 3; 4 1 1;1 3 2]
b=eig(a)

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OUTPUT:
a=

1 2 3

4 1 1

1 3 2

b=

6.0000

-1.0000 + 1.4142i

-1.0000 - 1.4142i

AIM: CONCATINATION OF A MATRIX

THEORY:

Matrix concatenation is the process of joining one or more matrices to make a new matrix. The
brackets [] operator discussed earlier in this section serves not only as a matrix constructor, but
also as the MATLAB concatenation operator. The expression C = [A B] horizontally concatenates
matrices A and B. The expression C = [A; B] vertically concatenates them.

This example constructs a new matrix C by concatenating matrices A and B in a vertical

direction:

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A = ones(2, 5) * 6; % 2-by-5 matrix of 6's

B = rand(3, 5); % 3-by-5 matrix of random values

C = [A; B] % Vertically concatenate A and B

Output:

C=

6.0000 6.0000 6.0000 6.0000 6.0000

6.0000 6.0000 6.0000 6.0000 6.0000

0.9501 0.4860 0.4565 0.4447 0.9218

0.2311 0.8913 0.0185 0.6154 0.7382

0.6068 0.7621 0.8214 0.7919 0.1763

MATLAB CODE:
clc
a=[ 1 2 3; 4 1 1;1 3 2;7 5 3]
b=[a a+9 a+4]

OUTPUT

a=

1 2 3

4 1 1
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 1 3 2

7 5 3

b=

1 2 3 10 11 12 5 6 7

4 1 1 13 10 10 8 5 5

1 3 2 10 12 11 5 7 6

7 5 3 16 14 12 11 9 7

AIM: TO DELETE A ROW FROM A MATRIX

MATLAB CODE
clc

a=[ 1 2 3; 4 1 1;1 3 2;7 5 3]

a(2,:)=[]

OUTPUT
a=
1 2 3
4 1 1
1 3 2
7 5 3

a=
1 2 3
1 3 2
7 5 3
AIM: TO DELETE A COLUMN FROM A MATRIX
MATLAB CODE
clc
a=[ 1 2 3; 4 1 1;1 3 2;7 5 3]
a(:,2)=[]
OUTPUT
a=

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 1 2 3

4 1 1

1 3 2

7 5 3

a=

1 3

4 1
1 2

7 3

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EXPERIMENT NO:2
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT :Generation of various signals
AIM:TO GENERATE UNIT STEP

MATLABCODE:
t=-5:.01:5;

a=[zeros(1,500) ones(1,501)];
plot(t,a);
xlabel('time')
ylabel('amplitude')
title('UNIT STEP')
FIGURE:

MATLABCODE

UNIT STEP
1 UNIT STEP
1
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
a m p lit u d e

0.6
a m p lit u d e

0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
-5
0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 time0 1 2 3 4 5
time

AIM:
UNIT STEP USING HEAVISIDE
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 %unitstep
clear all;
syms t;
x=heaviside(t);
ezplot(x,[-20 20]);
axis([-10 10 -5 5]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('step');

OUTPUT:

step
5

1
amplitude

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
time

AIM:TO GENERATE UNIT IMPULSE

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MATLABCODE:
t=-5:.01:5;
y=[zeros(1,500) ones(1) zeros(1,500)];
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('impulse');
plot(t,y);

FIGURE:
impulse
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Amplitude

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
time

AIM:
UNIT IMPULSE USING DIRAC FUNCTION
MATLAB CODE:
clear all
t=-5:1:5
x=dirac (t);
xlabel('time')
ylabel('amplitude')
title('dirac')
stem(t,x)

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OUTPUT:

DIRAC
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
AMPLITUDE

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
TIME

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AIM:
% IMPULSE USING HEAVISIDE
MATLAB CODE:
clear all;
syms t;
x=input('x1=');
t=input('time period =');
t1=input('tmin=');
t2=input('tmax=');
e=diff(x);
subplot(211);
ezplot(x,[-1 1]);
axis([0 3 -5 5]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
title('main signal');
subplot(2,1,2);
ezplot(e,[-1 1]);
axis([-4 4 -5 5]);

INPUT:
x1=HEAVISIDE(t)
t1=0
t2=10
output:

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 main signal
5
amp

-5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
time
dirac(t)
5

-5
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
t

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AIM:TO GENERATE UNIT RAMP

MATLAB CODE:

t=0:.01:5;
y=t;

plot(t,y);

xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('impulse');

FIGURE:

UNIT RAMP
5

1
Amplitude

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
time

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AIM:
%ramp function using heavide

