ALFA's PTE Prediction File (September - October 2019) PDF

Table of Contents
Speaking ............................................................................................................. 2
Read Aloud .................................................................................................................................. 2
Repeat Sentence ......................................................................................................................... 2
Describe Image .......................................................................................................................... 15
Retell Lecture ............................................................................................................................ 35
Answer Short Questions............................................................................................................ 45
Writing ............................................................................................................. 45
Summarize Written Text ........................................................................................................... 56
Essay Writing ............................................................................................................................. 60
Reading............................................................................................................. 60
Re-Order Paragraphs ................................................................................................................. 62
Fill in the Blanks (Drop-Down) .................................................................................................. 62
Fill in the Blanks (Drag & Drop) ................................................................................................. 67
Listening ........................................................................................................... 84
Summarize Spoken Text ............................................................................................................ 84
Fill in The Blanks ........................................................................................................................ 96
Write from Dictation ............................................................................................................... 100
ALFA’s Prediction File | Sep – Oct 2019
Speaking
Read Aloud
1. Black Swan 2. Private Equity 3. Important Values of
Literature
4. Teenage Girls 5. Public Demand for 6. Botswana
Education
7. Orientalists 8. Electric Car 9. Population Growth
10. Australian English 11. Major Breeding Areas 12. Carbon Emission
13. Industrial Revolution 14. Pluto 15. 21st Century
16. Incentive Pay Schemes 17. Augustus 18. Introvert and Extrovert
19. Lincoln 20. Blue 21. Statistical information
22. Grand Canyon 23. Marketing 24. Fast food
Management
25. Yellow 26. MBA 27. Fiscal Year
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28. No ordinary book 29. Semiconductor 30. Legal Writing
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31. Himalayas 32. Yellow Tulip 33. The only family
34. Elephant 35. The Most Memorable 36. Russia
Benefit
37. Japanese tea ceremony 38. Shakespeare 39. Domestic Work
40. Akimbo 41. Productive Capacity 42. Vanilla
Note: The above topics are recurring & important. Please refer to the material on our Student
Portal for full content.
43. Two Sisters

Two sisters were at a dinner party when the conversation turned to upbringing. The elder sister
started to say that her parents had been very strict and that she had been rather frightened of
them. Her sister, younger by two years, interrupted in amazement. “What are you talking
about?” she said, “Our parents were very lenient”.
44. Weakness
Weakness in electronics, auto and gas station sales dragged down overall retail sales last month,
but excluding those three categories, retailers enjoyed healthy increases across the board,
according to government figures released Wednesday. Moreover, December sales numbers
were also advised higher.
45. Father
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Ever since I remembered, father woke up at five thirty every morning, made us all breakfast and
read the newspaper. After that, he would go to work. He worked as a writer. It was a long time
before I realize he did this for a living.
46. The Preparation of Abstract

The preparation of abstract is an intellectual effort requiring generally familiar with the subject
to bring out the points of an author’s argument course for skills and experience. Consequently,
a considerable amount of qualified manpower that could be used to advantage in other ways
must be diverted to task of facilitating or to information.
47. Business School Admissions

Business school admissions officers said the new drive to attract younger students was in part
the result of a realization that they had inadvertently limited their applicant pool by requiring
several years’ work experience. Talented students who might otherwise have gone to business
school instead opted for a law or policy degree because they were intimidated by the
expectation of work experience.
48. Online shopping environments
ALFA PTE & NAATI

A unique characteristic of online shopping environments is that they allow vendors to create
retail interfaces with highly interactive features. One desirable form of interactivity from a
consumer perspective is the implementation of sophisticated tools to assist shoppers in their
purchase decisions by customizing the electronic shopping environment to their individual
performance.
49. Environmental Policy Course

Along with customary classes on subjects such as finance, accounting, and marketing, today’s
MBA students are enrolling on courses for environmental policy and stewardship. Indeed, more
than half of business schools require a course in environmental sustainability or corporate social
responsibility, according to a survey of 91 US business schools, published in October 2005.
50. Shrimp
Shrimp farmers used to hold animals in nursery ponds for 30 to 60 days; now they try to move
them into grow-out ponds in less than 30 days. This reduces stress on the animals and
dramatically increases survivals in the grow-out ponds. Many farms that abandoned nursery
ponds have gone back to them, and the results have been surprisingly positive. They're using
the old, uncovered, earthen, nursery ponds.
51. Hazard Assessment

A Hazard Assessment should be performed for work involving distillations of organic liquids and
should thoroughly address issues relating to residual water and possible decomposition of the
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solvent in question, as well as the physical placement of the distillation apparatus and heating
equipment to be employed.
52. Bookkeepers
A national study into fraud by bookkeepers employed at small and medium-sized businesses has
uncovered 65 instances of theft in more than five years, with more than $31 million stolen. Of
the cases identified by the research, 56 involved women and nine instances involved men.
However, male bookkeepers who defrauded their employers stole three times, on average, the
amount that women stole.
53. Tesla and Edison

Tesla came over from Graz and went to work for Thomas Edison. Nonetheless Edison offered
him a job, promising Tesla fifty thousand dollars if Tesla could redesign Edison’s breakdown-
prone DC generator designs. The new generator designs were a vast improvement over Edison’s
originals. Upon completing the job Tesla went to Edison to collect the $50,000 promised for the
task. 'Tesla,’ Edison replied, ‘you don’t understand our American humor.’ And Tesla was never
paid.
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Repeated words:
deficit, succumbed, Bronze Age, ruthless, Arctic, Antarctica, glaciation, pharmacist, pharmacy, pharmaceutical,
practitioner, prescription, prescribed, Apes and Chimps, bringing, lenient, “net-neutral” impact on natural
environment, Sporadic, present (n. & v.) indigenous, diplomacy, Macmillan, intellectual property, cultural
anthropology, undreamt, inaugurating, Renaissance, seasonality, multilingualism, intertwining, distillation,
entail ,hazard assessment, propagation, palate, saffron, solvent ,temperamental economist, economy,
economic, levees, virtuoso, equatorial, equator, stewardship, synthesis, symphony,
Repeated words:
deficit, succumbed, Bronze Age, ruthless, Arctic, Antarctica, glaciation, pharmacist, pharmacy, pharmaceutical,
practitioner, prescription, prescribed, Apes and Chimps, bringing, lenient, “net-neutral” impact on natural
environment, Sporadic, present (n. & v.) indigenous, diplomacy, Macmillan, intellectual property, cultural
anthropology, undreamt, inaugurating, Renaissance, seasonality, multilingualism, intertwining, distillation,
entail ,hazard assessment, propagation, palate, saffron, solvent ,temperamental economist, economy,
economic, levees, virtuoso, equatorial, equator, stewardship, synthesis, symphony, synopsis, hydration,
femininity and masculinity, depict, lively, mechanization, portraiture, Scotland, quantitative, qualitative,
Egyptian tomb, possesses
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Repeat Sentence
1. Is hypothesis on black hole rendered moot as the explanation of astrophysics?
2. Most of the lectures begin promptly, so do not be late.
3. Your enrollment information, results and fees will be available online.
4. Students will not be given credits for assignments submitted after the due date.
5. Students should book a library tour on the first week of the first semester.
6. More muscles are used in swimming than other sports.
7. He is almost never in his office.
8. Please prepare a PowerPoint presentation for tomorrow’s meeting.

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9. You must ensure you do not include too much irrelevant information.
10. It’s within that framework that we’re making our survey.
11. Environmental friendliness is a new category in which campuses are competing.
12. I used to have coffee with milk and one sugar.
13. I used to have milk and sugar for my coffee.
14. You should raise your concern with the head of school.
15. All students and staff have access to printers and scanners.
16. In 1830, periodicals appeared in large numbers in America.
17. Our class is divided into two groups. You come with me, and the others just stay here.
18. A computer virus destroyed all my files.
19. To receive the reimbursement, you must keep the original receipts.
20. It is clear that there is little accurate documentation in support of this claim.
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21. The professor will be the last speaker this evening.
22. There will be an open book exam on Monday, the twenty-eighth.
23. I expect a long and stagnant debate for a week or two on this issue.
24. The cafeteria closes soon but the snack machines are accessible throughout the night.
25. We are required to submit the assignment before Friday.
26. Basketball was created in 1891 by a physician and a physical instructor.
27. Fishing is a sport and a means for surviving.
28. It is good for the environment, and also good for your electricity bill.
29. I would like tomato and cheese sandwiches on white bread and orange juice.
30. Globalization has been an overwhelming urban and urbanization phenomenon.
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31. I didn’t agree with the author’s argument, but his presentation is good.
32. In consultation with your supervisor, your thesis is approved by the faculty committee.
33. The bookstore is located on the main campus behind the library.
34. Organic food is grown without applying chemicals and possesses no artificial additives.
35. Number the beakers and put them away until tomorrow.
36. The US ranks 22nd in foreign aid, given as a percentage of GDP.
37. Meeting with mentors could be arranged for students who need additional help.
38. Please make sure all works follow the department guidelines.
39. Exam results will be available next week from the course office.
40. The real reason for global hunger is not the lack of food, but poverty.
41. Acupuncture is a technique involved in traditional Chinese medicine.

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42. Today, we will be discussing the role of the government in preventing injustice.
43. Arteries carry blood from heart to the other parts of the body.
44. We didn’t have any noticeable variance between the two or three tasks.
45. The hypothesis needs to be tested in a more rigorous way.
46. Interpreters are not readily available in this department.
47. We would like a videotape for the lecture.
48. You should enquire about the Direct Deposit.
49. Please explain what the author means by “sustainability.”
50. The sports/sport team members often practice on weekdays and play games on weekends.
51. It seems that language appeared from nowhere.
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52. A renowned economist is selected to have a speech tonight at eight.
53. Don’t forget to hand in your assignment by next Tuesday
54. They have enough works to keep them going.
55. The university welcomes postgraduate students from all over the world.
56. Sport is the cause of traumatic brain injuries in the United States.
57. Physics is a detailed study of matter and energy.
58. No more than four people can be in the lab at once.
59. Would you prepare some PowerPoint slides with appropriate graphs?
60. The United States has become a coffee culture in recent years.
61. Newspapers across the world reported stories of presidents.
62. It is important to take gender into account when discussing the figures.
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63. We are delighted to have professor Robert to join our faculty.
64. Being a vegan means not consuming any animal meat.
65. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.
66. Biographical information should be removed prior to the publication of results.
67. Portfolio is due to the internal review office no later than Tuesday.
68. Students can download the materials from the website.
69. The minimal mark for Distinction grade is no less than 75%.
70. Nearly half of television outputs are given away for educational program.
71. The ______ office opens on Mondays and Thursdays directly following the freshmen seminar
session.
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72. The lecture theatre one is located on the ground floor of the Pack Building.
73. The office opens on Wednesday and Thursday.
74. The university supply a number of scholarship for qualified students.
75. You can drop/change your courses on the website online during the registration
period/session.
76. Would you please put the materials on the table?
77. Many health workers think that pensioners are too old to understand.
78. Please keep this/the medicine in the fridge.
79. You should go to the reception to get your student card.
80. Once more under the pressure of economic necessity, practice outstripped theory.
81. Your tutor is there for help, so do ask if you don’t understand anything.
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82. Please pass the handouts along to the rest of the people in your row.
83. You are required to submit your/the assignment before Monday.
84. The Psychology Department is looking for volunteers to be involved in research projects.
85. We’re constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture close together.
86. Please do not bring food into the classroom.
87. The student welfare officer can help students with different issues.
88. The politics combine both …… and the political authorities.
89. To measure distance could take as much as three weeks.
90. All students on engineering courses spent one year working on the war/wall experience.
91. Higher fees make students think more critically about what universities can offer.
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92. I will be in my office every day from 10 to 12.
93. I will be in my office every day from 11 o’clock to 2 o’clock.
94. The gap between rich and poor is not decreasing rapidly as expected.
95. The wheelchair lift has been upgraded this month.
96. There is no entrance fee for tonight’s lecture.
97. All undergraduate students should participate in the seminar.
98. Try to explain how your ideas are linked so that there is a logical flow.
99. The small Indian state is a land of forests, valleys and snowy islands.
100. The study of archaeology requires extensive international fieldwork.
101. The agricultural sector in that country has heavily subsided been subsidized.
102. Put the knife and fork next to the spoon near the edge of the table.
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103. If you forgot your student number, you need to contact Jenny Brice.
104. The clear evidence between brain events and behavioral events are always fascinating.
105. I missed yesterday’s lecture. Can I borrow your notes?
106. Elephant is the largest land living mammal.
107. On behalf of our department, I would like to thank you for your participation.
108. You can find the student service center on level one of Home Building.
109. Much of the evidence been used has only recently become available.
110. All of our accommodation is within walking distance to the academic buildings/teaching
blocks.
111. History is not the simple collection of dates and events.
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112. You can have student discount in many campus stores including the coffee house.
113. In this library, reserved collection books can be borrowed for up to three hours.
114. We must put great care when analyzing data.
115. 39.5% of Californian residents don‘t speak English at home/in the home.
116. Meteorology is a detailed study of earth’s atmosphere.
117. The verdict depends on which side was more convincing to the jury.
118. The timetable for next/the new term will be available next week.
119. You should include your name and identification number in the registration form.
120. The contest includes both the land living history and the human history.
121. In Europe, the political pressure is similar regarding globalization.
122. Make sure you correctly cite all your sources.

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123. The original Olympic Games were celebrated as religious festivals.
124. The author expressed an idea that modern readers invariably cannot accept.
125. To answer such a complex question with a simple yes or no is absolutely impossible.
126. I didn’t understand the author’s point of view on immigration.
127. The glass is not the real solid, because it doesn’t have crystal structure.
128. A thorough bibliography is needed at the end of every assignment.
129. Even with the permit, finding a parking spot on campus is ALMOST impossible.
130. Conferences are always scheduled on the third Wednesday of the month.
131. The theoretical proposal was challenged to grass.

132. There are no scheduled classes during the final exam weeks.
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133. What distinguishes him from others is his dramatic use of black and white photography.
134. We would like a first draft of the assignment by Monday.
135. A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is bigotry.
136. On this project, you will be asked to work as a group of three.
137. I can’t attend the lecture because I have a doctor appointment.
138. The first person in space was from the Soviet Union.
139. Student loans are now available for international students.
140. I don’t understand that what the comment of my essay means at all.
141. Our fundamental realities, especially national needs, have seen the ability to flourish.
142. Our university has strong partnerships with industry as well as collaborative relationships with
government bodies.
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143. The United States has the maximum production of chocolate.
144. The current statistical evidence indicates the need of further research.
145. Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures.
146. Those reference books are too old, while the others are OK.
147. You can only choose one subject from history and media.
148. The student service center is located on the main campus behind the library.
149. The timetable will be posted on the website before the class start.
150. The program depends entirely on private funding.
151. I can give you a hand if you need help.

152. If you want to sell your book, it must have a list of bibliography.
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153. It is now acknowledged that his work is groundbreaking.
154. Since the problems we face are global, we need to find global solutions.
155. If she does speak the language, she is not going to sit around and wait for a translator.
156. Exam results will be available next week on the course website.
157. Hypothetically, insufficient mastery in the areas slows future progress.
158. Our school of Arts and Technology accept applications at all points throughout the year.
159. There are a range of housing options near the university.
160. The new English class will start next Monday morning.
161. All source of materials must be included in your bibliography.
162. Negative discourse continues to be predominant in discussion of gender.
163. She told the faculty to be very supportive.

