1.

The Latin word persona refers to a theatrical

mask worn by ___ actors in _____?
A. Latin; musicals
B. Greek; Roman dramas
C. Roman; Greek dramas
D. Mexican; teleseryes
2. These are unique qualities of an individual that
include a person’s intelligence and temperament.
A. Personality
B. Characteristics
C. Traits
D. All of the above
 Personality
- ‘persona’ (Latin), masks worn by Roman actors in
Greek dramas
- Pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique
characteristics

Traits Characteristics
-may be unique, common
- Unique attributes of an
to a group or shared by
individual
all
- Temperament, physique
-pattern is different for
and intelligence
each individual
3. It emphasizes simplicity and
straightforwardness in determining the
usefulness of a theory.
A. Falsifiability
B. Consistency
C. Organization of Data
D. Parsimony
 Generates Falsifiable Organizes
Research Data

Theory
- A set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use
logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses.

Guides Internally
Parsimonious
Action Consistent
Dimensions of Viewing Personality Theorists’
Concept of Humanity

Determinism vs. Free Choice

Pessimism vs. Optimism
Causality vs. Teleology
Conscious vs. Unconscious
Biological vs. Social
Uniqueness vs. Similarities
4. Who is the Father of Modern Psychology?
A. Wilhelm Wundt
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Robert Baratheon
D. Albert Bandura
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES
 Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud

~ ‘discovered’ cocaine
~ Father of Psychoanalysis
~ Physician
~ worked with Jean-Martin
Charcot
(hypnotism) and Josef
Breuer (catharsis)
5. In the treatment of hysteria, Freud learned
hypnotism from __ and catharsis from ___.
A. Josef Breuer; Anna O
B. Jean Valjean; Anna O
C. Jean-Martin Charcot; Josef Breuer
D. Josef Breuer; Jean-Martin Charcot
6. Which of the following is in the correct order?
A. unconscious, preconscious, primary censor,
conscious, final censor
B. unconscious, primary censor, preconscious,
final censor, conscious
C. unconscious, final censor, preconscious,
primary censor, conscious
D. conscious, primary censor, preconscious, final
censor, unconscious
 Levels of Mental Life

Anything in awareness Conscious

Final Censor
Not conscious but can be
readily made conscious
Preconscious
Primary Censor
Beyond awareness but still Unconscious
motivate behavior Proper
7. What is the difference between Freud’s concept of
phylogenetic endowment and Jung’s collective
unconscious?
A. There is no difference.
B. Freud used phylogenetic endowment along with
childhood experiences as central themes to his theory
while Jung conceptualized the collective unconscious as a
last resort to explain complexes and anxiety.
C. Freud used inherited dispositions only as a last resort
while Jung placed heavy emphasis on the collective
unconscious.
D. Jung differentiated the collective unconscious into
autonomous forces called archetypes while Freud used the
term defenses.
8. This level of mental life is not in contact
with reality and its main function is to
maximize pleasure and reduce tension.
A. Ego
B. Unconscious
C. Id
D. Preconscious
 ID
- contact with

EGO
- core of
Personality reality

SUPEREGO
- completely - Reality
unconscious principle - Morality
- Pleasure - Executive principle
principle branch - Unrealistic
- Unaffected by - considers id, demands for
experiences superego perfection
and the and the - conscience
passage of external (shouldn’ts)
reality ego-ideal
time
- Defense (shoulds)
mechanisms
9. These are the two cornerstones of the
Psychoanalytic theory.
A. Sex and childhood experiences
B. Defense mechanisms and sex
C. Defense mechanisms and aggression
D. Sex and aggression
 DRIVES
(Trieb)