MATLAB CODE:
clear all;
syms t;
x=input('x1=');
t=input('time period =');
t1=input('tmin=');
t2=input('tmax=');
e=int(x);
subplot(211);
ezplot(x,[-1 1]);
axis([0 3 -5 5]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
title('main signal');
subplot(2,1,2);
ezplot(e,[-10 10]);
axis([0 4 0 5]);

INPUT:
X1=heaviside(t)
t1=0
t2=10
OUTPUT:

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 main signal
5

amp
0

-5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
time
t heaviside(t)
5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
t

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AIM:TO GENERATE PARABOLIC FUNCTION
MATLAB CODE:
t=-5:.01:5;
y=t.^2/2;

plot(t,y);

xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('parabolic');

FIGURE:

PARABOLIC
14

12

10

8
Amplitude

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
time

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AIM:
PARABVOLIC FUNCTION USING HEAVISIDE
MATLAB CODE:

clear all;
syms t;
x=heaviside(t);
subplot(311);
ezplot(x,[0 10]);
axis([0 10 -4 4]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('step');
y=int(x);
subplot(312);
ezplot(y,[0 10]);
axis([0 10 0 10]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('ramp');
z=int(y);
subplot(313);
ezplot(z,[-4 4]);
axis([-10 10 -5 5]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('parabolic');
OUTPUT:

step
a m p lit u d e

4
2
0
-2
-4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time
ramp
a m p lit u d e

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time
parabolic
a m p lit u d e

-5
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
time

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AIM:TO GENERATE SIGNUM FUNCTION

MATLAB CODE:
t=-5:.01:5;
y=sign(t);

plot(t,y);

xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('SIGNUM');

FIGURE:

SIGNUM
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
Amplitude

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
time

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AIM:

SIGNUM FUNCTION USING HEAVISIDE

MATLAB CODE:
t=-5:0.1:5
a=heaviside(t)-heaviside(-t)
xlabel('time')
ylabel('amplitude')
title('signum')
STEM(t,a)

OUTPUT:
SIGNUM
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
AMPLITUDE

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
TIME

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AIM:TO GENERATE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

MATLAB CODE:
t=-5:.01:5;
y=exp(t);

plot(t,y);

xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('EXPONENTIAL');

FIGURE:

EXPONENTIAL
150

100
Amplitude

50

0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
time

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AIM :
GENERATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

MATLAB CODE:
clc
clearall
closeall
t=-1:0.1:1
a=input(' enter value of a ')
x=exp(-a*t)
plot(t,x)
xlabel(' time ')
ylabel(' amplitude ')
title(' exponential wave ')
grid on;

OUTPUT:

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AIM:TO GENERATE SIN FUNCTION

MATLAB CODE:
t=-2*pi:.001:2*pi;
y=sin(t);

plot(t,y);

xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('SIN FUNCTION')

FIGURE:

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 SIN FUNCTION
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
Amplitude

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
time

AIM:TO GENERATE RECTANGULAR FUNCTION

MATLAB CODE:

t=0:.01:5;
y=[zeros(1,100) ones(1,300) zeros(1,101)];

plot(t,y);

xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('RECTANGULAR');

FIGURE:

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 RECTANGULAR
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Amplitude

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
time

AIM:TO GENERATE SINC FUNCTION

MATLAB CODE:

t=-2*pi:.01:2*pi;
y=sinc(t);

plot(t,y);

xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('SINC');
FIGURE:

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 SINC
1

0.8

0.6

0.4
Amplitude

0.2

-0.2

-0.4
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
time

AIM : GENERATION OF SINC FUNCTION USING SINE FUNCTION

MATLAB CODE:
%sinc wave
clc
clearall
closeall
t=-10:0.001:10
y=sin(pi*t)./(pi*t)
plot(t,y)
axis([-10 10 -2 2])
xlabel(' time ')

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 ylabel(' amplitude ')
title(' sinc wave ')
gridon;

OUTPUT:

AIM:TO GENERATE TRIANGULAR FUNCTION

MATLAB CODE:
Clc

clear all

close all
t=0:0.001:1;
l=length(t);
for i=1:l;
if t(i)<.5
u(i)=t(i);
elseif t(i)>=.5
u(i)=1-t(i);
end
end
plot(t,u);
xlabel('time')
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 ylabel('amplitude')
title('TRIANGULAR')
FIGURE:
TRIANGULAR
0.5

0.45

0.4

0.35
a m p lit u d e

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time

AIM:TO GENERATE SQUARE FUNCTION

MATLAB CODE:

t=-5:.001:5;
y=square(t);

xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('SQUARE FNCTION');
plot(t,y);
FIGURE:

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 1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

EXPERIMENT NO :3
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: SUM OF TWO SIGNALS
AIM:TO GENERATE SUM OF TWO SIGNALS

MATLAB CODE:
clear all;
n=input('c=');
t=-n:.01:n;
a=input('enyer the first signal');
b=input('enter the 2nd signal');
out=a+b;
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 disp('out');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('SIGNAL 1');
subplot(3,3,1);
stem(t,a);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('SGNAL 2');

subplot(3,3,2);
stem(t,b);
xlabel('title');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('sum');
subplot(3,3,3);
stem(t,out);
INPUT:
c=pi

enyer the first signalsin(t)

enter the 2nd signalsinc(t)

out

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 SGNAL 2 sum
1 1 2
amplitude

amplitude
0 0 0

-1 -1 -2
-5 0 5 -5 0 5 -5 0 5
time title

EXPERIMENT NO:

AIM:TO DETERMINE ADDITION OF 2 SIGNALS

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MATLAB CODE:
In order to perform this task

We define a function to pad zeros

Function for padding zeros:

function[s1out s2out]=padding2(s1,m,s2,n)

k=abs(min(m)-min(n))

if min(m)<min(n)
for i=1:k
s2=[0 s2];
end
else
for i=1:k
s1=[0 s1];
end
end

%pad to the max limits

K1=abs(max(m)-max(n))

if max(m)<max(n)
for i=1:k1
s1=[s1 0];
end
else
for i=1:k1
s2=[s2 0];
end
end

AIM:TO PAD ZEROS FOR 2 SIGNALS.

MATLAB CODE:
clear all
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clc
s1=[1 3 4 5 6 7];
m= [-2 -1 0 1 2 3];
s2=[5 8 9 ];
n=[0 1 2];
[s1 s2]=padding2(s1,m,s2,n);
s1
s2

calling funtion:
function[s1 s2 m1]=padding2(s1,m,s2,n)

k=abs(min(m)-min(n))

if min(m)<min(n)
for i=1:k
s2=[0 s2];
end
else
for i=1:k
s1=[0 s1];
end
end

%pad to the max limits

k1=abs(max(m)-max(n))

if max(m)<max(n)
for i=1:k1
s1=[s1 0];
end
else
for i=1:k1
s2=[s2 0];
end
end
m1=min(min(m),min(n)):max(max(m),max(n))

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 output:
s1=
134567
s2=
005890

EXPERIMENT NO:3
AIM:TO GENERATION ADDITION OF 2 SIGNALS

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Matlab code:
clear all
clc
s1=input('');
m= [-2 -1 0 1 2 3];
s2=[5 8 9 ];
n=[0 1 2];
[s1 s2]=padding2(s1,m,s2,n);
s1
s2
s1+s2

output:

s1 =

1 3 4 5 6 7

s2 =

0 0 5 8 9 0

ans =

1 3 9 13 15 7

METHOD : 2
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AIM:IMPLEMENTATION OF TO GENERATION ADDITION OF 2
SIGNALS

MAIN CODE:
clc
clear all
s1=input('enter signal');
s2=input('enter signal');
[s]=sumof2signals(s1,s2) ;
s ;

CALLING FUNCTION FOR "SUMOF2SIGNALS"

function[s]=sumof2signals(s1,s2)
l1=length(s1);
m=[ ]
for i=0:1:l1-1
m=[m i] ;
end;
l2=length(s2) ;
n=[ ]
for i=0:1:l2-1
n=[n i] ;
end;
[s1 s2 m1]=padding2(s1,m,s2,n)
s=s1+s2
end

INPUT:

enter signal:[1 2 3 4 5]
enter signal:[1 2 3 ]

OUTPUT:

s1 =
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 1 2 3 4 5

s2 =

1 2 3 0 0

m1 =

0 1 2 3 4

s=

1 4 9 0 0

AIM:MULTIPLICATION OF 2 SIGNALS
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MATLAB CODE:
clear all
clc
s1=[1 3 4 5 6 7];
m= [-2 -1 0 1 2 3];

s2=[5 8 9 ];
n=[0 1 2];
[s1 s2]=padding2(s1,m,s2,n);

s1

s2

s1.*s2

OUTPUT:
s1 =

1 3 4 5 6 7

s2 =

0 0 5 8 9 0

ans =

0 0 20 40 54 0

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METHOD: 2
MAIN code:

clc
clear all
s1=input('enter signal');
s2=input('enter signal');
[s]=mulof2signals(s1,s2) ;
s ;
INPUT:

enter signal:[1 2 3 4 5]
enter signal:[1 2 3 ]