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164. This lecture was meant to start at ten.
165. His objection to include scientific evidence has brought a lot of criticisms to him.
166. The professor is going to discuss the conflict ……
167. Many undergraduate students go back home and stay with their parents after graduation.
168. The country’s economy is primarily based on tourism.
169. In my free time, I would like to read current affairs and newspapers.
170. Students who wish to apply for an extension should approach their tutors.
171. Essays with few or no citations will raise the concern/concerns of (the) lecturers.
172. The generic/genetic biology technology lab is located at the North Wing of the library.
173. The older equipment has been put at the back of the building.
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174. We want to attract the very best students regardless of their financial circumstances.
175. I will/We need to make sure the school principal know about the changes.
176. Make sure the Financial Director knows the full details of the Pay Agreement.
177. Expertise in particular areas distinguishes you from other graduates (in a job interview).
178. Anonymous behaviors ……without intervention.
179. We didn’t mean to ask him to do it because he cannot manage it.
180. I could not save my work as my computer got crashed.
181. Staff is always available for access … for application.
182. I don’t understand what the comment of my essay means at all.
183. In English, the month of the year is always capitalized.
184. This hypothesis on black hole is rendered moot as the explanation of the explosion.
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185. It is interesting to observe the development of language skills of toddlers.
186. In marketing, short-term thinking leads to many problems/disasters.
187. Students/Children can share their lunch … around noon.
188. You can pay by cash or using a credit card.
189. Don’t hesitate to email me if any questions.
190. The seminar on writing skills has been canceled.
191. Companies are to earn money but not change the society.
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Describe Image
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Retell Lecture
1. Survey on media 2. Pavlov‘s experiment 3. Economic and

technological
development
4. Politics of Happiness 5. Practice and 6. Wages, consumption
Performance and household debt
7. Air Pollution 8. Stages of Brain 9. Globalization in Us
development
10. Ecological Footprints 11. Biomedical Engineering 12. Loggerhead turtles
13. European Economic 14. Government Blogging 15. Superman &
Structure Superpower
16. Infinite monkey 17. The Increasing 18. Low birth rate
theorem Productivity
19. Thermodynamic 20. Australian export 21. Darkness between
Theory galaxies
22. Aging 23. High LG and Low LG 24. Napoleon Paris
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Renovation
25. Visual Description 26. Teaching 27. US Economy
28. The Large Hadron 29. Food Labeling 30. Civilization
Collider
31. Poverty & Health Crisis 32. Earth & Mars 33. The fourth dimensions
34. Welsh 35. Early Robot 36. Linguistics and

Authority of Language
37. Agriculture and climate 38. Truth and Rhetoric 39. Patent
change
40. Social Identity 41. Happiness & Social 42. Indian HIV Training
Relations
43. Bomb calorimeter 44. The Best Rice 45. Underwater Fish
thermos mechanics Detectors
Note: The above topics are recurring & important. Please refer to the material on our Student Portal
for full content.
46. Internal and External Factors

• The lecture talks about two determinants of human’s behavior, internal and external
factors.
• The internal factor is the personal factor, including people’s belief and their individual
thinking.
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• The external factor is the environmental factor, including temperature, air pressure and
how other people think about them.
• Human’s behaviors are determined by themselves and the environment.
• The speaker emphasizes the importance of NGO, which is called “the third sector”.
47. Edmund Wilson

But there was no modern lit (literature). Wilson came then from a different world and he
became the focal point of a broad mainstream American culture that thought that modern
literature and wanted modern literature to be able to be read and appreciated by ordinary
people. They were not modernists in an abstract sense and certainly some of them like TS Eliot
and Faulkner were too difficult for some of their writings to be read by ordinary people, but
this was a world before the division between the brows or between elite or whatever had
established itself as part of our consciousness. Wilson was a major player in the successful
effort of his generation to establish at the heart of American life and innovative literature that
would equal the great cultures of Europe. And he knew that the great cultures of Europe were
there he was not a product of a narrow American Studies kind of training at all. He joined a
high artistic standard with an openness to all experience and a belief that literature was as
much a part of life for everyone as conversation. He thought that Proust and Joyce and Yeats
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and Eliot could and should be read by ordinary Americans and helped that to happen. Wilson
was a very various man over a period of almost 50 years. He was a dedicated a literary
journalist, an investigative reporter, a brilliant memoirist and a dedicated journal keeper.
• Wilson came then from a different world
• He became the focal point of a broad mainstream American culture that thought that
modern literature and wanted modern literature to be able to be read and appreciated by
ordinary people.
• Wilson was a major player in the successful effort of his generation to establish at the heart
of American life
• He joined a high artistic standard with an openness to all experience and a belief that
literature was as much a part of life for everyone as conversation
• He was a dedicated a literary journalist, an investigative reporter, a brilliant memoirist and
a dedicated journal keeper.
48. Economic and technological development

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• Economic and technological development has impacts on people’s health.

• There are two phases, one is before the industrial revolution, and the other one is after
that.
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• During this time, countries such as China and Africa have developed significantly.
• But there are still some difficulties and problems.
49. Bilingual Parents

• Many parents now like to use two languages to communicate and educate their children.
• It might because the parents know several different languages, or each of them comes
from different countries.
• Most of these parents thought using two languages with their children can benefit their
children’s language learning ability.
• But actually, kids will get confused when each of their parents uses different language to
describe the same content.
• But if one parent uses stick to one language, and the other one uses another language,
their children will not be confused any more.
50. Absolute zero

• Absolute zero is the point at which the fundamental particles of nature have minimal
vibrational motion.
• Absolute zero, theoretically, is not achievable and does not exist. But scientists are putting
a lot of efforts in designing experiments trying to achieve or create absolute zero.
• The reason they do so is not for a predetermined end. They are not focusing on the goal
of the experiment.
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51. Economic and technological development
•
Economic and technological development has impacts on people’s health.

• There are two phases, one is before the industrial revolution, and the other one is after
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that.
• During this time, countries such as China and Africa have developed significantly.
• But there are still some difficulties and problems.
52. Language Disorder

• Language is a human essence that defines human characters.
• However, 10% of Americans suffer from language disorder.
• To improve their linguistic competency, we should know what language is, and how
language is learned.
53. Dissociation of a Personality

• Morton Prince was an American physician and psychologist, his book “Dissociation of a
Personality” was the best-seller at that time. It tells a story of Miss Christine Beauchamp,
who was suffering from MPD (Multiple Personality Disorder)
• Miss Beauchamp have several personalities, namely B1, B2 and B3. There was hidden
memory in these 3 personalities.
• Miss Beauchamp was B2.
• B2 knows about B1, B3 knows both B1 & B2, but B1 knows nothing about B2 or B3.
• The strongest personality account for most of the time and it will take over the others and
become the main personality at the end.
• This case and theory give great help to crime investigation.
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54. British Standards Institution

• The British Standards Institution (BSI) is a service organization that produces standards across
a wide variety of industry sectors.

• All products must have a BSI Kitemark license to get access into the market.
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• There are two types of standard. One is compulsory, and the other one is elective.
• Under the compulsory standard, the products cannot come into the market unless they meet
the requirements. Otherwise, without the Kitemark license, these products will be seen as
illegal.
• This is for the purpose of safety. Take matchboxes as an example.
55. The Speed of Sound and Light
• Today we are going to talk about wave propagation.

• The speed of sound in 20t is 343 meter per second, but the speed of light in vacuum is three
times ten to the eighth meter per second.
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• Why do we always see the lightening before we hear the thunder? It's because the speed
of light travels much much faster than sound.
• Another example can be found in a game watching in a stadium. When you see a goal and
everyone stand up, cheering, you always find that the audience on the other side stand up
at the same time as you do, but you cannot hear them until one or two seconds. That's also
because' of the different speed of sound and light.
56. Small Languages

• Small languages are dying out due to globalization and urbanizations.
• Global languages such as English has taken place of many small languages.
• People have been moving to urban areas where is hard for small languages to survive.
• Some small languages can now only survive in some remote isolated island.
57. Civil society/NGO

• This lecture is about civil society groups. Civil society groups have grown by 40-fold since
last century.
• Nowadays, the non-profit sector is worth 1 trillion, and there are 700 thousand such
organizations in Australia.
•
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The UN recognizes 37 thousand organizations across the globe.
58. Latin America Economic Reform

• The Latin American economic reform under the globalization has failed and people were
asking why.
• The growth rate of economy was even slower than that before the reform.
• It was not sustainable. It is not sustained at all. The poverty rate which was at $2 per day
has increased.
59. Cloud Formation
• The lecture introduced what the cloud is and how the cloud is formed.
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• Clouds may contain pollutant particles and is one of the precipitation process.
• Clouds are formed from ocean/sea and air pollution. (Read out the words listed in the
PowerPoint Slides.)
• The impact of clouds include … pollution and high level of … (Read out the words listed in
the PPT.)
60. Absolute Zero

• Absolute zero is the point at which the fundamental particles of nature have minimal
vibrational motion.
• Absolute zero, theoretically, is not achievable and does not exist. But scientists are putting
a lot of efforts in designing experiments trying to achieve or create absolute zero.
• The reason they do so is not for a predetermined end. They are not focusing on the goal
of the experiment.
61. Mega Cities

• The lecture talks about city growth and resources.
• In 1900, the city population was about 1.5 billion and it increased 4 folds to 6 billion in
2000.
•
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Due to the globalization and urbanization, cities only accounts for 2% of land, but takes up
50% of total population and consumed 80% of resources.
• The increase of energy consumption increased by 16 folds.
62. Labor Practice

• Labor practice is crucial to improve performance in whatever area. Take violin learning as
an example.
• Practice is what the experts do.
• Labor practice can also help with experience because through practice you can identify the
weakness so that you can put most of your effort on that weakness. For example, if you
are learning mathematics, you may find your weakness in geometry, and then you can just
focus on geometry.
• Even for those talents with international recognition, they have practiced repeatedly for
years before they have any achievement.
63. Poverty in rural areas

• Firstly, the poverty rate in rural areas are much higher than urban, because most of the
poor people live in the rural areas.
• So, it is important to make sure that the population in rural areas have access to sanitation
and we need to improve education.
• Then, the lecturer also talked about the poverty in urban areas which is caused by the
migration from rural to urban.
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64. Attention Interval

• 10 years ago, before the use of iPhone or iPad, people’s attention interval is about 25
minutes. This number is good.
• However, nowadays the attention interval has dropped from 25min to only 8 seconds, which
means our memories are shorter than that of a goldfish.
65. Frogs
• A research on frogs with wrong number of limbs has found ______(pie chart)_____ in
North America.
• There are large numbers of frogs with limb deformities or wrong numbers of limbs.
• It might be caused by the exposure of the drinking water.
• From public perspectives, if this is true, the humans might also be affected by the same
drinking water resources.
66. Poverty in Rural Areas

• The lecture describes the migration from rural to urban.
• In the past, there was only 7% people living in urban areas.
• Now there is a population migration in 19xx.

•
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It is important to make sure that population in rural areas access to sanitation and
education.
67. UK City Population

• The tables shows the population in different cities in UK,.
• London population is 7 million which is almost the total of Wales and Scotland.
• Every one of two people lives in London, so it is much harder to manage London than the
other cities.
• Because Britain doesn’t have a national party to manage the city.
68. Western Countries’ Educational Expenditure

• The lecture compares the expenses of education institution among different countries in
Europe,
• UK spent 1.04% of its GDP on education institutions, which was insufficient in comparison
to other European countries including Italy, Denmark and Spain.
• The expenditure of Italy and France is close to that of UK.
• By contrast, Denmark and Finland spent much more than the rest of the European
countries
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69. Bomb Calorimeter

When they calculate the amount of energy, they’re going to calculate it in heat units which
would either be joules or calories. I want you to look inside the bomb calorimeter inside here
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you can see that there’s a silver bucket, water goes all in here and this is actually the bomb is
the smaller silver cylinder what you do is put your fuel sample in there then. These two
electrodes are connected to the bomb these provide the spark that will ignite your sample
when your sample burns or combust that gives off energy so how is the energy collected or
how did how does a scientist figure out how much energy is being given off. Well it’s a closed
system there’s a lid here that goes on top of this calorimeter and what’s in here in the lid is a
stir the stir is going to stir the water that’s in this big pool here so that the heat given off from
the sample is going to warm the water in a uniform way this is the temperature probe this
goes down in the water off so and measures the change in temperature because as the sample
is burned it will give off heat and the temperature of the water will increase so the lid goes on
the sample is prepared the last thing that you need to make a combustion reaction happen is
oxygen and at some point during the process some oxygen is added by a tank that’s connected
to the calorimeter here so we are going to burn a sample of the bio-diesel that you’ve prepared
and get some feedback on the energy content of it you’ll be able to use this to compare it to
petroleum-based fuels like octane.
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ALFA PTE & NAATI

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Answer Short Questions
1. Which one has a higher humidity, a desert or a rainforest? - A rainforest.
2. In a grassland or a swamp can you normally see an alligator? - Swamp.
3. If you want to find the map of the US, what type of book should you use? – Atlas.
4. Where can you find the index in a book? – At the end.
5. What kind of clothes and shoes do you wear to keep it comfortable when hiking? – Hiking
outfit.
6. What do you call a list in front of a book which outlines the structure of a book? - Table of
Contents
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7. Why are bees so important to agriculture? – Pollination.
8. What is the hardest/toughest part of your hand? – Nails.
9. What is the hard object in the center of peaches, apples and pears? – Stone.
10. What is the electronic device that wake you up in the morning? – Alarm clock.
11. How do you call the book where you collect all your photos together? – Album.
12. How many days are there in February during a leap year? - 29 days.
13. When you use Microsoft Word, what does “Times New Roman” mean? – Font.
14. Which organ is the blood pumped from? – Heart.
15. Under which circumstance would you describe the economy as a good one, the ne with high
unemployment or low unemployment? – Low unemployment.
16. What is the meaning of “post” in the word “postgraduate”? – After
17. How many days are there added in February during a leap year? - ? 1 day
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18. What term is used for the amount of money we owe, asset or debt? – Debt
19. Apart from addition, subtraction, and multiplication, what is the other mathematical
calculation method? – Division
20. Which one is not mythological animal? Unicorn, giraffe, dragon or mermaid? - Giraffe
21. What do you call the strap that circulates a person in a car or an airplane? - Seatbelt.
22. How many alphabets are there in English? – 26.
23. How would you describe the process in which snow becomes water? – Melting.
24. The name of the building where you can borrow books? - Library.
25. How do you call a doctor who can sell prescribed medicines in a hospital? -
Chemist/Pharmacist.
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26. Which one would a vegetarian most likely to eat, sandwiches or fruit salad? – Fruit salad.
27. How would you describe someone who can speak two languages? – bilingual.
28. What is the outer part that protects fruits like oranges and bananas? – Peel.
29. Where can students borrow reference materials in school? – library.
30. How do you call the money that citizens must contribute to the government for public use? –
Tax.
31. How do you describe the line that divides a circle in two pieces? – Chord
32. When you react to a stimulus, is your response quick or slow? – Quick. What is the first
paragraph of an essay? – Introduction
33. What do we call the thread in the center of the candle? – Wick
34. What are the mountains that can erupt? – Volcanoes.

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35. What are the people who study history and historical evidence? – Historian.
36. Which symbol is used to complete a sentence? – Full stop / period
37. Where does a camel normally live? - Desert.
38. A document protecting someone’s intellectual property? – Copyright.
39. What is the job title for someone who makes meals in a restaurant? - Chef/Cook
40. Which part at the end of book can be used for further reading? An index or a bibliography? –
Bibliography
41. What does a Sundial measure according to the shadow in the sunlight? – Time
42. How many years are there in a passage of decade? – 10 years

43. Who sits in the cockpit of an airplane? – Pilot.
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44. When your bone is injured and broken, what would you say you have? - Fracture.
45. How do you call the people who work for a company? – Employees.
46. Which one is more fuel efficient, a small car or a large truck? – A small car.
47. How do we call the car that uses two types of fuels? – Hybrid.
48. What sense are your ears used for? – Hear.
49. When you have the PRIMARY, the SECONDARY, what do you have next? – Tertiary.
50. What kind of educational institution does a ten-year-old child study in? – Primary
school/Elementary School.
51. How many years are there in a century? - 100 years.
52. What is the big musical instrument that has 88 black and white keys? - Piano.
53. Which one has a lower humidity, a desert or a rainforest? - A desert.

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54. If you have a toothache, do you go to a surgeon or a dentist? – Dentist.
55. Animals with white ivory and long trunk? - Elephant
56. How many years does a centennial celebrates? - 100 years.
57. If you are happy with an agreement, what would you like to put at the bottom of the contract
with the date? - Signature.
58. What is the natural material used to make a car tire? – Rubber
59. What does the chemical symbol H2O stands for? – Water.
60. A newspaper is published everyday, and a journal is published every month. What do you call
the publication that is published four times a year? –Quarterly.