SEX/EROS AGGRESSION
(Libido) /THANATOS

IMPETUS SOURCE AIM OBJECT

force body part seek pleasure person or thing
10. ‘Oh tumaba ka ata!” one of your titas commented.
‘Hehe di naman po’ you reply politely, although in
your mind, you have already cursed her. You do not
realize your dislike for your tita, so you remain nice
and respectful. Your tita is also unaware that she is
only pointing out the supposed weight gain of others
because it is actually she who is getting heavier. What
defense mechanisms are used in this situation?
A. Reaction Formation and Projection
B. Reaction Formation and Shaming
C. Projection and Sublimation
D. Projection and Denial
ANXIETY
DEFENSE
 NEUROTIC MECHANISMS
apprehension about o Repression
unknown danger o Reaction Formation
o Displacement
 MORAL
o Fixation
inability to do what is
o Regression
morally right o Projection
 REALISTIC o Introjection
related to fear o Sublimation
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
o Repression – force threatening feelings into the unconscious
o Reaction Formation – adopting a disguise opposite to true
form
o Displacement – redirect unacceptable urges onto people or
objects
o Fixation – permanent attachment to a primitive state of
development
o Regression – temporarily reverting to an earlier
developmental stage
o Projection – attributing unwanted impulses to external
objects
o Introjection – incorporate positive qualities of others into ego
o Sublimation – substituting a productive act that has a cultural
or social aim
11. This is a period in the male phallic phase
that ‘shatters’ the Oedipus complex. It is
characterized by the fear of losing one’s
penis.
A. Circumcision Complex
B. Castration Anxiety
C. Penis Envy
D. Parapraxes
12. If you are a follower of Freud, which of the
following statements does NOT adhere to his
theory?
A. Defense mechanisms are employed by the ego
to protect itself from anxiety.
B. The male and female Oedipus Complex both
develop in the phallic phase but have different
paths and resolutions.
C. The libido is an unlimited source of energy
D. Resistance on the part of the patient can be a
good sign that the therapy is progressing
 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
ORAL PHASE ANAL PHASE
0 – 1 years 1 – 3 years

- Mouth - Anus
1st phase: Oral – receptive 1st phase: Early Anal
- Feel anxiety and - Aggressive, frustration
ambivalence towards over toilet training
weaning 2nd phase: Late Anal
2nd phase: Oral – sadistic - fascination with feces
- Biting, crying, thumb - develop an anal character
sucking - Anal Triad (orderliness,
- Eating, smoking, being stinginess, obstinacy)
sarcastic
 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
- Castration Complex
PHALLIC PHASE
- Dissolution or
3 – 6 years
repression of Oedipus
Complex
- Genitalia (‘Anatomy is Female Oedipus Complex
destiny’) - Penis envy (castration
- Suppression of complex)
masturbation - Hostility to mother and
Male Oedipus Complex sexual interest to father
- wants to be father, wants - Simple Female Oedipus
to have mother Complex
- Simple and Complete - Identification with
Oedipal Complex mother
 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
LATENCY PHASE GENITAL PHASE
6 – 12 years 12+ years

- No erogenous zone - Genitalia

- Direct energy to - Mouth and anus become
playing, studying and auxiliary erogenous
other nonsexual zones
activities - Puberty reawakens
sexual aims
- Direct sexual energy
towards others
13. Psychodynamic theorists disagree with the
traditional psychoanalytic theory in all of the
following statements/concepts except?
A. The existence of the different levels in the mind
or psyche
B. The course and the resolution of the Oedipus and
female Oedipus (Electra) complex.
C. Biology is destiny. The environment and other
social factors play a small role in the development
of personality
D. Sex and aggression are the primary motivators
in an individual’s life.
 Individual Psychology
Alfred Adler