OUTPUT:

s1 =

1 2 3 4 5

s2 =

1 2 3 0 0

m1 =

0 1 2 3 4

s=

1 4 9 0 0

47
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CALLING FUNCTION FOR "MULOF2SIGNALS"

function[s]=mulof2signals(s1,s2)
l1=length(s1);
m=[ ]
for i=0:1:l1-1
m=[m i] ;
end;

l2=length(s2) ;
n=[ ]
for i=0:1:l2-1
n=[n i] ;
end;
[s1 s2 m1]=padding2(s1,m,s2,n)
s=s1+s2
end

EXPERIMENT:4

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: ODD AND EVEN PARTS OF A

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SIGNAL

AIM:TO FIND THE ODD AND EVEN PART OF A SIGNAL

MATLAB CODE:
n=input('c=');
t=-n:.1:n;
a=input('enter the signal')
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('orginal signal');
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(t,a);
b=fliplr(a);
d=(a+b)*.5;
xlabel('time');
ylabel('ampltude');
title('even signal');

subplot(3,1,2);
stem(t,d);
e=(a-b)*.5;
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('odd signal');

subplot(3,1,3);
stem(t,e);
INPUT:
c=5

enter signalsin(t)

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FIGURE:

orginal signal
1
amplitude

-1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
time
even signal
1
ampltude

-1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
time
odd signal
1
amplitude

-1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
time

EXPERIMENT NO:5

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NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: ORTHOGNALITY OF TWO SIGNALS
AIM:TO TEST THE ORTHOGONALITY OF TWO SIGNALS
MATLAB CODE:

claer all;
syms t
a=input('ist signal');
b=input('2nd=');
t1=input('tmin=');
t2=input('tmax=');
x1=int(a*b,t1,t2);
if(x1==0)
disp('orthogonal');
else
disp('not orthogonal');
end;

INPUT:
1st signalsin(2*pi*t)
2nd=cos(3*pi*t/2)
tmin=0
tmax=3
non orthogonal

EXPERIMENT NO:6

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NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: SHIFTING OF GENERAL SIGNALS
AIM:TO SHIFT A GIVEN SIGNAL

SIGNAL:1
MATLAB CODE:

clear all;
n1=input('min=');
n2=input('max=');
for i=1:2
n=input('for orginal n=0,if shifted n=');
if n==0;
t1=n1+n:.001:n2+n;
x=input('signal=');
a=x;
b=t1;
else
t2=n1+n:.001:n2+n;
t1=t2;
y=x;
end;
end;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(b,a);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('MAIN SIGNAL');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t2,y);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('SHIFTED SIGNAL');

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FIGURE:

MAIN SIGNAL
1

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time
SHIFTED SIGNAL
1

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
time

SIGNAL:2
MATLAB CODE:
53
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clear all;
n1=input('min=');
n2=input('max=');
for i=1:2
n=input('for orginal n=0,if shifted n=');
if n==0;
t1=n1+n:.001:n2+n;
x=input('signal=');
a=x;
b=t1;
else
t2=n1+n:.001:n2+n;
t1=t2;
y=x;
end;
end;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(b,a);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('MAIN SIGNAL');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t2,y);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('SHIFTED SIGNAL');

min=0
max=10
for orginal n=0,if shifted n=0
signal=(t1/2.5).*(t1<2.5)+((5-
t1)/2.5).*(t1>=2.5&t1<5)+((5-
t1)/2.5).*(t1>=5&t1<7.5)+((t1-
10)/2.5).*(t1>=7.5&t1<=10)
for orginal n=0,if shifted n=10

54
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 MAIN SIGNAL
1

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time
SHIFTED SIGNAL
1

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
time

SIGNAL:3
MATLAB CODE:
clear all;
n1=input('min=');
n2=input('max=');
for i=1:2
n=input('for orginal n=0,if shifted n=');
if n==0;
t1=n1+n:.001:n2+n;
x=input('signal=');
a=x;
b=t1;
else
t2=n1+n:.001:n2+n;
t1=t2;

55
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 y=x;
end;
end;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(b,a);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('MAIN SIGNAL');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t2,y);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('SHIFTED SIGNAL');
FIGURE:

MAIN SIGNAL
4

2
amplitude

-2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
time
SHIFTED SIGNAL
4

2
amplitude

-2
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
time

56
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SIGNAL:4
MATLAB CODE:

clear all;
n1=input('min=');
n2=input('max=');
for i=1:2
n=input('for orginal n=0,if shifted n=');
if n==0;
t1=n1+n:.001:n2+n;
x=input('signal=');
a=x;
b=t1;
else
t2=n1+n:.001:n2+n;
t1=t2;
y=x;
end;
end;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(b,a);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('MAIN SIGNAL');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t2,y);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('SHIFTED SIGNAL');

min=0

max=8

for orginal n=0,if shifted n=0

signal=t1.*(t1<2+n)+2.*(t1>=2+n&t1<4+n)+(t1-2).*(t1>=4+n&t1<6+n)-

57
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 5.*(t1>=6+n&t1<8+n)

for orginal n=0,if shifted n=10

FIGURE:

MAIN SIGNAL
5
amplitude

-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
time
SHIFTED SIGNAL
5
amplitude

-5
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
time

SIGNAL:4
MATLAB CODE:

clear all;
n1=input('min=');

58
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 n2=input('max=');
for i=1:2
n=input('for orginal n=0,if shifted n=');
if n==0;
t1=n1+n:.001:n2+n;
x=input('signal=');
a=x;
b=t1;
else
t2=n1+n:.001:n2+n;
t1=t2;
y=x;
end;
end;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(b,a);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('MAIN SIGNAL');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t2,y);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('SHIFTED SIGNAL');
FIGURE:

MAIN SIGNAL
1
a m p lit u d e

0.5

0
0 5 10 15
time
SHIFTED SIGNAL
1
a m p lit u d e

0.5

0
10 15 20 25
time

59
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NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT:SCALING OF A GIVEN SIGNAL.
AIM:TO SCALE A GIVEN SIGNAL

SIGNAL:1
MATLAB CODE:
clear all;
n1=input('min=');
n2=input('max=');
for i=1:2
n=input('for orginal n=1,if not scaled n=');
if n==1;
t1=n1*n:.001:n2*n;
x=input('signal=');
a=x;
b=t1;
else
t2=n1*n:.01:n2*n;
t1=t2;
y=x;
end;
end;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(b,a);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('MAIN SIGNAL');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t2,y);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('SCALED');

min=0

max=10

60
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 for orginal n=1,if not scaled n=1

signal=1.*(t1<5*n)-1.*(t1>=5*n&t1<10*n)

for orginal n=1,if not scaled n=10

FIGURE:

MAIN SIGNAL
1

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time
SCALED
1

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time

61
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SIGNAL:2
MATLAB CODE:
clear all;
n1=input('min=');
n2=input('max=');
for i=1:2
n=input('for orginal n=1,if not scaled n=');
if n==1;
t1=n1*n:.001:n2*n;
x=input('signal=');
a=x;
b=t1;
else
t2=n1*n:.01:n2*n;
t1=t2;
y=x;
end;
end;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(b,a);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('MAIN SIGNAL');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t2,y);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('SCALED');

min=0

max=10

for orginal n=1,if not scaled n=1

signal=(t1/2.5).*(t1<2.5)+((5-t1)/2.5).*(t1>=2.5&t1<5)+((5-
62
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 t1)/2.5).*(t1>=5&t1<7.5)+((t1-10)/2.5).*(t1>=7.5&t1<=10)

for orginal n=1,if not scaled n=10

FIGURE:

MAIN SIGNAL
1

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time
SCALED
1

0.5
amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
time

SIGNAL:3
MATLAB CODE:
clear all;
n1=input('min=');
n2=input('max=');
63
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 for i=1:2
n=input('for orginal n=1,if not scaled n=');
if n==1;
t1=n1*n:.0001:n2*n;
x=input('signal=');
a=x;
b=t1;
else
t2=n1*n:.001:n2*n;
t1=t2;
y=x;
end;
end;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(b,a);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('MAIN SIGNAL');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t2,y);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('SCALED');

min=0
max=8
for orginal n=1,if not scaled n=1

signal=1.*(t1<2*n)+2.*(t1>=2*n&t1<4*n)-
2.*(t1>=4*n&t1<6*n)-1.*(t1>=6&t1<8)
for orginal n=1,if not scaled n=10
FIGURE:

64
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 MAIN SIGNAL
2

1
a m p litu d e

-1

-2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
time
SCALED
2

1
a m p litu d e

-1

-2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
time

SIGNAL:4
MATLAB CODE:
clear all;
n1=input('min=');
n2=input('max=');
for i=1:2
n=input('for orginal n=1,if not scaled n=');
if n==1;
t1=n1*n:.001:n2*n;
x=input('signal=');
a=x;
b=t1;
else
t2=n1*n:.01:n2*n;
t1=t2;
y=x;
end;
end;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(b,a);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('MAIN SIGNAL');
subplot(2,1,2);