61. Which literacy genre describes all details of a famous person’s life? Autobiography
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62. Which one would you use to describe the desert, humidity or aridity? - Aridity.
63. When your company’s assets have increased by triple, how many times does it increase? –
Three times.
64. Some calendars begin the week on Sunday, what is the other day which commonly starts a
week? - Monday.
65. How do you call the diagram which includes a horizontal line called X-axis and a vertical line
called Y-axis? – Coordinate system.
66. Who is the person who works in a hospital and can do operations? – Surgeon.
67. What do you use to test the body temperature? - Thermometer.
68. What unit is used to measure a 200-meter sprint, hours or seconds? – Seconds.
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69. Which of the following sports is more dangerous, parachuting or long-distance running? -
Parachuting.
70. What is the force happened between the relative motion when objects are rubbed against each
other? – Friction
71. What is the opposite to “still”? – Moving. / Active. / Dynamic.
72. What do we call a festival which is held every four years gathering people together as a
sporting event? - Olympics (Games).
73. What do you call an equipment we use to look at stars in space? — Telescope.
74. If someone’s response is simultaneous, is it quick or slow? – Quick.

75. What attitude would you have when you are in a job interview, enthusiastic or passive? –
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Enthusiastic
76. What do you call a very long essay, that students have to write for a doctor degree? – Thesis
or dissertation.
77. How do you call the seasonal flying from cold to warmer areas? Mitigation or migration? –
Migration
78. What are the things that you touch with you left hand when you play a guitar? - Strings
79. What century are we living in now? – The 21st century.
80. What is the strings on shoes? – Shoelace.
81. What can bring astronauts to space? - Spacecraft.
82. When you fill in a form, what are the two options for ‘gender’? – Male and female.
83. What device is used to measure a 200-meter sprint? – Stopwatch.

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84. What does ASAP stand for? – As soon as possible.
85. What do we call a period of 1000 years? – Millennium.
86. Tomorrow’s lecture is canceled. If today is Tuesday, then on which day was the lecture
canceled? – Wednesday.
87. What do bees collect from the center of flowers? – Pollen.
88. What do we call the frozen water? - Ice.
89. How many hemisphere does the equator divide the globe into? - Two.
90. What kind of food that vegetarians do not eat? - Meat.
91. Which part of body do optometrists examine? - Eyes.

92. What natural resource is used by a carpenter? - Wood.
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93. What is the device that shows the time of the day according to the shadow of sunlight? –
Sundial.
94. What is the opposite to the word ‘artificial’? – Natural.
95. What is a dictionary of synonyms and antonyms called? – Thesaurus.
96. What device do you use to measure your weight? – Scale.
97. Which one has a higher humidity, a desert or a rainforest? - A rainforest.
98. What is the opposite to the direction of where the Sun rises? – West.
99. What fruit is used in a winery? – Grapes.
100. What does a thermometer measure? – Body temperature.
101. What is the 26th letter we use to write English words? – Z
102. Where do you go to send mails, a post office or a coffee house? – Post office.
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103. What are the people who study history and historical evidence? – Historian.
104. What is the antonym of vertical? – Horizontal
105. What do you call the document that tells your qualification and work experience? –
Resume/CV
106. How much per cent is three quarters? -75%
107. What is one half of 100%? - 50%
108. What are the people who study ancient bones or plants in rocks? – Historian/Paleontologist.
109. What is the antonym to “predecessor”? - Successor.
110. Which of the following is not a means of transportation: by plane, by public transportation or
car model? – Car model.
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111. Oral English is different from academic English. Which is the best example for academic
English: “tolerant” or “put up with it” ? – Tolerant.
112. What is the joint between your shoulder and your forearm? - Elbow.
113. What is the opposite to convex?– Concave
114. Where would you normally see crosswords? - Newspaper
115. If you want to buy a ring, who do you approach, a jeweler or pharmacist? - Jeweler.
116. When something is given in a pair, how many of them are there? - Two.
117. What instrument would you use to examine very small life forms such as cells? – Microscope
118. What is the red liquid that flows from the heart to the rest of the body? – Blood
119. Which one has more academic articles, magazines or journals? – Journals.
120. Which one needs the most complicated mechanism: car, ship or air plane? – Air plane.
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121. If a couple have a boy and a girl, how many children do they have? - Two.
122. Which one is not a mammal: elephant, kangaroo, butterfly or dolphin? - Butterfly.
123. A business doesn’t want to make a loss - what does it want to make? – Profit
124. What kind of book would you use to look up a word that you don‘t understand? – Dictionary
125. How many sides does a pentagon have? – Five
126. Which one is the quickest to finish 100 meters? Running, walking, or jogging? - Running
127. What do you need to see thing which are far away? – Binocular
128. In which direction does the Sun arise from? – East
129. Which one is easier to recycle, plastic or paper? – Paper.

130. What do these following belong to: chrysanthemum, roses, daisies, tulip, etc? - Flowers.
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131. The instructions that tell you how to cook food? - Recipe.
132. What do these following describe: kilogram, pounds, tons? – Weight.
133. In a hospital, who is the person that can write prescriptions? – Doctor.
134. What will ice do when it is heated? – Melt.
135. Do ornithologists study people, birds, clocks, or poetry? - Birds.
136. What are the paintings or photos of people especially when it includes someone’s face, head
and shoulder? – Portrait.
137. What does IT stand for? – information Technology.
138. How many years are there in a millennium? -1000 years. 45
139. Who produces books? – Publisher.

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140. Which one has more interactions between teachers and students, a lecture or a tutorial? – A
tutorial.
141. What is H2O in chemistry? – Water
142. A document protecting people’s works. - Patent/Copyright.
143. What is the opposite of ‘positive’? - Negative.
144. What do we call the alphabetical list, at the end of the book that tells you where to find specific
information? - Index
145. How would you describe an animal that no longer exist on the earth? – Extinct
146. Whose job is to treat people that are ill or have an injury at a hospital? – Doctor
147. What do meter and millimeter measure, weight or length? – Length
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148. Which day is between Tuesday and Thursday? – Wednesday.
149. Does Altitude measure height or length? – Height.
150. What is the 25th letter that we use to write English words? – Y
151. In the sentence: “She went to ……” Which word uses a past tense? - Went.
152. How do you call the pointing device that is connected to the computer? - Mouse.
153. If there are 8 black balls and 1 white ball, and I randomly pick one, which color is mostly likely
to be picked? - Black.
154. What order is a bibliography usually listed in? - Alphabetical order.
155. What is the piece of paper that you receive after you make a payment to buy something? –
Receipt
156. Where do people go for watching sports or games? – Stadium.

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157. What are the two holes in your nose to breathe? – Nostrils.
158. What do birds use to fly? – Wings.
159. What do mammals use to feed their next generations? – Breast.
160. What material are windows made of? – Glass.
161. When a person’s Blood Alcohol Content is higher than the standard range, what activity can’t
the person do? – Driving.
162. What’s the place of areas where a college or a university is located? - Campus
163. Before airplanes were invented, how did people travel from America to Europe? – By ship.
164. When you get lost in city, what do you need to buy to find out where you are and where to
go? - Map
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165. What protects birds on the outside of their bodies? — Feather.
166. If a car is not stationary/stopping, what it is doing? – Running.
167. What is a book that describes stories with pictures and …? comic books
168. What is the document you submit before you submit your assignment at university? –
Proposal.
169. Does a scapegoat receive or give a crime? – Receive.
170. In which section of a library can you use the books and materials as reference but cannot
borrow them out of library? – Reserve Collection.
171. What clothes are used to hike mountains and are used to keep dry? – Outdoor jacket.
172. Where do you hang your coat, in a closet or in a drawer? – Closet.
173. What does green being helpful for? – Environment.

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174. What feature do violin, guitar, and cello have in common? – Strings.
175. What is the content in a cigarette that is often discussed by a doctor? – Nicotine.
176. What’s the activity of inhalation of tobacco substance is dangerous? – Smoking
177. If you want to read tragedies or comedies, what kind of book do you read? – Fiction
books/Novels.
178. What is the music that is recorded for a movie or a film? – Soundtrack.
179. What will ice become when it is heated? – Water.
180. What’s the color of the medal that a champion gets? – Golden.
181. Where do people go for saving money? – Bank.

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Writing
Summarize Written Text
1. Raw honey health 2. Columbus 3. Grass & Cow

benefits
4. Tree Rings 5. Plug-in vehicle 6. Children Allowance
7. The Rosetta Stone 8. American English 9. Parents Born Order
10. Technology Prediction 11. Malaysian Tourism 12. Vividness of TV and
Newspaper
13. World Wide Web 14. Overqualified 15. To predict volcano
(WWW) employees eruptions
16. Ecology and 17. High Fat Intake Diet 18. Intelligence difference
Climatology
19. Frog amber 20. Nobel Peace Prize 21. Online teaching &
Learning
22. Children Watching TV 23. Wine Industry 24. London
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25. Compulsory Voting UK 26. Greenhouse Gases 27. School Liaison Police
(Individual Behaviors)
28. Skip Breakfast 29. Pre-service teachers 30. Ageing world
31. Beauty Contest 32. Computer programing 33. Energy Demand
in India & US
34. Australian Education
for full content.
35. Disabled People & Computers

Disabled people were among the early adopters of personal computers. They were quick to
appreciate that word processing programs and printers gave them freedom from dependence
on others to read and write for them. Some of these disabled early adopters became very
knowledgeable about what could be achieved and used their knowledge to become
independent students at a high level. They also gained the confidence to ask that providers of
education make adjustments so that disabled students could make better use of course
software and the web, rather than just word processing.
For some disability groups, information in electronic format (whether computer-based or web-
based) can be more accessible than printed information. For example, people who have
limited mobility or limited manual skills can find it difficult to obtain or hold printed material;
visually impaired people can find it difficult or impossible to read print, but both these groups
can be enabled to use a computer and, therefore, access the information electronically.
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Online communication can enable disabled students to communicate with their peers on an
equal basis. For example, a deaf student or a student with Asperger’s syndrome may find it
difficult to interact in a face-to-face tutorial but may have less difficulty interacting when using
a text conferencing system in which everyone types and reads text. In addition, people’s
disabilities are not necessarily visible in online communication systems; so disabled people do
not have to declare their disability and are not perceived as being different.
36. The Greenland Sharks

An international team of scientists, including a physiologist from The University of
Manchester, will head to the largest island in the world later this month to investigate the
Greenland shark – believed to be the longest-lived vertebrate animal. Dr Holly Shiels, who is
also a trustee of the Physiological Society, will be the only UK-based scientist on the expedition
aboard the research vessel Sanna commissioned by the Greenland government. The purpose
of the mission is to understand more about the Greenland shark, a top predator in the Arctic,
which lives for more than 272 years - possibly more than 400. This extreme age was only
revealed by scientists from Copenhagen last year and published in the journal Science. Little
else is known about how the shark survives in the deep seas around the Arctic Circle. It is both
a hunter and a scavenger and has been seen to feed on seals and been found with the remains
of polar bears and whales in its stomach. It is also one of the largest species of shark – growing
ALFA PTE & NAATI

to about five-and-a-half metres, just a bit smaller than the great white. However, more
information is required to ensure the species is adequately protected, as Dr Shiels explained:
"Greenland sharks are classified as data deficient," she said. "This means that we don't know
enough to put measures in place to protect them from over-fishing, pollution or climate
change. This expedition has a broad range of expertise which means that we'll be able to take
full advantage of any sharks that we discover."
As Greenland shark is believed to be the longest-lived vertebrate animal and one of the largest
species of shark, it is both a hunter and a scavenger who feeds on seals, polar bears and
whales, but more information is required to ensure the species is protected from over-fishing,
pollution or climate change, so an international team of scientists will head to the largest
island in the world to investigate the Greenland shark to take full advantage of any sharks that
we discover.
37. Two Ways of Learning Language

Over the years, language teachers have alternated between favoring teaching approaches that
focus primarily on language use and those that focus on language forms or analysis. The
alternation has been due to a fundamental disagreement concerning whether one learns to
communicate in a second language by communicating in that language (such as in an
immersion experience) or whether one learns to communicate in a second language by
learning the lexicogrammar – the words and grammatical structures – of the target language.
In other words, the argument has been about two different means of achieving the same end.
As with any enduring controversy, the matter is not easily resolved. For one thing, there is
evidence to support both points of view.
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It is not uncommon to find learners who, for whatever reason, find themselves in a new
country or a new region of their own country, who need to learn a new language, and who do
so without the benefit of formal instruction. If they are postpubescent, they may well retain
an accent of some kind, but they can pick up enough language to satisfy their communicative
needs. In fact, some are natural acquirers who become highly proficient in this manner. In
contrast, there are learners whose entire exposure to
the new language comes in the form of classroom instruction in lexicogrammar. Yet they too
achieve a measure of communicative proficiency, and certain of these learners become highly
proficient as well. What we can infer from this is that humans are amazingly versatile learners
and that some people have a natural aptitude for acquiring languages and will succeed no
matter what the circumstances.
As language teachers have alternated between favoring teaching approaches that focus
primarily on language use and those that focus on language forms or analysis, some learners
can pick up enough language to satisfy their communication needs in a new country without
formal instruction, whereas some learners who learn English only in the form of classroom
instruction in lexicogrammar can also achieve communicative proficiency, which means some
humans can acquire languages in whatever
Circumstances.
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38. Benefits of Honey to athletes
• In order to have a competitive edge, athletes often use drugs with high athletic
performance.
• The National Honey Board recently found that honey has the same functions but less
negative impact. This clinical trial is the third in a series of studies focusing on the use of
honey by athletes. The first study (involving 71 subjects) determined that honey has a
milder effect on blood sugar than other popular forms of carbohydrate gel.
• The second study in the series (with 39 weight trained subjects) investigated the
combination of honey with a protein supplement and suggested that honey speeds muscle
recovery after a workout.
39. School Liaison Police NSW

Armed police have been brought into NSW schools to reduce crime rates and educate
students. The 40 School Liaison Police (SLP) officers have been allocated to public and private
high schools across the state. Organizers say the officers, who began work last week, will
build positive relationships between police and students. But parent groups warned of
potential dangers of armed police working at schools in communities where police relations
were already under strain. Among their duties, the SLPs will conduct crime prevention
workshops, talking to students about issues including shoplifting, offensive behavior, graffiti
and drugs and alcohol. They can also advise school principals. One SLP, Constable Ben Purvis,
began work in the inner Sydney region last week, including at Alexandria Park Community
School's senior campus. Previously stationed as a crime prevention officer at The Rocks, he
now has 27 schools under his jurisdiction in areas including The Rocks, Redfern and Kings
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Cross. Constable Purvis said the full-time position would see him working on the broader
issues of crime prevention. "I am not a security guard," he said. "I am not there to patrol the
school.
We want to improve relationships between police and schoolchildren, to have positive

interaction. We are coming to the school and giving them knowledge to improve their own
safety."
Parents' groups responded to the program positively but said it may spark a range of
community reactions. "It is a good thing and an innovative idea and there could be some
positive benefits," Council of Catholic School Parents executive officer.
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Essay Writing
1. Some universities deduct students marks if work is given late. What is your opinion and
recommend some alternative actions for this problem?
2. In order to study effectively, it requires comfort, peace and time. So it is impossible for a student
to combine learning and employment at the same time, because one distracts the other. Is it
realistic to combine them at the same time? Support your opinion with examples.
3. The time people devote in job leaves very little time for personal life. How widespread is the
problem? What problem will this shortage of time cause?
4. Nowadays, it is increasingly more difficult to maintain the right balance between work and other
aspects of one’s life, such as leisure time with family members. How important do you think is
this balance? Why do people find it hard to achieve?
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5. The world’s governments and organizations are facing a lot of issues. Which do
you think is the most pressing problem for the inhabitants on our planet and give
the solution?
6. Some people think that the design of buildings has affect, either positively or negatively, on
where people work and live. To what extent you agree or disagree.
7. Some people argue that experience is the best teacher. Life experiences can teach more
effectively than books or formal school education. How far do you agree with this idea? Support
your opinion with reasons and/or your personal experience
8. In less developed countries, are the disadvantages from tourism as great as the advantages?
9. Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. What is your opinion on this? Do you think this
is a good or bad change?
10. With the increase of digital media available online, the role of the library has become obsolete.
Universities should only procure digital media rather than constantly updating textbooks.
Discuss
both the advantages and disadvantages of this position and give your own point of view.
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11. As cities expanding, some people claim governments should look forward creating better
networks of public transportation available for everyone rather than building more roads for
vehicle owning population. What’s your opinion? Give some examples or experience to support.
12. There are more and more situations using credit cards instead of cash. It seems that cashless
society is becoming a reality. How realistic do you think it is ? And do you think it brings benefits
or problems?
13. The medical technology is responsible for increasing the average life expectancy. Do you think
it is a curse or a blessing?
14. Some people point that experiential learning (i.e. learning by doing it) can work well in formal
education. However, others think a traditional form of teaching is the best. Do you think
experiential learning can work well in high schools or colleges?
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15. Should parents be held legally responsible for the actions of their children? Do you agree with
this opinion? Support your position with your own study, experience or observations.
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Reading
Re-Order Paragraphs
1. Financial crisis at 2. Desert Festival 3. How to answer

young age questions in exams?
4. Arcelor-Mittal 5. Brazilian Music 6. Native English
Takeover Speaker
7. Language 8. Human worship Gods 9. Foreign aid
10. Objectivity of 11. Indian IT 12. Copernicanism
Journalists
13. New Venture 14. Engineers for green 15. Scientific Dishonesty
technologies
16. Memory and habits 17. Glow Worms 18. Jet Stream
19. International Date 20. Animal Exploratory 21. Fibers for clothing
Line Urge
22. Father-Led Literacy 23. Mother of Storm 24. Vegetarian
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Project
25. Charles Lindbergh 26. SEPAHUA 27. Choose a School
28. Wal-Mart 29. Competence and 30. Aviation
Performance
31. Carbon Detox 32. Carbon Pricing in 33. Accounting System
Canada
34. Earthquake in San 35. Diversity 36. Humanities
Francisco
37. Heart Attack 38. Study Overseas 39. Underperforming
company
40. Wagon ways 41. Hypothesis 42. City Mayors
43. Martin Luther King 44. A $300-House 45. Stem Cells
46. Sherbet Powder 47. United Nations 48. Artificial Intelligence
for full content.
49. Silent Students in Tutorials

a. Many students sit in a tutorial week after week without saying anything.
b. Why is that?
c. Maybe they do not know the purpose of a tutorial.
d. They think it is like a small lecture where the tutor gives them information.
e. Even if students do know what a tutorial is for, there can be other reasons why they keep quiet.
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50. The Job of a Manager

a. The job of a manager in the workplace is to get things done through employees.
b. In order to accomplish this, the manager should be able to motivate employees.
c. That is, however, easier said than done.
d. Motivation practice and theory are difficult subjects, encompassing various disciplines.
51. Voice higher than 5mhz

a. A study showed man cannot hear voice higher than 5 hertz …
b. To test this theory, xxx from xxx university gathered 6 students …
c. As in the previous study, the volunteers cannot hear any sound higher than 5 hertz 4) In thought
of … as this frequency is too high that …
52. Sustainable Development

a. Whatever happened to the idea of progress and a better future? I still believe both
b. The Brundtland Report, our Common Future (1987) defines sustainable development as”
c. development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
sustained. Is this true?

d. Development in the past was driven by growth and innovation. It led to new technologies and
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huge improvements in living standards.
e. To assume that we know what the circumstances or needs of future generations will be is
mistaken and inevitably leads to the debilitating sense that we are living on borrowed time.
53. Superpower
a. The ‘superpower’ has international text, which means having control over resources … political
power.
b. In terms of superpower, it included …
c. ... ‘green superpower’, …
d. In addition to green energy superpower, company should meet the above global average …
emissions … and …
54. Bankruptcy
a. In Montana as elsewhere, companies that have acquired older mines respond to demands to pay
for cleanup in either of two ways.
b. Especially if the company is small, its owners may declare the company bankrupt, in some cases
conceal its assets, and transfer their business efforts to other companies or to new companies
that do not bear responsibility for cleanup at the old mine.
c. If the company is so large that it cannot claim that it would be bankrupted by cleanup costs, the
company instead denies its responsibility or else seeks to minimize the costs.
d. In either case, either the mine site and areas downstream of it remain toxic, thereby endangering
people, or else the U.S. federal government and the Montana state government pay for the
cleanup through the federal Superfund and a corresponding Montana state fund.
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55. Historical Records

a. Historical records, coins, and other date-bearing objects can help – if they exist. But even
prehistoric sites contain records – written in nature’s hand.
b. The series of strata in an archaeological dig enables an excavator to date recovered objects
relatively, if not absolutely.
c. However, when archaeologists want to know the absolute date of a site, they can often go
beyond simple stratigraphy.
d. For example, tree rings, Dendrochronology (literally, te of a site, they coded artefacts by
matching their ring patterns to known records, which, in some areas of the world, span several
thousand years.
56. Music record in Brazil

a. Early in 1938, Mário de Andrade, the municipal secretary of culture here, dispatched a four-
member Folklore Research Mission to the north-eastern hinterlands of Brazil on a similar mission.
b. His intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly as possible, before encroaching
influences like radio and cinema began transforming the region’s distinctive culture.
c. They recorded whoever and whatever seemed to be interesting: piano carriers, cowboys,
beggars, voodoo priests, quarry workers, fishermen, dance troupes and even children at play.
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d. But the Brazilian mission’s collection ended up languishing in vaults here.
57. EU Fish Problems

a. The European Union has two big fish problems.
b. One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them properly, its own fisheries can no
longer meet European demand.
c. The other is that its governments won’t confront their fishing lobbies and decommission all the
surplus boats.
d. The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen to West Africa. Since 1979 it
has struck agreements with the government of Senegal, granting our fleets access to its waters.
e. As a result, Senegal’s marine ecosystem has started to go the same way as ours.
58. Science and technology

a. It is a truism to say that in 21st century society science and technology are important.
b. Human existence in the developed world is entirely dependent on some fairly recent
developments in science and technology.
c. Whether this is good or bad is, of course, up for argument
d. But the fact that science underlies our lives, our health, our work, our communications, our
entertainment and our transport is undeniable.
59. New Ventures

a. New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs in some of the world’s most dynamic,
emerging economies-- Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia and Mexico.
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b. We have facilitated more than $203 million in investment and worked with 250 innovative
businesses whose goods and services produce clear, measurable environmental benefits, such as
clean energy, efficient water use, and sustainable agriculture.
c. Often, they also address the challenges experienced by the world’s poor.
d. For example, one of the companies we work with in China, called Eco-star, refurbishes copy
machines from the United States and re-sells or leases them for 20 percent less than a branded
photocopier.
60. Ocean floor

a. The topography of the ocean floors is none too well known, since in great areas the available
soundings are hundreds or even thousands of miles apart.
b. However, the floor of the Atlantic is becoming fairly well known as a result of special surveys
since 1920.
c. A broad, well-defined ridge-the Mid-Atlantic ridge-runs north and south between Africa and the
two Americas. Numerous other major irregularities diversify the Atlantic floor.
d. Closely spaced soundings show that many parts of the oceanic floors are rugged as mountainous
regions of the continents.
e. Use of the recently perfected method of echo sounding is rapidly enlarging our knowledge of
submarine topography.
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f. During World War II great strides were made in mapping submarine surfaces, particularly in many
parts of the vast pacific basin.”
61. Electronic device disposal

a. The invention of electronics has become a challenge.
b. An Indian university persuaded IT service department to have an Electronic Recycling Collection
Day.
c. During these days, …people are encouraged to recycle their e-waste instead of throwing them
into the bin.
d. On certain days throughout the year, many electronic devices like ... from families and
households …
e. 200,000 electronic products had been recycled in 2010.
62. Opinion Compromise

a. In general, there is a tendency to underestimate how long it takes to discuss and resolve an issue
on which two people initially have different views.
b. The reason is that achieving agreement requires people to accept the reality of views different
from their own and to accept change or compromise.
c. It is not just a matter of putting forward a set of facts and expecting the other person immediately
to accept the logic of the exposition.
d. They (and probably you) have to be persuaded and helped to feel comfortable about the
outcome that is eventually agreed.
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e. People need time to make this adjustment in attitude and react badly to any attempt to rush
them into an agreement.
63. Copernicus theory

a. Copernicus probably hit upon his main idea sometime between 1508 and 1514.
b. For years, however, he delayed publication of his controversial work, which contradicted all the
authorities of the time.
c. The historic book that contains the final version of his theory, De Revolutionibus Orbium
Coelestium Libri VI (“Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs”), did not appear
in print until 1543, the year of his death.
d. According to legend, Copernicus received a copy as he was dying, on May 24, 1543.
e. The book opened the way to a truly scientific approach to astronomy. It had a profound influence
on later thinkers of the scientific revolution, including such major figures as Galileo, Johannes
Kepler, and Isaac Newton.
Fill in the Blanks (Drop-Down)

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1. The new book on 2. Teens Writing 3. Headless Horseman
Kiwi
4. Language Deficit 5. DNA is a Molecule 6. The Lumiere Brothers
7. UBC expeditions to 8. Serving on a jury 9. The United Nations
the Canadian Arctic
10. Pinker 11. The Origins of Music 12. Bizarre Universe
13. Sociology 14. Enigma 15. History Books

16. Scientist’s Job 17. Politics & 18. Video-Conferencing
International Technology
Relations
19. Global Textile 20. Australian Higher 21. Edison
Industry Education Funding
22. Seatbelt 23. Wine and ale 24. Jean Piaget
25. Oxford medical 26. Job-hunting 27. Space work for an
school astronaut
28. A Dog 29. Alaska Island 30. Peter Garrett
31. Complementary 32. Mike’s Research 33. Egg-Eating Snakes
Therapies
34. Flower attract insects 35. Two farms 36. Opportunity Cost
37. Olympic medalists 39. Essays 41. Movement in painting
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38. Impressionism 40. Lure New Students 42. What makes you
happy?
43. EE & AVG 44. Sales Representatives 45. TV Advertising
46. Behavior of Liquids 47. Move to a new region 48. What’s a herbal?
49. Online campus 50. Legal Deposit 51. DNA on a Crime Scene
52. Water security 53. Use Your Time Well 54. Primates
55. Maya descendants 56. Diversity of the 57. Allergies
Amazon Basin
58. Charles Darwin 59. Conservancy 60. Good looks win votes
61. Two sentiments 62. Paris is very old 63. Two siblings
for full content.
64. Promoting good customer service
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Promoting good customer service must start at the top. If management doesn’t realize how
important this aspect of their business is, they will be at an instant disadvantage in their
industry Good customer response equates to loyal customers, which are the cornerstone of
any successful business. No matter how money you invest in your marketing, if you don't much
have the fundamental elements of your business right, it's wasted money.
65. Distance learning
Distance learning can be highly beneficial to a large variety of people from young students
wanting to expand their horizons to adults looking for more job security. with programs that
allow learners of all ages to take courses for fun, personal advancement and degrees, distance
learning can meet the needs of a diverse population.
Perhaps one of the most notable and often talked about advantages of distance learning is
the flexibility the majority of programs allow students to learn when and where it's convenient
for them. For those who are struggling to balance their distance learning goals with working a
fulltime job and taking care of a family this kind of flexibility can allow many people to pursue
education who would not otherwise be able to do so. Since there are no on-campus courses
to attend, students can learn from their own homes, at work on their lunch breaks and from
virtually anywhere with internet access. For some it can even be a big source of savings on the
fuel costs and time required to commute to classes.
66. Papal reform
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Since the last papal reform, several proposals have been offered to make the Western
calendar more useful or regular Very few reforms, such as the rather different decimal French
Republican and Soviet calendars, had gained official acceptance, but each was put out of use
shortly after its introduction.
67. Interior design
Interior design is a professionally conducted, practice-based process of planning and

realization of interior spaces and the elements within. Interior design is concerned with the
function and operation of the aesthetics and its sustainability. The work of an interior designer
draws upon many other disciplines, such as environmental psychology, architecture, product
design and, aesthetics, in relation to a wide range of building spaces including hotels corporate
and public spaces, schools, hospitals, private residences, shopping malls, restaurants, theaters
and airport terminals.
68. Interdisciplinary Centre
A new interdisciplinary center for the study of the frontiers of the universe, from the tiniest
subatomic particle to the largest chain of galaxies, has been formed at The University of Texas
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at Austin. The Texas Cosmology Centre will be a way for the university's departments of
Astronomy and Physics to collaborate on research that concerns them both “This center will
bring the two departments together in an area where they overlap--in the physics of the very
early universe,” said Dr. Neal Evans, Astronomy Department chair. Astronomical observations
have revealed the presence of dark matter and dark energy, discoveries that challenge our
knowledge of fundamental physics. And today's leading theories in physics involve energies
so high that no Earth-bound particle accelerator can test them. They need the universe as their
laboratory Steven Weinberg, Nobel laureate and professor of physics at the university, called
the Centre's advent movement a very exciting development “for that department.
69. Foreign policy
The foreign policy of a state, it is often argued, begins and ends with the border. No doubt an
exaggeration, this aphorism nevertheless has an element of truth. A state's relation with its
neighbors, at least in the formative years, are greatly influenced by its frontier policy,
especially when there are no settled borders. Empire builders in the past sought to extend
imperial frontiers for a variety of reasons; subjugation of kings and princes to gain their
allegiance (as well as handsome tributes or the coffers of the state), and, security of the 'core'
of the empire from external attacks by establishing a string of buffer states in areas Adjoining
the frontiers. The history of British empire in India was no different. It is important to note in
this connection that the concept of international boundaries (between two sovereign states),
demarcated and delineated, was yet to emerge in India under Mughal rule.
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70. Chemistry
Chemistry is an extremely important topic in physiology. Most physiological processes occur