65
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 plot(t2,y);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('SCALED');

min=0
max=8
for orginal n=1,if not scaled n=1
signal=t1.*(t1<2*n)+2.*(t1>=2*n&t1<4*n)+(t1-
2).*(t1>=4*n&t1<6*n)-5.*(t1>=6*n&t1<8*n)
for orginal n=1,if not scaled n=10

FIGURE:

MAIN SIGNAL
5
amplitude

-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
time
SCALED
5
amplitude

-5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
time

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SIGNAL:5
MATLAB CODE:

clear all;
n1=input('min=');
n2=input('max=');
for i=1:2
n=input('for orginal n=1,if not scaled n=');
if n==1;
t1=n1*n:.0001:n2*n;
x=input('signal=');
a=x;
b=t1;
else
t2=n1*n:.001:n2*n;
t1=t2;
y=x;
end;
end;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(b,a);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('MAIN SIGNAL');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t2,y);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('SCALED');

min=0
max=15
for orginal n=1,if not scaled n=1
signal=t1/5.*(t1<5*n)+1.*(t1>=5*n&t1<10*n)+((15-
t1)/5).*(t1>=10*n&t1<=15*n)
for orginal n=1,if not scaled n=10
FIGURE:

67
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 MAIN SIGNAL
amplitude 1

0.5

0
0 5 10 15
time
SCALED
1
amplitude

0.5

0
0 50 100 150
time

AIM: TO DETERMINE SCALING OF SIGNAL by using samples

MATLAB CODE:

clc
clear all
% scaling of a function by using logic-
% expansion of a signal x(n/2)
x=[1 2 3 4 4 5 ]
n=-2:3
a=input('enter scalar: ' );
% y(1)=x(1)
y=cell(1,a)
for i=1:length(x)
y{i}=[x(i) ]
for j=1:a
y{i}=[y{i} 0 ]
end
end
s=cell2mat(y)

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 n1=min(n)*(a+1)
n2=max(n)*(a+1)
ns=n1:n2+a
stem(ns,s)

input:
enter scalar: 5
OUTPUT:

AIM:FOLDING OF A SIGNAL
MATLAB CODE:

clear all
clc
s1=input('enter signal:');
x=length(s1)
m=[ ]
for i=0:1:x-1
m=[m i];
end
m

69
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 subplot(2,1,1)
stem(m,s1,'blue')
xlabel('magnitude')
ylabel('time')
title('unfolded')
k=min(m)
k1=max(m)
m1=[ ]
for i=k:k1
m1=[-i m1];
end
m1
s2=fliplr(s1)
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(m1,s2,'red')
xlabel('magnitude')
ylabel('time')
title('folded')

INPUT:

enter signal:signal1

x =101
m =[ ]
k=0

k1 =100

m1 =[ ]

OUTPUT:

70
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 71
JNTUHCEH, |
AIM: CONVOLUTION OF 2 SIGNALS
MATLAB CODE:
clear all
clc
x=input('enter signal:');
h=input('enter signal:');
m=length(x);
n=length(h);
l1=[ ];
for i=0:1:m
l1=[l1 i];
end

l2=[ ];
for i=0:1:n
l2=[l1 i];
end
[x h]=padding2(x,l1,h,l2)
m=length(x);
n=length(h);
a=[x,zeros(1,n)];
b=[h,zeros(1,m)];
for i=1:n+m-1
y(i)=0;
for j=1:m
if(i-j+1>0)
y(i)=y(i)+a(j)*b(i-j+1);
else
end
end
end
stem(y);
INPUT:
enter signal:SIGNAL1
enter signal:SIGNAL2

72
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OUTPUT:

73
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AIM:Correlation OF 2 SIGNALS
MATLAB CODE:
clear all
clc
x=input('enter signal:');
s=input('enter signal:');
h=fliplr(s);
m=length(x);
n=length(h);
l1=[ ];
for i=0:1:m
l1=[l1 i];
end

l2=[ ];
for i=0:1:n
l2=[l1 i];
end
[x h]=padding2(x,l1,h,l2)
m=length(x);
n=length(h);
a=[x,zeros(1,n)];
b=[h,zeros(1,m)];
for i=1:n+m-1
y(i)=0;
for j=1:m
if(i-j+1>0)
y(i)=y(i)+a(j)*b(i-j+1);
else
end
end
end
stem(y);
xlabel('magnitude')
ylabel('time')
title('correlation.')
input:
enter signal:SIGNAL1
enter signal:SIGNAL2