as the result of chemical changes that occur within the body. These changes include the
influx/efflux of ions across a neuron’s membrane, causing a signal to pass from one end to the
other. Other examples include the storage of oxygen in the blood by a protein as it passes
through the lungs for usage throughout the body.
71. English is changing
English has been changing throughout its lifetime and it's still changing today. For most of us,
these changes are fine as long as they’re well and truly in the past. Paradoxically, we can be
curious about word origins and the stories behind the structures we find in our language, but
we experience a queasy distaste for any change that might be happening right under our
noses. There are even language critics who are convinced that English is dying, or if not dying
at least being progressively crippled through long years of mistreatment.
72. Children sleep patterns
Children have sound sleep patterns. They can successfully sleep for 8-9 hours and get up at a
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fixed time. But teenagers don’t. Their need of early start to schools or other schedules can
influence.
73. SpaceX Dragon Capsule
SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on Friday at 1845 GMT (1445
EDT), reaching orbit 9 minutes later.
The rocket lofted an uncrewed mockup of SpaceX’s Dragon capsule, which is designed to one-
day carry both crew and cargo to orbit. “This has been a good day for SpaceX and a promising
development for the US human space flight program,” said Robyn Ringuette of SpaceX in a
webcast of the launch.
In a teleconference with the media on Thursday, SpaceX’s CEO, Paypal co-founder Elon Musk,
said he would consider the flight 100 percent successful if it reached orbit. “ Even if we prove
out just that the first stage functions correctly, I’d still say that’s a good day for a test,” he said.
“It’s a great day if both stages work correctly.”
SpaceX hopes to win a NASA contract to launch astronauts to the International Space Station
using the Falcon 9. US government space shuttles, which currently make these trips, are
scheduled to retire for safety reasons at the end of 2010.
74. Indian Onion
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The most vital ingredient in Indian cooking, the basic element with which all dishes begin and,
normally, the cheapest vegetable available, the pink onion is an essential item in the shopping
basket of families of all classes. A popular saying holds that you will never starve because you
can always afford a roti (a piece of simple, flat bread) and an onion.
But in recent weeks, the onion has started to seem an unaffordable luxury for India's poor.
Over the past few days, another sharp surge in prices has begun to unsettle the influential
urban middle classes. The sudden spike in prices has been caused by large exports to
neighboring countries and a shortage of supply. With its capacity for bringing down
governments and scarring political careers, the onion plays an explosive role in Indian politics.
This week reports of rising onion prices have made front-page news and absorbed the
attention of the governing elite.
75. Poverty
Measuring poverty on a global scale requires establishing a uniform poverty level across
extremely divergent economies, which can result in only rough comparisons. The World Bank
has defined the international poverty line as U.S. $1 and $2 per day in 1993 Purchasing Power
Parity (PPP), which adjusts for differences in the prices of goods and services between
countries. The $1 per day level is generally used for the least developed countries, primarily
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African; the $2-per-day level is used for middle-income economies such as those of East Asia
and Latin America.
76. Wind moving
Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move as fast as a racing car, over 100 miles an
hour Winds can travel around the world. Wind can make you feel cold because you lose heat
from your body faster when it is windy Weather forecasters need to know the speed and
direction of the wind. the strength of wind is measured using the Beaufort scale from wind
force when there is no wind, to wind force 12 which can damage houses and buildings and is
called hurricane force.
77. Estee Lauder
Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his mother founded, says she always thought
she "was growing a nice little business." And that it is. A little business that controls 45% of
the cosmetics market in U.S. department stores. A little business that sells in 118 countries
and last year grew to be $3.6 billion big in sales. The Lauder family's shares are worth more
than $6 billion. But early on, there wasn't a burgeoning business, there weren't houses in New
York, Palm Beach, Fla., or the south of France. It is said that at one point there was one person
to answer the telephones who changed her voice to become the shipping or billing
department as needed. You more or less know the Estée Lauder story because it's a chapter
from the book of American business folklore. In short, Josephine Esther Mentzer, daughter of
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immigrants, lived above her father's hardware store in Corona, a section of Queens in New
York City. She started her enterprise by selling skin creams concocted by her uncle, a chemist,
in beauty shops, beach clubs and resorts. No doubt the portions were good — Estée Lauder
was a quality fanatic — but the saleslady was better. Much better. And she simply outworked
everyone else in the cosmetics industry. She stalked the bosses of New York City department
stores until she got some counter space at Saks Fifth Avenue in 1948. And once in that space,
she utilized a personal selling approach that proved as potent as the promise of her skin
regimens and perfumes.
78. Ocean Floor
The ocean floor is home to many unique communities of plants and animals. Most of these
marine ecosystems are near the water surface, such as the Great Barrier Reef, a 2,000-km long
coral formation off the northeastern coast of Australia. Coral reefs, like nearly all complex
living communities, depend on solar energy for growth (photosynthesis). The sun's energy,
however, penetrates at most only about 300 m below the surface of the water. The relatively
shallow penetration of solar energy and the sinking of cold, subpolar water combine to make
most of the deep ocean floor a frigid environment with few life forms.
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In 1977, scientists discovered hot springs at a depth of 2.5 km, on the Galapagos Rift (spreading
ridge) off the coast of Ecuador. This exciting discovery was not really a surprise. Since the early
1970s, scientists had predicted that hot springs (geothermal vents) should be found at the
active spreading centers along the mid-oceanic ridges, where magma, at temperatures over
1,000 °Presumably was being erupted to form new oceanic crust. More exciting, because it
was totally unexpected, was the discovery of abundant and unusual sea life - giant tube
worms, huge clams, and mussels - that thrived around the hot springs.
79. David Lynch
David Lynch is professor and head of education at Charles Darwin University. Prior to this he
was sub dean in the Faculty of Education and Creative Arts at Central Queensland University
and foundation head of the University’s Noosa campus. David’s career in education began as
a primary school teacher in Queensland in the early 1980’s and progressed to four principal
positions before entering higher education. David’s research interests predominate in teacher
education with particular interest in building teacher capability to meet a changed world.
80. Genetically Modified Food
Genetically modified foods provide no direct benefit to consumers; the food is not noticeably
better or cheaper. The greater benefit, proponents argue, is that genetic engineering will play
a crucial role in feeding the world's burgeoning population. Opponents disagree, asserting
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that the world already grows more food per person than ever before – more, even, than
we can consume.
81. Farming
In the last years of the wheat boom, Bennett had become increasingly frustrated at how the
government seemed to be encouraging an exploitative farming binge. He went directly after
the Department of Agriculture for misleading people. Farmers on the Great Plains were
working against nature, he thundered in speeches.
82. How does outer space affect the human body?
Researchers already know that spending long periods of time in a zero-gravity environment
such as that inside the International Space Station (ISS) ---result in loss of bone density and
damage to the body’s muscles. That’s partly why stays aboard the ISS are limited at six
months. And now, a number of NASA astronauts are reporting that their 20/30 vision
faded/deteriorated after spending time in space, with many needing glasses once they
returned to Earth.
83. C.S. Lewis
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S. Lewis, or Jack Lewis, as he preferred to be called, was born in Belfast, Ireland (now Northern
Ireland) on November 29, 1898. He was the second son of Albert Lewis, a lawyer, and Flora
Hamilton Lewis. His older brother, Warren Hamilton Lewis, who was known as Warnie, had
been born three years earlier in 1895.
Lewis's early childhood was relatively happy and carefree. In those days Northern Ireland was
not yet plagued by bitter civil strife, and the Lewises were comfortably off. The family home,
called Little Lea, was a large, gabled house with dark, narrow passages and an overgrown
garden, which Warnie and Jack played in and explored together. There was also a library that
was crammed with books - two of Jack's favorites were Treasure Island by Robert Louis
Stevenson and The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett
This somewhat idyllic boyhood came to an end for Lewis when his mother became ill and died
of cancer in 1908. Barely a month after her death the two boys were sent away from home to
go to boarding school in England.
Lewis hated the school, with its strict rules and hard, unsympathetic headmaster, and he
missed Belfast terribly. Fortunately for him, the school closed in 1910, and he was able to
return to Ireland.
After a year, however, he was sent back to England to study. This time, the experience proved
to be mostly positive. As a teenager, Lewis learned to love poetry, especially the works of Virgil
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and Homer. He also developed an interest in modern languages, mastering French, German,
and Italian.
84. Disclose Business Emission
There is a need to disclose business emission. The data of emission can be used to test which
company causes climate change …… the government campaigners and environmental
invigilators.
85. Significance of instinct
What is the significance of instinct in business? Does a reliable gut feeling separate winners
from losers? And is it the most valuable emotional tool any entrepreneur can possess? My
observations of successful company owners lead me to believe that a highly analytical attitude
can be a drawback. At critical junctures in commercial life, risk-taking is more an act of faith
than a carefully balanced choice. Frequently, such moments require decisiveness and absolute
conviction above all else. There is simply no time to wait for all the facts, or room for doubt. A
computer program cannot tell you how to invent and launch a new product. That journey
involves too many unknowns, too much luck - and too much sheer intuition, rather than the
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Infallible logic that machines deliver so well. As Chekhov said: “An artist’s flair is sometimes
worth a scientist’s brains” - entrepreneurs need right-brain thinking. When I have been
considering whether to buy a company and what price to offer, I have been blinded too often
by reams of due diligence from the accountants and lawyers. Usually it pays to stand back
from such mountains of grey data and weigh up the really important issues-and decide how
you feel about the opportunity.
86. Joseph Engelberger
Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once remarked “I can't define a robot but
I know one when I see one” If you consider all the different machines people call robots, you
can see that it's nearly impossible to come up with a comprehensive definition. Everybody has
a different idea of what constitutes a robot.
87. Dictatorship
Dictatorship is not a modern concept. Two thousand years ago, during the period of the
Roman Republic, exceptional powers were sometimes given by the Senate to individual
dictators such as Sulla and Julius Caesar. The intention was that the dictatorship would be
temporary and that it would make it POSSIBLE to take swift and effective action to deal with
an emergency. There is some disagreement as to how the term should be applied today.
Should it be used in its original form to describe the temporary exercise of emergency powers?
Or can it now be applied in a much broader sense-as common usage suggests?
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88. Global textile industry
The environmental impact of the global textile industry is hard to overstate. One-third of the
water used worldwide is spent fashioning fabrics. For every ton of cloth _ produced 200 tons
of water is polluted with chemicals and heavy metals. An estimated 1 trillion kilowatt-hours of
electricity powers the factories that card and comb, spin and weave, and cut and stitch
materials into everything from T-shirts to towels, leaving behind mountains of solid waste and
a massive carbon footprint.
“Where the industry is today is not really sustainable for the long term,” says Shreyaskar
Chaudhary, chief executive of Pratibha Syntex, a textile manufacturer based outside Indore,
India.
With something of an “if you build it, they will come” attitude, Mr.Chaudhary has steered
Pratibha toward the leading edge of eco-friendly textile production. Under his direction,
Pratibha began making clothes with organic cotton in 1999. Initially, the company couldn't find
enough organic farms growing cotton in central India to supply its factories. To meet
production demands, Chaudhary's team had to convince conventional cotton farmers to
change their growing methods. Pratibha provided seeds, cultivation instruction, and a
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guarantee of fair- trade prices for their crops. Today, Pratibha has a network of 28,000 organic
cotton growers across the central states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Orissa.
89. The narrative of law

The narrative of law and order is located fundamentally at the level of individual guilt and
responsibility. Criminal acts are seen as individual issues of personal responsibility
capabilities and to which the state responds by way of policing, prosecution, adjudication and
punishment.
In few other areas of social life does individualism have this hold. To take but one instance, it
would be absurd to restrict analysis of obesity, to individual greed. It should similarly be widely
seen as absurd to restrict analysis of criminal justice issues to the culpability of individuals.
90. Language comes naturally
Language comes so naturally to us that it is easy to forget what a strange and miraculous gift
it is. All over the world members of our species fashion their breath into hisses and hums and
squeaks and pops and listen to others do the same. We do this, of course, not only because
we like the sounds but because details of the sounds contain information about the intentions
of the person making them. We humans are fitted with a means of sharing our ideas, in all
their unfathomable vastness. When we listen to speech, we can be led to think thoughts that
have never been thought before and that never would have occurred to us on our own.
Behold, the bush burned with fire, and the bush was not consumed. Man is born free, and
everywhere he is in chains. Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable
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home and happy disposition seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence. Energy
equals mass times the speed of light squared. I have found it impossible to carry the heavy
burden of responsibility and to discharge my duties as King without the help and support of
the woman I love.
91. Northern spotted owls

Our analysis of the genetic structure of northern spotted owls across most of the range of the
subspecies allowed us to test for genetic discontinuities and identify landscape features that
influence the subspecies’ genetic structure. Although no distinct genetic breaks were found in
northern spotted owls, several landscape features were important in structuring genetic
variation. Dry, low elevation valleys and the high elevation Cascade and Olympic Mountains
restricted gene flow, while the lower Oregon Coast Range facilitated gene flow, acting as a
“genetic corridor.” The Columbia River did not act as a barrier, suggesting owls readily fly over
this large river. Thus, even in taxa such as northern spotted owls with potential for long-
distance dispersal, landscape features can have an important impact on gene flow and genetic
structure.
92. Progressive enhancement
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Progressive enhancement is a design practice based on the idea that instead of designing for
the least capable browser, or mangling our code to make a site look the same in every browser,
we should provide a core set of functionality and information to all users, and then
progressively enhance the appearance and behavior of the site for users of more capable
browsers. It's very productive development practice. instead of spending hours working out
how to add drop shadows to the borders of an element in every browser, we simply use the
standards-based approach for browsers that support it and don't even attempt to implement
it in browsers that don’t. After all, the users of older and less capable browsers won’t know
what they are missing. The biggest challenge to progressive enhancement is the belief among
developers and clients that websites should look the same in every browser. As a developer,
you can simplify your life and dedicate your time to more interesting challenges if you let go
of this outdated notion and embrace progressive enhancement.
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Fill in the Blanks (Drag & Drop)
1. Morality of the welfare 2. Can dogs tell our 3. Teenage daughter

state emotions?
4. Writing style 5. The horned desert 6. Bach in Venice and
viper Germany
7. Folklore 8. Japan and China 9. Plainness
10. Impressionist Painters 11. University Science 12. Sportswomen
13. Ikebana 14. Reality 15. Kashmiri

16. First-year students 17. Education and 18. Orchestra
wellbeing
19. Planes 20. Rampant corruption 21. Sustainable Job Growth
22. Omniscience 23. Retirement 24. Shark’s Personalities

25. Shark bite 26. Surface Water 27. Allure of books
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28. Treat students 29. Statistical theory 30. Australia and New
Zealand
31. Volcanoes 32. Microorganism 33. The Sun and the Moon
34. Environmentalists 35. Science Warm Global 36. Exams looming
Warming
37. Just-in-time 38. Wolf’s perspective 39. Colorful Poison Frogs
40. Health professionals 41. Psychology
for full content.
42. People’s savings
Friedman showed that, while people do save more when they earn more, it is only to spend
later. Those in work save against a time of sickness, unemployment or old age - but because
the sick, unemployed and elderly spend their savings, overall consumption does not fall as
people get richer.
43. Plagiarism
How is plagiarism detected? It is usually easy for lecturers to identify plagiarism within
students work. The University also actively investigates plagiarism in students’ assessed work
through electronic detection software called Turnitin. This software compares students work
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against text on the Internet, in journal articles and within previously submitted work(from
LSBU and other institutions) and highlights any matches it finds.
44. Plates
In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The word tectonics comes from the
Greek root “to build.” putting these two words together, we get the term plate tectonics,
which refers to how the Earth’s surface is built of plates. The theory of plate tectonics states
that the Earth’s outermost layer is fragmented into a dozen or larger and small plates that are
moving relative to one another.
45. Climate
Climate is the word we use for weather over a long period of time. The desert has a dry
climate, because there is very little rain, The UK has a temperate climate, which means winters
are, overall, mild and summers, generally don't get too hot.
46. Gun violence
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Exposure to gun violence makes adolescents twice as likely to perpetrate serious violence in
the next two years, according to a University of Michigan study. Researchers found there is a
substantial cause and effect relationship between exposure and perpetration of violence.
Jeffrey B. Bingenheimer, a doctoral student in health behavior and health education, analyzed
five years of data from adolescents living in 78 neighborhoods in Chicago. Bingenheimer is lead
author on a paper in this week's journal Science.
47. Anthropologists
It is commonly said by anthropologists that primitive man is less individual and more
completely molded by his society than civilized man. This contains an element of truth. Simpler
societies are more uniform, in the sense that they call for, and provide opportunities for, a far
smaller diversity of individual skills and occupations than the more complex and advanced
societies. Increasing individualization in this sense is a necessary product of modern advanced
society and runs through all its activities from top to bottom. But it would be a serious error
to set up an antithesis between this process of individualization and the growing strength and
cohesion of society.
48. Most Respected Companies
Look at the recent Most Respected Companies survey by the Financial Times. Who are the
most respected companies and business leaders at the current time? Rather predictably they
are Jack Weich and General Electric, and Bill Gates, and Microsoft. Neither has achieved their
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world class status through playing nice. Weich is still remembered for the brutal downsizing
he led his business through and for the environmental pollution incidents and prosecutions
Microsoft has had one of the highest profile cases of bullying market dominance of recent
times- and Gates has been able to achieve the financial status where he can choose to give
lots of money away by being ruthless in business.
49. National Gallery of Canada
An exhibit that brings together for the first-time landscapes painted by French impressionist
Pierre-Auguste Renoir comes to the National Gallery of Canada this June.
The gallery in Ottawa worked with the National Gallery of London and the Philadelphia
Museum of Art to pull together the collection of 60 Renoir paintings from 45 public and private
collections
50. Sociology
Sociology is, in very basic terms, the study of human societies. In this respect, it is usually
classed as one of the social sciences (along with subjects like psychology) and was established
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as a subject in the late 18th century (through the work of people like the French writer Auguste
Comte). However, the subject has only really gained acceptance as an academic subject in the
20th century through the work of writers such as Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Talcott
Parsons (names that will be visited throughout this course). One name that you may have
heard of-Karl Marx (the founder of modern Communism)-has probably done more to
stimulate people’s interest in the subject than anyone else, even though he lived and wrote
(1818-1884) in a period before sociology became fully established as an academic discipline.
Sociology therefore, has a reasonably long history of development, (150-200 years) although
in Britain it has only been in the last 30-40 years that sociology as an examined subject in the
education system has achieved a level of importance equivalent to, or above, most of the
other subjects it impossible to study.
51. Psychological Theories
Attempts to apply psychological theories to education can falter on the translation of the
theory into educational practice. Often, this translation is not clear. Therefore, when a
program does not succeed, it is not clear whether the lack of success was due to the
inadequacy of the theory or the inadequacy of the implementation of the theory. A set of basic
principles for translating a theory into practice can help clarify just what an educational
implementation should (and should not) look like. This article presents 12 principles for
translating a triarchic theory of successful intelligence into educational practice.
52. Ice Storm
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Ice storm is a type of __A__ // __B__ rainfall down into the cold air // from water into__C__
ice storm.
A. weather
B. cold
C. ice
53. Walt Disney World
Walt Disney World has become a pilgrimage site partly because of the luminosity of its cross-
cultural and marketing and partly because its utopian aspects appeal powerfully to real needs
in the capitalist society. Disney’s marketing is unique because it captured the symbolic essence
of childhood, but the company has gained access to all public shows, comic books, dolls,
apparels, and educational film strips all point to the parks and each other.
54. Child-Centric Mother
The conducted study serves three objectives. The first objective is to reveal the values loaded
to the child by the child-centric mother’s attitude and the effect of 5-6-year-old nursery school
children on the purchasing decision of families who belong to a high socio-economic class. The
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second objective is to develop a child centricity scale and the third object is to examine the
attitude and behavior differences between low child-centric and high child-centric mothers.
Analyzing the data gathered from 257 mother respondents, the researchers have found that
the lowest influence of the child upon the purchasing decisions of the family are those which
carry high purchasing risk and are used by the whole family, whereas the highest influence of
the child upon the purchasing decision of the family are the products with low risk used by the
whole family. Findings also reveal that there are statistically significant differences between
the high child-centric and low child-centric mothers regarding purchasing products that are
highly risky and used by the whole family.
55. Study space
You can study anywhere. Obviously, some places are better than others. Libraries, study
lounges or private rooms are best. Above all, the place you choose to study should not be
distracting. Distractions can build up, and the first thing you know, you're out of time and out
of luck. Make choosing a good physical environment a part of your study habits.
56. Symbiosis
Symbiosis is a general term for interspecific interactions in which two species live together in
a long-term, intimate association. In everyday life, we sometimes use the term symbiosis to
mean a relationship that benefits both parties. However, in ecologist-speak, symbiosis is a
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broader concept and can include close, lasting relationships with a variety of positive or
negative effects on the participants.
57. People need exercise
One thing is certain. Most people do not get enough exercise in their ordinary routines. All of
the advances of modern technology — from electric can openers to power steering — have
made life easier, more comfortable and much less physically demanding. Yet our bodies need
activity, especially if they are carrying around too much fat. Satisfying this need requires a
definite plan, and a commitment.
58. Agrarian parties
Agrarian parties are political parties chiefly representing the interests of peasants or, more
broadly, the rural sector of society. The extent to which they are important, or whether they
even exist, depends mainly on two factors.
One, obviously, is the size of an identifiable peasantry, or the size of the rural relative to the
urban population. The other is a matter of social integration: for agrarian parties to be
important, the representation of countryside or peasantry must not be integrated with the
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other major sections of society. thus a country might possess a sizeable rural population, but
have an economic system in which the interests of the voters were predominantly related to
their incomes, not to their occupations or location; and in such a country the political system
would be unlikely to include an important agrarian party.
59. Civil society and the market
For too long we have held preconceived notions of ‘the’ market and ‘the’ state that were
seemingly independent of local societies and cultures. The debate about civil society
ultimately is about how culture, market and state relate to each other. Concern about civil
society, however, is not only relevant to central and eastern Europe and the developing world.
It is very much of interest to the European Union as well. The Civil Dialogue Initiated by the
Commission in the 1990s was a first attempt by the EU to give the institutions of society - and
not only governments and businesses-a voice at the policy-making tables in Brussels. The EU,
like other international institutions, has a long way to go in trying to accommodate the
frequently divergent interests of non-governmental organizations and citizen groups. There is
increasing recognition that international and national governments have to open up to civil
society institutions.
60. The amount of sleep

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The amount of sleep you need depends on many factors, especially your age. Newborns sleep
between 16 and 18 hours a day and preschool children should sleep between 10 and 12 hours.
Older children and teens need at least nine hours to be well rested. For most adults, seven to
eight hours a night appears to the best amount of sleep. However, for some people" enough
sleep" may be as few as five hours or as many as 10 hours of sleep.
As you get older, your sleeping patterns change. Older adults tend to sleep more lightly and
awaken more frequently in the night than younger adults. This can have many causes including
medical conditions and medications used to treat them. But there’s no evidence that older
adults need less sleep than younger adults.
Getting enough sleep is important to your health because it boosts your immune system,
which makes your body better able to fight disease. Sleep is necessary for your nervous system
to work properly. Too little sleep makes you drowsy and unable to concentrate. It also impairs
memory and physical performance.
So how many hours of sleep are enough for You? Experts say that if you feel drowsy during
the day — even during boring activities - you are not getting enough sleep. Also, quality of
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sleep is just as important as quantity. People whose sleep is frequently interrupted or cut short
are not getting quality sleep.
If you experience frequent daytime sleepiness, even after increasing the amount of quality
sleep you get, talk to your doctor. He or she may be able to identify the cause of sleep
problems and offer advice on how to get a better night’s sleep.
61. Number and forms
Number and form, they reveal, are the essence of our world: from the patterns of the stars to
the pulses of the market, from the beats of our hearts to catching a ball or tying our shoelaces.
Drawing on science, literature, history and philosophy, and introducing geniuses from
Alcibiades, the enfant terrible of Athens, to Gauss, the Mozart of numbers, this inspiring book
makes the mysteries of math’s accessible and its rich patterns brilliantly clear.
62. Clones
Clones of an Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) in the Bronx and other city spots grew
to double the biomass of clones planted outside small towns upstate or on Long Island, says
Jillian Gregg, now of the Environmental Protection Agency's western-ecology division in
Corvallis, Ore. The growth gap comes from ozone damage, she and her New York colleagues
report. Ozone chemists have known that concentrations may spike skyscraper high in city air,
but during a full 24 hours, rural trees actually get a higher cumulative ozone exposure from
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urban pollution that blows in and lingers. A series of new experiments now shows that this
hang around ozone is the overwhelming factor in tree growth, the researchers say in the July
10 Nature. "This study has profound importance in showing us most vividly that rural areas
pay the price for urban pollution," says Stephen P. Long of the University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign. "This work should be a wake-up call," he adds.
63. Wrinkle Cure
Barrie Finning's, a professor at Monash University’s college of pharmacy in Melbourne, and

PhD student Anita Schneider, recently tested a new wrinkle cure. Twice daily, 20 male and
female volunteers applied a liquid containing Myoxinol, a patented extract of okra (Hibiscus
esculentus) seed, to one side of their faces. On the other side they applied a similar liquid
without Myoxinol. Every week for a month their wrinkles were tested by self-assessment,
photography and the size of depressions made in silicon moulds. The results were impressive.
After a month the depth and number of wrinkles on the Myoxinol-treated side were reduced
by approximately 27 per cent. But Finnin’s research, commissioned by a cosmetics company,
is unlikely to be published in a scientific journal. It’s hard to even find studies that show the
active ingredients in cosmetics penetrate the skin, let alone more comprehensive research on
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their effects. Even when rigorous studies are commissioned, companies usually control
whether the work is published in the traditional scientific literature.
64. UW course description
The UW course descriptions are updated regularly during the academic year. All
announcements in the General Catalog and Course Catalog are subject to change without
notice and do not constitute an agreement between the University of Washington and the
student. Students should assume the responsibility of consulting the appropriate academic
unit or adviser for more current or specific information.
65. Biological system
Since biological systems with signs of COMPLEX engineering are unlikely to have arisen from
accidents or coincidences, their ORGANIZATION must come from natural selection, and hence
should have FUNCTIONS useful for survival and reproduction in the environments in which
humans evolved.
66. Fingerprint
Fingerprints, referred to as "fingermarks" in forensics, are formed when residue from the
ridged skin of the fingers or palms is transferred onto a surface, leaving behind an impression.
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Fingermarks are often made of sweat and colorless contaminating materials such as soap,
moisturizer and grease. These fmgermarks are described as "latent" as they are generally
invisible to the naked eye, which means that locating them at a crime scene can be
challenging.
67. Under-nutrition
Under-nutrition and related diseases kill between 15 and 18 million people a year, the
majority are children. At least 500 million are chronically hungry. The tragic paradox of
massive suffering amid global plenty traces in part to widespread poverty, which denies access
to food even where it piles high in village market.
68. The resultant force
The overall result of two or more forces acting on an object is called the resultant force the
resultant of two forces is a single force, which has the same effect as the two forces combined.
If two forces pull an object in opposite directions, the size of the resultant can be found by
subtracting one force from the other. If the forces are equal, they balance each other.
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69. Anthropologists
It is commonly said by anthropologists that primitive man is less individual and more
completely molded by his society than civilized man. This contains an element of truth. Simpler
societies are more uniform, in the sense that they call for, and provide opportunities for, a far
smaller diversity of individual skills and occupations than the more complex and advanced
societies. Increasing individualization in this sense is a necessary product of modern advanced
society and runs through all its activities from top to bottom. But it would be a serious error
to set up an antithesis between this process of individualization and the growing strength and
cohesion of society.
70. National Portrait Gallery
The National Portrait Gallery's Conservation Department performs one of the Gallery's core
functions, the long-term preservation of all Collection items, to make them accessible now and
in future. The Collection dates from the 8th century to the present day, and consists of
portraits in a variety of media, so the gallery employs Conservators with expertise in a range
of disciplines, including Framing, Painting, Paper, Sculpture and Photography.
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Listening
Summarize Spoken Text
1. Forgetting cards in 2. Instinct and reflex 3. The Big Bang Theory
ATM
4. New Zealand diversity 5. Diet in Stone Age 6. Wildlife as Food and
Income
7. Judgement in a short 8. Poverty Control in 9. The Role of Women
time China
10. Digital Information 11. The History of Clothing 12. Shakespeare's works
World
13. Ocean Environment 14. Fusion of Globalization 15. History course in
and IT museum
16. Music and the Brain 17. Stanford University 18. Amory Lovins (Mr.
Management Green)
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Education
19. Government power 20. Governments Use 21. Stanford Management
devolution. Tricks
22. Sign language 23. A Woman Novelist 24. Development of Genes
25. University competition 26. Agriculture and 27. Definitions of
Urbanization Globalization
28. Indian peasants 29. Drug Advertisements 30. Vitamin D
31. The decline of Bees 32. Sound Receptors 33. Citizenship curriculum
34. Biology, DNA & RNA 35. Industrial Revolution 36. Australian public
transportation
37. Organization Study 38. Bilingual Babies 39. Practicing lawyers
40. Market Research and 41. Choose a college 42. New Zealand Super-
Customers diversity
43. Logic and intuition 44. Space and Learning 45. Fast Radio Burst
46. The history of laundry 47. British Environmental 48. Talent war
Law
49. Alternative energy 50. Why do we read the 51. Einstein
Republic?
52. Laughing and humor 53. The Definition of Risk 54. Implicit and explicit
memories
for full content.
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55. Obese Women
31 obese women volunteered a Canadian experiment that tested on body fat changes. They
followed strict daily diet requirements and did exercise as instructed every day. After six
months, some of them lost weight, while others stayed the same and some even gained
weight. There are two explanations: some of them may have cheated on the diet, or some of
them consciously or unconsciously did less exercise.
56. Earthquake and Faults
This speech talks about the relationship between faults plane and earthquakes. Faults are
breaks and discontinued structure in the crust, and earthquakes happen when faults are
largely extended. In the fault plane, you can identify the location of earthquake called focus.
The earthquakes happen mainly because the rupture plane entirely covered the fault plane
over the focus. The epicenter is vertically over the focus on the surface of the earth.
57. Language Death

However, we have to be realistic. Language death is not mainstream theater. It is not
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mainstream anything. Can you imagine Hollywood taking it on? It is so far outside the mindset
of most people that they have difficulty appreciating what the crisis is all about because they
are not used to thinking about language as an issue in itself. Somehow, we need to change
these mindsets. We need to get people thinking about language more explicitly, more
intimately, more enthusiastically. Interest in language is certainly there, in the general
population – most people are fascinated by such topics as where words come from, or what
the origin of their town’s name is, or whether their baby’s name means anything; they are
certainly prepared to infinitum; and language games are often found on radio and television
– but a willingness to focus that interest on general issues, a preparedness to take on board
the emotion and drama inherent in the situation of language endangerment, is not something
that happens much.
Language death is not mainstream because it is so far outside the mindsets of most people.
However, we must change these mindsets and get people to think about language more
enthusiastically. Interest in language is certainly there, but a willingness to focus that interest
on general issues does not happen much.
58. Smart Consumers and Brand
Consumers are extremely smart, and they can make smart purchasing decisions in just a
second on the performance and the value of the product. Therefore, the brand is essential to
business because people are willing to pay more for a brand that has better performance and
consumer value. However, there are fundamental engineering contradictions, such as
materials that are both light and strong, or toilet paper both soft and strong.
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59. Misuse of drugs
Leftover drugs at home can be dangerous because they may be wrongly ingested by children,
so drugs should be enclosed and stored properly at home. If drugs are taken at wrong dosage,
drug resistance may develop. The misuse of drugs with incorrect prescriptions may also cause
allergies. So physicians should give correct instructions and prescriptions, and patients should
follow the instructions and finish the whole course of treatment.
60. Human rights in UK
Human rights in the UK are enriching and controversial. Legal documents including the
European Convention on Human Rights and the Human Rights Act played a significant role in
human rights protection. Human rights consist of positive and negative rights such as freedom
of religion and workforce and freedom expression. In conclusion, these legislations provide
the baseline and the minimum protection for human rights.
61. Australian housing price