74
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output:

75
JNTUHCEH, |
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT:GENERATE THE ENERGY OFA SIGNAL
AIM:TO GENERATE THE ENERGY OF THE SIGNAL
MATLAB CODE:
%energy of a signal
clc;
clear all;
close all;
syms t;
x=exp(-2*t).*heaviside(t)

t1=input('tmin=');
t2=input('tmax=');
e=int(x.^2,t1,t2)
subplot(2,1,1);
ezplot(x,[-10 10]);
axis([-3 3 -10 10]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
title('main signal');
subplot(2,1,2);
ezplot(e,[-1 1]);
axis([-3 3 -10 10]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
title('energy signal');
output:

x=

heaviside(t)/exp(2*t)

tmin=0

tmax=2

e=

1/4 - 1/(4*exp(8))
76
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 main signal
10

5
amp

-5

-10
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
time
energy signal
10

5
amp

-5

-10
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
time

77
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NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT:FIND THE POWER OF THE SIGNAL
AIM:TO FIND THE POWER OF THE SIGNAL
MATLAB CODE:
%power of signal
clc;
clear all;
close all;
syms t;
x1=input('x1=');
x2=input('x2=');
x=x1+x2
t=input('time period =');
t1=input('tmin=');
t2=input('tmax=');
e1=(int((x1.^2),t1,t2))./t;
e2=(int((x2.^2),t1,t2))./t;
e=e1+e2
subplot(2,1,1);
ezplot(x,[-10 10]);
axis([-3 3 -10 10]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
title('main signal');
subplot(2,1,2);
ezplot(e,[-1 1]);
axis([-3 3 -10 10]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
title('power signal');
output:

x=

cos(30*t) + sin(pi/2 + 50*t)

time period =pi/5

tmin=0

tmax=pi/5

78
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 e=

figure

main signal
10

5
amp

-5

-10
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
time
power signal
10

5
amp

-5

-10
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
time

79
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NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: FIND THE FOURIER OF HEAVISIDE
AIM:TO FIND THE FOURIER OF HEAVISIDE
MATLAB CODE:

%fourier heaviside
clc;
clear all;
close all;
syms t;
x=input('x=');
subplot(3,1,1);
ezplot(x,[-2 2]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
axis([-2 2 -1 1.5])
y=fourier(x)
subplot(3,1,2);
ezplot(abs(y),[-3 3]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
title('fourier');
axis([-3 3 -50 50]);
subplot(3,1,3);
ezplot(atan(imag(y)/real(y)),[-3 3]);
axis([-3 3 -3 3]);

output:

x=heaviside(t)

y=

pi*dirac(w) - i/w

80
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 heaviside(t)

1
amp

0
-1
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time
fourier
50
amp

-50
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
time
-atan((1/(2 conj(w)) + 1/(2 w) + (i  dirac(w))/2 - (i  conj(dirac(w)))/2)/(i/(2 conj(w)) + ( conj(dirac(w)))/2 - i/(2 w) + ( dirac(w))/2))
2
0
-2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
w

81
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NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT:FIND THE FOURIER OF DIRAC FUNCTION
AIM:TO FIND THE FOURIER OF DIRAC FUNCTION
MATLAB CODE:

%fourier dirac(t)
clc;
clear all;
close all;
syms t;
x=input('x=');
subplot(3,1,1);
ezplot(x,[-2 2]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
axis([-2 2 -1 1.5])
y=fourier(x)
subplot(3,1,2);
ezplot(abs(y),[-3 3]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
title('fourier');
axis([-3 3 -50 50]);
subplot(3,1,3);
ezplot(atan(imag(y)/real(y)),[-3 3]);
axis([-3 3 -3 3]);
output:

x=dirac(t)

y=

82
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 dirac(t)

1
amp

0
-1
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time
fourier
50
amp

-50
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
time
0
2
0
-2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
x

83
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NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT:FIND THE FOURIER TRANSFORM OF
PRODUCT OF EXPONENTIAL AND UNITSTEP
AIM:TO FIND THE FOURIER TRANSFORM OF PRODUCT OF
EXPONENTIAL AND UNIT STEP
MATLAB CODE:

%fourier exp(-2t)*u(t)
clc;
clear all;
close all;
syms t;
x=input('x=');
subplot(3,1,1);
ezplot(x,[-2 2]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
axis([-2 2 -1 1.5])
y=fourier(x)
subplot(3,1,2);
ezplot(abs(y),[-3 3]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
title('fourier');
axis([-3 3 -50 50]);
subplot(3,1,3);
ezplot(atan(imag(y)/real(y)),[-3 3]);
axis([-3 3 -3 3]);
output:

x=exp(-5*t)*heaviside(t)

y=

1/(5 + w*i)

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 heaviside(t)/exp(5 t)

1
amp

0
-1
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time
fourier
50
amp

-50
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
time
-atan(-(i/(2 i conj(w) - 10) + i/(2 i w + 10))/(1/(2 i conj(w) - 10) - 1/(2 i w + 10)))
2
0
-2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
w

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NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: FIND THE LAPLACE OF DIRACE FUNCTION
AIM:TO FIND THE LAPLACE OF DIRACE FUNCTION
MATLAB CODE:

%laplace of dirac(t)
clc;
clear all;
close all;
syms t;
x=input('x=');
subplot(3,1,1);
ezplot(x,[-2 2]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
axis([-2 2 -1 1.5])
y=laplace(x)
subplot(3,1,2);
ezplot(abs(y),[-3 3]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
title('laplace');
axis([-3 3 -50 50]);
subplot(3,1,3);
ezplot(atan(imag(y)/real(y)),[-3 3]);
axis([-3 3 -3 3]);
output:

x=dirac(t)

y=

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 dirac(t)

1
amp

0
-1
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time
fourier
50
amp

-50
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
time
0
2
0
-2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
x

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NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: FIND THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF
DIRACE FUNCTION
AIM:TO FIND THE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS OF DIRACE FUNCTION
MATLAB CODE:

%laplace of dirac(t)
clc;
clear all;
close all;
syms t;
x=input('x=');
subplot(3,1,1);
ezplot(x,[-2 2]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
axis([-2 2 -1 1.5])
y=laplace(x)
subplot(3,1,2);
ezplot(abs(y),[-3 3]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
title(';laplace');
axis([-3 3 -50 50]);
subplot(3,1,3);
ezplot(atan(imag(y)/real(y)),[-3 3]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
title(';laplace phase')
axis([-3 3 -3 3]);
x=heaviside(t)

output:

y=

1/s

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 heaviside(t)

1
amp

0
-1
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time
;laplace
50
amp

-50
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
time
;laplace phase
2
amp

0
-2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
time

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NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT:FIND THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF
PRODUCT OF EXPONENTIAL AND UNIT STEP FUNCTION
AIM:TO FIND THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF PRODUCT OF EXPONENTIAL
AND UNIT STEP FUNCTION
MATLAB CODE:

%laplace of exp(-5t).heaviside(t)
clc;
clear all;
close all;
syms t;
x=input('x=');
subplot(3,1,1);
ezplot(x,[-2 2]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
axis([-2 2 -1 1.5])
y=laplace(x)
subplot(3,1,2);
ezplot(abs(y),[-3 3]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
title(';laplace');
axis([-3 3 -50 50]);
subplot(3,1,3);
ezplot(atan(imag(y)/real(y)),[-3 3]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amp');
title(';laplace phase')
axis([-3 3 -3 3]);
output:

x=exp(-5*t).*heaviside(t)

y=

1/(s + 5)

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 heaviside(t)/exp(5 t)

1
amp

0
-1
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time
;laplace
50
amp

-50
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
time
;laplace phase
2
amp

0
-2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
time

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NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT:FIND THE GIBBS PHENOMENON
AIM:TO FIND THE GIBBS PHENOMENON
MATLAB CODE:

AIM:GIBBS PHENOMENON
clear all;
n=input('type the no of hormonics');
t=0:0.001:1;
y=square(2*pi*t);
plot(t,y,'r','linewidth',2);
axis([0 1 -3 3]);
hold;
sq=zeros(size(t));
for n=1:2:n
sq=sq+(4/(pi*n)).*sin(2*pi*n*t);
end
plot(t,sq);
grid
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('gibbs');

INPUT:
Type the no of harmonics:
10
FIGURE:

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 gibbs
3

1
amplitude

-1

-2

-3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
time

%SAMPLING
clc;
clear all;
fs=input('fs=')
ts=1/fs;
n=-1:0.01:1;
x=cos(2*pi.*1.*n)
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(n,x);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude')
title('sampling')
y=cos(2*pi.*1.*n.*ts)
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(n,y);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude')
title('sampled signal')

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 sampling sampled signal
1 1

0.5 0.5

amplitude
amplitude

0 0

-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
time time

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