Australia has been through a long period of uninterrupted economic growth over the past 15
years. During that period, the mortgage rate was half, so everyone can afford to borrow money
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from banks to buy a house. However, the increasing immigration and the falling size of
household average led to a higher demand for accommodation, and the additional purchasing
power pushes Australian house price up significantly.
62. HTML
The 1990s came around and normal people got online, thanks to the UK and Tim Berners-Lee
who invented HTML. During the first decade, there were extraordinary creativity as people
created webpages, learning resources and other online contents. They did it without profitable
models, religious factors, advertisements, skepticism, fears, and traditional or motivational
factors. People did it because they enjoy it. It simply happened, and it was a good idea.
63. Genes affect human behaviors
Since the discovery of DNA structure, people have believed that genes have an impact only on
people’s physical structure. But the study of mapping of genes in 2001 found that there is a
genetic responsibility to human’s physical and psychological behaviors, which has changed the
way we understand our behaviors. The research on genes has provided integrating
information, and the findings can benefit biologists, psychologists and neuroscientists.
64. Cultural absolutism
Absolutism refers to the claim that there exists a universally valid moral system, which applies
to everyone whether they realize it or not, and it contains rules, guidelines and principles
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which are universal. It is like a road map to guide individual and social behavior. Some
principles of absolutism cannot be violated or betrayed, and they have wide acceptance
without assumptions and interpretations.
65. Network of Transportation in Paris
There are thousands of trips and too many travelers every day in Paris. The transportation
network in Paris provides thousands of network services and links them together. People can
carefully plan their journeys in advance by looking at the routes of the network, which can
reduce the density of people in the same journey at the same time.
66. Identity Theory
Then in the 1950s, philosophers had this novel idea that perhaps the mind is identical with the
brain. Okay, and this hadn't occurred to philosophers before. And it's so happened that it
happened around the same time the first departments of neuroscience started forming like at
MIT and Stanford and so for. But basically, there were a couple of philosophers both educated
here at Oxford place and smart, and they made the claim that the mind just IS the brain. So
that is the Identity Theory. And with identity, identity in logic is the strongest relation. When
you have identity between A and B, you don't have two things You have one thing. Alright. So
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now when you talk about mental events, you're talking about brain events. When you talk
about brain events, you're talking about mental events. Okay. So that's the Identity Theory.
And it's very popular. A In the 1950s, philosophers proposed a new idea that perhaps the mind
is identical with the brain, which is the popular theory - Identity Theory. Identity in logic is the
strongest relation. Identity theory means that when you have identity between A and B, you
have actually one thing instead of two things. So, in identity theory, mental events are identical
with brain events.
67. London Architecture
The speaker thinks the architectures in West London are ugly. Bad buildings have serious
impacts on people’s lives for hundred years because architectures can last long. According to
a book, whether architectures are beautiful or ugly depends on the eyes of beholder people,
since beauty is an arrogant concept. This book talks about what kinds of building work, and
how, what and why architectures need to be designed beautiful.
68. Industrialization and Adam Smith
People previously believed a nation’s wealth is how much money people can pile up, but now
a nation’s wealth is the nation’s ability to produce outputs. After the Industrial Revolution,
with the development of industrialization, Adam Smith introduced that the manufacture
should be included in a nation’s wealth. The national wealth is equal to income since the
national income is equal to the national output.
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69. Market Economy
The notions of pragmatism and democracy had succeeded in tempering market economy in
developed countries. The industrial revolution had negative effects on the living standards of
the working class. So, legislations about working conditions were passed and then regulations
on better environmental conditions were put, which reversed some damages and helped the
market economy. Nowadays, the benefits we shared are far more widely than 100 years ago.
70. Time traveling
The main problem of time traveling/traveling is that people need to understand what time is,
but nobody can explain it. People know what time means when they talk about it, but no one
can explain it in specific. Talking about what is time has been a popular topic in modern society.
However, time is not a new subject because it actually started around 600 years ago.
71. Facial recognition
It is hard to know how people recognize human faces. People now can get visual information
from faces through the technology of configuration and put a name on it. Face is an identity
so we can get lots of information from face, including age, gender, work, health condition,
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politics and friends through facial recognition.
72. Climate change predictions
There can now be no reasonable, science-based, doubt about the reality of global climate
change effects brought on by the cumulative and rapidly growing emission of so-called
'greenhouse' gasses – primarily carbon dioxide - into the atmosphere.
As these effects become increasingly more obvious worldwide, so commercial interests,
groups of concerned individuals and national governments have been gripped by what
amounts to mass panic about what to do about it.
To many, Paul Ehrlich's Malthusian 'Population Bomb' of 1968 appears about to explode in the
world's face in an indirect version of his millenarian vision of population growth which
outpaces agricultural production capacity-with predictably catastrophic results for humanity.
And his three-part crisis scenario does indeed seem now to be present: a rapid rate of change,
a limit of some sort, and delays in perceiving that limit.
Ehrlich's work was roundly criticized at the time, and later, from many quarters, and much of
what he predicted did not come about. Nevertheless, can the world afford to take the risk that
the climate scientists have got it wrong. Is it not in everyone's interests to apply the
Precautionary Principle in attempting to avoid the worst of their predictions - now, rather than
at some future time?
As the Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Mr. Rajendra Pachauri,
has recently pointed out, eleven of the warmest years since instrumental records began have
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occurred in the past twelve, while major precipitation changes are taking place on a global
scale.
People are questioning how panic should we be about the reality of global climate change.
Although the prediction of population bomb in 1968 was criticized because some of the
predictions didn’t come about, the world cannot afford to take the risk that the climate
scientists have wrong predictions, because major precipitation changes are taking place on a
global scale.
73. Children Literature
I want to write a very short introduction to children's literature because although here in
Britain one of the longest and most distinguished traditions of creating books for children,
perhaps the longest and most distinguished in the world. We often take them for granted and
we don't pay enough attention to what a remarkable cultural resource they are for adults and
kind of cultural work they do for children and the way that they have served writers and
illustrators as a cultural space for creativity subversion and opportunities to experiment with
new ideas.
So, what kind of cultural work the children's books do? Well, at the level of individual child,
this is one of the places where children learn the vocabularies, get the vicarious experiences,
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and see the images of the world that help them think about how the world works and where
they fit into it.
Because children's books are first places that children encounter these things, they are often
very direct, as a source of information about what a particular period thinks including what it
thinks a child is, what a child needs to know, what childhood looks like, sometimes when we
looked at children's books from the past, that’s very important to notice these children who
aren't there, for instance, so that is one of the things that we have in children's books.
Although Britain has the longest tradition of creating children’s literature, people often take it
for granted and failed to realize that children’s literature is a remarkable cultural resource for
adults, and that it can do lots of cultural work for children. For individual children, books are
the first place where children can learn vocabularies and learn how the world works. Because
of this, children’s books are often very direct.
74. Therapeutic Environment
Long time ago people began to study therapeutic environment. They found fresh air and sun
light can have positive impacts on patients’ recovery, and architecture has the same positive
impact, too. Viewing hospital yards can help people rest well and sleep well and can also help
release their stress and pain easily. 90% of nurses in hospitals agreed that designed hospital
environment links to patients’ recovery.
75. Secret Life of Plants

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UK Arts Festival is about the secret life of the plants, but this session will show the audience
how plants interact through interactive lectures and live experiments. It will show you how
plants talk to each other and to other species. So, audience can judge by themselves to see
whether it’s true or not.
76. Need
There are several ways to use and interpret the word ‘need’. When you say, ‘I need a holiday’,
it is an expression of a strong desire but not a basic need. When you say, ‘the plant needs
water’, it is an objective statement because it is the truth. Also, there is the psychological use
of ‘need’ when someone lack of something.
77. The Real Science
The speaker wrote a book introducing 12 incorrect scientific phenomena. He said the real
science may not be what people thought it would be. The real science might be boring.
78. Globalization & Detraditionalization

The world is a global village with instant communications through the internet. The world is
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also shrinking due to the distance and speed. Globalization has brought detraditionalization
because of the erosion of traditional culture and conventional ways of doing things, as young
people are rejecting the culture in which they grew up, and keen on imitating the Hollywood
models.
79. Basic Vocabulary
Well an historical linguist compares languages at several levels. You start out looking for basic
vocabulary. All languages of the world, natural languages at least, have words for eye and head
and nose and ear and for sky and earth and for water, sand and for sibling, mother and father.
They may not have words for uncle and aunt. It becomes much vaguer because in one culture
an aunt is different when it comes from your father's side than from your mother's side. You
don't include snow. Most people know what snow is but, in the tropics, you don't have it. So,
you look for notions that are totally comparable and that occur everywhere in the world. You
can the hundred or two hundred most universal notions in a human life, those which you call
the basic vocabulary. So, you take basic vocabularies and languages that you think are related.
You look for words that sound the same.
80. Learning styles of boys and girls
The research shows that girls have a better level of English results than boys in the same class.
This is because boys and girls have different learning styles and their brains function in
different mechanisms. Boys are more simplified and teachers' teaching style normally suits
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better for girls than boys. Therefore, teachers should look for different teaching methods for
both boys and girls.
81. Translation and interpretation
There is a misconception that translators and interpreters do the same thing. The speaker
introduces similarities and differences of the two jobs. Firstly, translation and interpreting
refer to written and verbal communications, respectively. Secondly, translators need the skill
to write comprehensively to the target language while interpreters need speak both languages
professionally. Thirdly, both professions need years of training to acquire their qualifications
but the experience they learn is different.
82. Multiculturalism in Australia
Being a multicultural country, Australia has migrations from all over the world, which makes it
the home to the world's oldest continuous cultures. According to the statistics, nearly a half
of the Australian population were born overseas or have a foreign-born parent. In addition,
migrants' contributions to Australia's economy are enormous as estimation shows over 10
billion dollars of fiscal benefit was provided in their first 10 years of settlement.
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83. Effects of Crops on Climate
Crops can affect climate in two ways. A substantial amount of land surface is used for
agricultural production, so the use of land affects the climate. If we deforest a land and plant
crops instead, the characters of the land surface will be altered, which will ultimately change
the original climate. This requires the cooperation between crop scientists and climate
scientists and the integration of two different models.
84. Buildings with design flaws
Design is relatively important to building due to the fact that they may not only impact its
appearance, but also affect health conditions. For example, the design of ground floors must
ensure that the building is able to withstand the weight of the higher levels. There are poorly
designed buildings but also some great building works. In the 20th century, many buildings
were demolished, which should be decided based on its nature and function.
85. Negative emotions
The lecture talks about the utility of negative emotions when people are exposed to these
emotions. Human usually pay more attention to negative emotions such as fear, because these
emotions can help people to survive and evaluate. We experience positive emotions more
frequently, but the effects are very limiting, while negative emotions are less frequently but
very intensive and life threatening.
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86. Roman City
But you can see from the relatively crooked and narrow streets of the city of Rome as they
look from above today. You can see that again, the city grew in a fairly ad hoc way, as I
mentioned. It wasn't planned all at once. It just grew up over time, beginning in the eighth
century B.C. Now this is interesting because what we know about the Romans is when they
were left to own devices and they could build the city from scratch, they didn't let it grow in
an ad hoc way. They structure it in a, in a very care, very methodical way. That was basically
based on military strategy, military planning. The Romans they couldn't have conquered the
world without obviously having a masterful military enterprise and everywhere they went on
their various campaigns, their various military campaigns. They would build, build camps and
those camps were always laid out in a very geometric plan along a grid, usually square or
rectangular. So, when we begin to see the Romans building their ideal Roman city, they turn
to that so call Castrum or military camp design. Rome grew in an ad hoc way, which means it
wasn't planned all at once but grew over time since the 18th century. However, Romans
structured their cities in a very methodical way based on military strategy and planning. In this
way, they built camps that were laid out in a geometric plan, usually in square or rectangular.
That's why ideal Roman cities are called military camp design.
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87. Travels of Sir John Mandeville
The book 'The Travels of Sir John Mandeville" was popular in the 1300s and 1400s. The book
is in the library as a guidance. The book describes his supposed travels to the Mid-East, Africa
and Asia. This is book is valuable although its descriptions about foreign lands were not true.
It only shows how European people thought about foreign lands outside Europe as well as
their imagination of the unknown.
88. Mars and Earth
Mars is an interesting planet, which is the closest neighboring planet to the Earth. Mars and
Earth have similar geological features, with mountains and hills on surface. Since water was
found on Mars, the key question now is where the water is. Mars has an atmosphere as we
have found rare gases and heavy gases.
89. Twelve incorrect experiments

The speaker wrote a book introducing 12 incorrect scientific phenomena and experiments. He
said the real science may not be what people thought it would be because successful science
experiments may be boring. However, these 12 failed experiments are very interesting
because each has a different reason. For example, an experiment could fail because of made-
up numbers.
90. Telescope
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The aperture of a telescope is several times larger than the aperture of human eye so that the
objects that cannot be normally seen by unaided eye can be seen. Light- gathering power of a
telescope is proportional to the area of its aperture and hence depends on the square of the
radius of the mirror. Therefore, a 20 cm diameter telescope collects four times more photons
than a 10 cm diameter telescope. A telescope can be equipped to record light over a long
period of time, by using photographic film or electronic detectors such as photometers or CCD
detectors while the eye has no capability to store light. Along-exposure photograph taken
through a telescope reveals objects too faint to be seen with the eye, even by looking through
the same telescope. A third major advantage of large telescopes is that they have superior
resolution, the ability to discern fine detail. Small resolution is good. The resolution is directly
proportional to the wavelength being observed and inversely proportional to the diameter of
the telescope.
91. Canned Food during the Great Depression
During the Great Depression was the beginning of this sort of modern food technology that
rules, you know, the way Americans eat today. That is there are a lot of canned foods were
being - coming onto the market at the time. And also, refrigerators were really becoming very,
very popular during the Great Depression, both in cities and in rural parts of the country.
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Thanks to electrification, the Rural Electrification Administration, people could buy appliances.
You know, farmers could buy appliances. And that meant frozen foods were becoming big.
And, you know, at that time, few people could afford to buy them during the early years of
the Great Depression. But, you know, gradually, these things picked up. And so, this was, like,
the sort of beginning of the era when people were starting to think about supermarkets with
rows and rows of freezer cases and rows and rows of canned foods. During the Great
Depression, a lot of canned food came onto the market and refrigerators were becoming
extremely popular both in cities and in rural areas. Thanks to the Rural Electrification
Administration, farmers could buy appliances, which means frozen foods were becoming big.
This was when the modern food technology started and when Americans started to think
about supermarkets with freezer cases and canned foods.
92. Food crisis
People are going to suffer from serious food crisis for the next 30 years until 2030. We must
double our production to cater for the future demand of food. This is an urgent matter and
people should elevate the food production now. Scientists have predicted an increase of food
production of 30% to 50% in the next three years.
93. Great ideas
A great idea should have several features. Firstly, a great idea should be novel. Secondly, a
great idea should be unique, which means no one has thought of it. Thirdly, a great idea should
be productive, which is essential to be transformative.
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94. Languages and vocabularies
When we talk about different languages and cultures, vocabulary is one of the most interesting
characters, because different cultures may have different vocabularies. For example, in some
languages there is no "uncle" or "aunt" because they differ between mother's side and father's
side. Another example is that some languages don't have "snow" in their vocabularies because
people of those cultures live in tropical areas.
95. Early language learning
The lecture emphasizes on the importance of early study. It is important for children under 12
months to learn a language, even before they were born. When young children learn a
language, they normally don't care about grammar. Early language learning is more important
than you think it would be and is especially vital for children.
96. Children's life quality

Well-educated families have well-educated children who have sufficient educational

resources and support since they were born. According to studies, the life chances of a child
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has been set by 5 years old, which is a very disturbing fact. There is no obvious way to address
the problem of quality of life in society.
97. Precision and clarity
Some people speak words without connecting them to any meaning. Your words should be
understandable, and they must be clear, correct and detailed, which means precision is
important and required. For example, if I ask you "do you want to eat", you answer "yes". But
it's not clear because you didn't say what you want to eat.
98. Inequality in children
According to the professor's sociology research, the capacity of well-educated parents will
remain in their prosperous children, because these children have sufficient educational
capacity and support since they were born. According to studies, the life chance of a child has
been set by 5 years old, which is a very compelling and disturbing fact. The professor cannot
find obvious ways to address this deep root of inequality in our society.
99. Water recycling

We need recycling water because fresh water cannot be easily generated by burning hydrogen
because it's too costly, and also because the total volume of freshwater is limited. Technology
is available for industrial use, but there is little technology available for home use. On local
level, people are not aware of how to recycle water at home, but we can do little on this level.
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Fill in The Blanks

1. Difference
The effect of the first difference is, on the one hand, to refine and enlarge the public views, by
passing them through the medium of a chosen body of citizens, whose wisdom may best discern
the true interest of their country, and whose patriotism and love of justice will be least likely to
sacrifice it to temporary or partial considerations.
2. Laurence Stephen Lowry RBS RA was an English artist. Many of his drawings and paintings depict
Pend lebury, Lancashire, where he lived and worked for more than 40 years, and also Salford
and its surrounding areas. Lowry is famous for painting scenes of life in the industrial districts
of North West England in the mid-20th century. He developed a distinctive style of painting and
is best known for his urban landscapes peopled with human figures often referred to as
matchstick man. He painted mysterious unpopulated landscapes, brooding portraits and the
unpublished "marionette" works, which were only found after his death.
3. William Shakespeare
For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with regards
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to personal history. There are just two primary sources for information on the Bard: his works,
and various legal and church documents that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally,
there are many gaps in this body of information, which tells us little about Shakespeare the
man.
4. Neo-Latin
Those of you who've never heard the term neo-Latin, may be forgiven for thinking it's a new
South American dance craze. If you're puzzled when I tell you it has something to do with the
language of Romans, take heart, over the years many classes who have confessed they are not
really sure what it is either. Some have assumed that they are so-called ‘Late-Latin', written at
the end of the Roman Empire. Others have supposed it must have something to do with the
middle ages. Or perhaps it's that pseudo-Latin which my five and seven-year-old boys seem to
have gleaned from the Harry Potter books, useful for spells and curses that they zip one another
with makeshift paper ash ones. No, in fact, neo-Latin is more or less the same as the Latin that
was written in the ancient world, classical Latin. So, what's so new about it?
5. Traffic jam
For the first time, Japanese researchers have conducted a real-life experiment that shows how
some traffic jams appear for no apparent reason. They placed the 22 vehicles on a single track
and asked the drivers to cruise around at a constant speed of 30 kilometers an hour. At first,
traffic moves smoothly, but soon, the distance between cars started to vary, and vehicles
clumped together at one point on the track, but the jams spread backward around the track,
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like a shockwave at a rate of about 20 kilometers an hour. Real-life jams move backward at
about the same speed.
6. Integrated ticket
Well in 2004 we integrated ticketing in South East Queensland, so we have introduced a paper
ticket that allowed you to travel across all the three modes in South East Queensland, so bus,
train and ferry, and the second stage of integrated ticketing is the introduction of a Smart Card,
and the Smart Card will enable people to store value so to put value on the card, and then to
use the card for traveling around the system.
7. William Shakespeare
For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with regards
to personal history. There are just two primary sources for information on the Bard: his works,
and various legal and church documents that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally,
there are many gaps in this body of information, which tells us little about Shakespeare the man.
8. Warmer ocean
The ocean has been getting bluer, according to a study published in the journal Nature. But
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that’s not really good news for the planet. It means that the plants that give the ocean its green
tint aren’t doing well. Scientists say that’s because the ocean has been getting warmer.
9. Water crisis
Now that story’s been scotched, as only part of contingency planning. But it was a symptom of
the dramatic turn of events in South Australia, and it flushed out other remarks from water
academics and people like Tim Flannery, indicating that things were really much worse than had
been foreshadowed, even earlier this year. So is Adelaide, let alone some whole regions of South
Australia, in serious bother? Considering that the vast amount of its drinking water comes from
the beleaguered Murray, something many of us outside the State may not have quite realized.
Is their predicament something we have to face up to as a nation?
10. Contract Patterns Generator (CPG)

In animals, a movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord called the
central contract patterns generator (CPG). This produces signals that drive muscles to contract
rhythmically in a way that produces running or walking, depending on the pattern of pulses. A
simple signal from the brain instructs the CPG to switch between different modes such as going
from a standstill to walking.
Repeated ones:
1. seemingly, Habitat, sales, convergence

2. Stolen, permission, happen, scary
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3. Dawn, origin,
4. predicament, beleaguered
5. emit (for), spirit, oceanographer,
6. bored, five, twenty-six/26, irrelevant
7. ground, recognized, disappeared, sustainable
8. Convergence, spectrum, million, sales (forces)
9. Initially, technically, relationship
10. Premium, communities
11. provides, histories, existence, session/section
12. Insights, disciplines, inevitable (decline), complicated
13. single, constant, vary, spread
14. enlarge, medium, wisdom, patriotism, partial
15. managers, training, promotion
16. share, opening, neighbor/neighbor
17. fashions, followers, discipline, schedule
18. Fashions, followers, spirit, movements
19. Materials, revenue, million, delivering, failed
20. Journalists, electronics, pragmatic, imagine

21. (all) disciplines, modes, confirm, (this is how) science (works),
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22. contract (muscles),
23. Tightly, tiny, clot,
24. system, statistics, exercises
25. Rules, system, elementary, investigate
26. Right, them, theories, computer, phonographs
27. Clothing, properties, overseas, label, _____
28. Validity, different, role, describe, ______
29. Sound, technician, interest, context, overseas
30. industrial, distinctive, city (landscape), matchbox (men), portrait
31. Wisdom, medium, enlarge, patriotism, partial
32. Everywhere, infrastructure, application,
33. Teamwork, productive, produce, opt (for)
34. Constitutes, deduction, natural, development, creativity
35. Climate, green, warmer
36. dramatically, special, practical
37. speed (up), situation, demographic, obvious
38. Travel, decline, salted (fish), depression, confusing, trading
39. (was) untinned, Untinged?), financial
40. Negative, risks, lying
41. Incentive, ultimately, concussive, whatever, generated
42. ridiculous, assumption, branding, atmospheric
43. Popular, essentially
44. Massive, months, Tokyo
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45. Premium, true, constant, single

46. restricted, personality, career
47. Mathematics, controversial, demographic, atmospheric
48. Promotional, work, complex, simple, training
49. Describe, historian, trusted, ideas, actually
50. materials, minimize/minimize, revenue, factors, delivering
51. Hydrogen, apparent, urgency, growth
52. Tremendously, force, common, commonly
53. Perception, control, experiencing
54. Complained, profession, encouraging
55. University, subject, relationship, three
56. apologized, ferry, expectations, spectacle
57. Key, manufacture, instinct
58. emphasized, revolutionized, prosperity, predominant
59. Insights, operational, galaxies
60. Science, occurs, psychological
61. Heart, results, supplemented, reversed
62. Incorporating, sculpture

63. Monetary, sold, percent, cash, control
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64. Sound, technician, behavior
65. Galaxies, tightly, key, crucial, untraditional
66. Positive, negative, emulated, ______
67. Permanent, frustrated, increasing, face
68. Every, huge, meet, represents
69. Matchstick, some, distinct, success
70. Challenge, portraits, crises
71. Colors, Volume, attract
72. Nutrition, spreading, spectacle
73. Actually, lighting, sounds, knowledge
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Write from Dictation

1. Supply and demand is one of the fundamental concepts in economics.
2. Free campus tours run daily during summer for prospective students.
3. All of your assignments should be submitted by next Tuesday.
4. Native speakers are exempt from the language tests in their own language.
5. Undergraduate students may pursue their specific interests within certificate programs.
6. Behind the group, there is a flat cart drawn by mules.
7. Scientists are always asking the government for more money.
8. I thought it was through a small meeting room.
9. The nation achieved prosperity by opening its ports for trade.
10. The railway makes long-distance travel possible for everyone.
11. The first assignment is due on the 14th of September.
12. That means that we have so many struggling overlaps.
13. That means that we have several structural overlaps.
14. The article reflects/refers to/extrapolates a number of very interesting experiments.
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15. The aerial photographs were promptly registered for thorough evaluation.
16. The teacher asked the group to commence the task.
17. This course aims to develop your knowledge of statistics.
18. Professors with higher educational standard trained them extremely seriously.
19. A good abstract shows/can highlight the key points of a/the paper.
20. You will need to read Chapter One before the management class.
21. The university provides excellent legislations for students and staff.
22. There will be a chemistry test in the classroom next week.
23. Eating fish twice a week is recommended for a healthy diet.
24. Information technology has changed the way people/we study today.
25. The library will stay open until midnight this week.
26. Two sides have disagreed on how to solve the problem.
27. New media journalism is an exciting area to study.
28. Honey can be used as the food and health product.
29. Babies can distinguish between what is language and what is not.
30. Farmers need to endure the changes of climate.
31. Psychologists say what we have experienced influences our behaviors.
32. Many university lectures can now be viewed on the internet.
33. History economic is the tricks of the subject.
34. An effective business manager is always opened to new ideas.
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35. The department works closely for/with business community/communities.

36. Urbanization [US] provides / emphasizes [US] on the expenses of other community.
37. Audition of the university will be held/on hold until next week.
38. There is an accounting assessment for finance students.
39. Relying on natural ability will not get you far on science.
40. Students are required to have an undergraduate degree in Biology to be enrolled [US] /
enrolled [UK] in this course.
41. They developed a unique approach to training their employees.
42. We should never underestimate the power of creative design.
43. Linguistics is a/the scientific study and analysis of language.
44. Philosophy uses a lot of logics and reasons to analyze [US] human experiences.
45. The chemistry building is located near the entrance to the campus.
46. The city’s/cities/cities’ founders created a set of rules that became law.
47. Most of these students have not considered this issue before.
48. Our professor is hosting the business development conference.
49. The business policy seminar includes an internship with a local firm.
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50. Scientists were unsure when the first men left Africa.
51. Traffic is the main cause of air pollution in many cities.
52. The sociology department is highly regarded worldwide.
53. A good research delivers practical benefits for real people.
54. While reconciliation is desirable, basic underlying issues must first be addressed.
55. The same issues featured both explanations of the problem.
56. The qualification will be assessed by using a criterion reference to approach.
57. The toughest part of postgraduate education is funding.
58. Assignments should be submitted to the department office before the deadline.
59. Resources and materials are on hold at the library reference desk.
60. The placement test of mathematics and statistics is offered every semester.
61. Most of these features were part of the previous system.
62. The students were instructed to submit their assignments before Friday.
63. We can’t consider any increase in our prices at this stage.
64. Observers waited nervously and with bated breath for the concert.
65. Clinical placements in nursing prepare students for professional practice.
66. Climate change is now an acceptable phenomenon among reputable scientists.
67. Students have the options to live in college residences or apartments.
68. The library holds a substantial collection of materials on economic history.
69. The massive accumulation of data was converted into a communicable argument.
70. Control systems in manufacturing provide a high level of accuracy.
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71. It is absolutely vital that you acknowledge all your sources.

72. It was hard to anticipate how all the different characters would react.
73. The theme of the instrumental work exhibited more of a demure compositional style.
74. Student concession cards can be obtained by completing an application form.
75. This morning’s lecture on economic policy has been canceled /cancelled.
76. Review all your sources before drawing any conclusions.
77. The celebrated theory is still the source of great controversy.
78. If finance is a cause of concern, scholarships may be available.
79. Before submitting your dissertation, your advisor/adviser must approve your application.
80. The department is organizing a flight to London in July.
81. Participants initially select from a range of foundation subjects.
82. Most of these students have not considered this issue before.
83. Students should leave their bags on the table by the door.
84. Castle was/Castles were designed to intimidate both local people and enemies.
85. Graphs and charts allowed data more easily to be understood.
86. Blue whale is the largest mammal ever lived.
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87. The opening hours of the library is reducing during the summer.
88. A laptop computer has been found in the biology lab.
89. His appointment to the Minister of Culture is seen as a demotion.
90. Measures must be taken to prevent unemployment rate from increasing.
91. The coffee machine (located) on the third floor is not working today.
92. Muscle cells bring parts of the body closer together.
93. You will learn how to rationally assess your arguments.
94. Journalism faces the crisis in the light of the digital revolution.
95. It takes a long time to walk to university.
96. University staff provide advice on renting and accommodation.
97. Photography can be very useful to geography research.
98. Request for late submissions will not be accepted under any circumstances.
99. Slides and handouts can be downloaded after lectures.
100. International exchanges form/formed the important part of our study program.
101. They were/had/have been struggling last year to make their service pay.
102. The application process may take longer than it’s expected.
103. The evaluation forms will be reviewed by university personnel.
104. The ways in which people communicate are constantly changing.
105. You are required to complete the research paper by Monday.
106. Those seeking formal extension should contact their faculty for information.
107. Teaching assistants will receive a monthly stipend for housing.
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108. Everyone must evacuate the premises during the fire drill.
109. We study science to understand and appreciate the world around us.
110. Mutually exclusive events can be described as either complementary or opposite.
111. She used to be the editor of the student newspaper.
112. Many graduates of journalism can get jobs in the communications field.
113. Food cannot be eaten in the main library.
114. The transformation of media has changed the way information both used and studied.
115. Salt is produced from the sea water or extracted from the ground.
116. Career services provide tips on how to approach job interviews.
117. The science we used featured both explanations of the problems.
118. The … will not be received until the following weeks.
119. You did not need a special knowledge to enjoy this book.
120. We see the stars that … billion years ago.
121. Scientists were unsure when the early man left Africa.
122. The northern campus car park is located behind the library.
123. As a union member, we can influence the changes of the university.
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124. Neuroscience is a compound of completely separate parts.
125. More graduate training is needed after university is finished.
126. The horizontal line on the graph indicates there was no periodical change
127. The horizontal line on the graph indicates there was no change in the period.
128. Our facilities include five libraries in the university.
129. Purity is one feature that makes gold expensive.
130. He was regarded as the foremost economist at that time.
131. Even simple techniques need to be practiced to become better.
132. Your ideas are sophisticated in seminars and tutorials.
133. Studying history can help you better understand the present.
134. Our study program equips students with essential skills for university.
135. Renovation works have been undertaken throughout the building.
136. Academic libraries across the world are steadily incorporating social media.
137. The food crops require a large amount of water and fertilizer [US]/fertilizer [UK].
138. The course covers architecture planning and construction on the international scale.
139. Imported packages are likely to be used in many computers.
140. You will be tested via quiz and dissertation.
141. University departments carefully monitor articles and other publications by faculty.
142. The commissioner will portion the funds among all the sovereignties.
143. The artistic ties to conservative politicians earned their own roles of critics.
144. The synopsis contains the most important information.
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145. Radio is a popular form of entertainment throughout the world.

146. Your lowest quiz grade has been omitted from the calculations.
147. The paper challenged many previously accepted theories.
148. When workers ask for higher wages, companies often raise their prices.
149. Tribes vied with each other to build up monolithic statues.
150. Animals raised in captivity behave differently than their wild counterparts.
151. You will need to purchase an academic gown for the commencement/commencements.
152. You can contact all your tutors by email.
153. The university provides different facilities for students and staff.
154. New developments in manufacturing are constantly changing the way we live.
155. Studying medicine is always with a wide range of opportunities.
156. Classical mechanism is considered as a branch of mathematics.
157. Studying history can help you better understand the present.
158. Students should put their bags on the table behind the door.
159. The advanced course requires a basic knowledge of scientific theory.
160. We are rethinking/researching …facing… for the society.
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161. New materials and techniques are changing the way of architecture.
162. The history of economics is a tricky subject to research.
163. Field trips are important part of geography courses.
164. Practical experiments are essential parts of (the) chemistry course.
165. These/The resources cited are not enough for this assessment.
166. The orchestra will be led by a visiting conductor.
167. The rest of the material was deposited partway down the catchment.
168. Please return the books to the correct positions on the shelves.
169. The universities provide excellent facilities for students and staff.
170. Urban planning emphasizes/emphasized on expansion … expenses … community.
171. The history of economics is a tricky subject to research.
172. Babies can distinguish between what is language and what is not.
173. … higher education treats plagiarism extremely serious.
174. This article covers architecture planning and construction.
175. In any written assignment, a detailed literature review is very important.
176. Marine environment has been destroyed by pollution and unsustainable development.
177. Designers need to keep up with the social trends.
178. People have been dependent on using phones in their everyday life.
179. Exotic activities can help students develop more talents.
180. A new collection of articles has been published.
181. The government is funding research study of consequences of unemployment.
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182. A visit to design museum will be great valued.

183. There are many different styles of business management.
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Table of Contents

28. No ordinary book 29. Semiconductor 30. Legal Writing

ALFA PTE & NAATI

43. Two Sisters

Phone: +61 426 411 087 | www.alfaedu.co

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46. The Preparation of Abstract

47. Business School Admissions

48. Online shopping environments

ALFA PTE & NAATI

49. Environmental Policy Course

51. Hazard Assessment

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53. Tesla and Edison

ALFA PTE & NAATI

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2. Most of the lectures begin promptly, so do not be late.

3. Your enrollment information, results and fees will be available online.

6. More muscles are used in swimming than other sports.

7. He is almost never in his office.

8. Please prepare a PowerPoint presentation for tomorrow’s meeting.

ALFA PTE & NAATI

11. Environmental friendliness is a new category in which campuses are competing.

12. I used to have coffee with milk and one sugar.

13. I used to have milk and sugar for my coffee.

16. In 1830, periodicals appeared in large numbers in America.

18. A computer virus destroyed all my files.

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21. The professor will be the last speaker this evening.

22. There will be an open book exam on Monday, the twenty-eighth.

25. We are required to submit the assignment before Friday.

26. Basketball was created in 1891 by a physician and a physical instructor.

27. Fishing is a sport and a means for surviving.

30. Globalization has been an overwhelming urban and urbanization phenomenon.

ALFA PTE & NAATI

36. The US ranks 22nd in foreign aid, given as a percentage of GDP.

41. Acupuncture is a technique involved in traditional Chinese medicine.

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45. The hypothesis needs to be tested in a more rigorous way.

46. Interpreters are not readily available in this department.

47. We would like a videotape for the lecture.

48. You should enquire about the Direct Deposit.

49. Please explain what the author means by “sustainability.”

51. It seems that language appeared from nowhere.

ALFA PTE & NAATI

53. Don’t forget to hand in your assignment by next Tuesday

54. They have enough works to keep them going.

57. Physics is a detailed study of matter and energy.

58. No more than four people can be in the lab at once.

61. Newspapers across the world reported stories of presidents.

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63. We are delighted to have professor Robert to join our faculty.

64. Being a vegan means not consuming any animal meat.

65. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.