~ social interest
~ 2nd child, rivalry with elder
brother (Sigmund)
~ Physician
~ Part of Freud’s Wednesday
Psychological Society
~ Had opposing views to Freud’s
traditional psychoanalysis
14. Donald Trump believes that building a wall along
the US-Mexican border will ensure the safety of
Americans against illegal immigrants and terrorists.
Many have criticized his plans and claim that he is
doing this for personal gain and is trying to keep the
impossible promises he made during his campaign to
avoid losing voters. If these claims were true,
according to the Individual Psychology, he is?
A. Striving for superiority
B. Striving for perfection
C. Striving for success
D. egotistical
15. This is a concept in the last tenet of
Individual Psychology which emphasizes the
ability of an individual to mold his/ her style of
life in any way he/ she wants.
A. Fictional Finalism
B. Teleology
C. Creative Power
D. Striving for success
16. A few years ago, there was a viral video
where a beggar who appeared to have no
legs was exposed to be faking his condition
so that people would pity him and give him
money. This exhibits Adler’s concept of?
A. Inferiority Complex
B. Inferiority Feelings
C. Organ Dialect
D. Organ Inferiority
17. Among the following statements, which is
TRUE with regards to social interest?
A. Adler believed that social interest is not
enough to judge the worth of a person.
B. Having social interest is not the same as being
charitable or being unselfish.
C. Social Interest develops when a child learns
how to make friends
D. The lack or underdevelopment of social
interest does not equate to maladjustments later
on in life
SIX TENETS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

1. The one dynamic force behind people’s behavior

is striving for success or superiority.
2. People’s subjective perceptions shape their
behavior and personality.
3. Personality is unified and self-consistent.
4. The value of all human activity must be seen from
the viewpoint of social interest.
5. The self-consistent personality structure develops
into a person’s style of life.
6. Style of life is molded by people’s creative power.
1. The one dynamic force behind people’s
behavior is striving for success or superiority.

• psychologically • individuals with highly

unhealthy individuals developed social interest
• strive for personal • success for all humanity
superiority over others
 • Fictional
• Unifies personality, all behavior is comprehensible

• Developed at age 4 or 5
• Motivated by • Strong social interest
exaggerated feelings • Goals beyond
of personal inferiority themselves
or an inferiority • Unconditional help
complex • Self-worth is tied to
• Disguised concern for contributions to the
others community
• Socially • Socially productive
nonproductive
2. People’s subjective perceptions shape
their behavior and personality
3. Personality is unified and self-consistent
4. The value of all human activity must be
seen from the viewpoint of social interest
4. The value of all human activity must be
seen from the viewpoint of social interest
5. The self-consistent personality structure
develops into a person’s style of life
6. Style of life is molded by people’s
creative power
18. If an individual manifested this, he would
always expect people to look after and protect
him. At times he feels unloved and
incompetent.
A. Pampered Style of Life
B. Neglected Style of Life
C. Underdeveloped social interest
D. Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies
EXTERNAL FACTORS IN MALADJUSTMENT
1. EXAGGERATED PHYSICAL DEFICIENCIES
- Physical deficiency + exaggerated feelings of inferiority
- Overcompensate and are preoccupied with themselves
2. PAMPERED STYLE OF LIFE
- Origin of most neuroses
- Weak social interest due to parasitic relationships
- Extreme discouragement, indecisiveness, oversensitivity,
overly anxious
- Feel unloved and neglected
3. NEGLECTED STYLE OF LIFE
- Feel unloved and unwanted, abused and mistreated children
- Weak social interest
- Insecure, overestimate difficulties, distrustful, envious,
suspicious
19. In comparing Adler’s Safeguarding Tendencies to
Freud’s Defense Mechanisms, one can say that?
A. Safeguarding tendencies and defense mechanisms are
largely unconscious and are employed when one feels
anxious
B. Defense mechanisms are primarily used by neurotics
while safeguarding tendencies are common to everyone.
C. Regression is similar to Moving Backwards in that
both are attempts to return to an earlier and more
comfortable phase in life.
D. Defense mechanisms primarily protect one’s self-
esteem from public disgrace while safeguarding
tendencies are more geared towards protecting the ego
from anxiety.
 SAFEGUARDING TENDENCIES
- Conscious acts that protect exaggerated sense of self –esteem
against public disgrace
- Indicative of neurotic symptoms
1. EXCUSES – most common , ‘yes, but’ / ‘if only’
2. AGGRESSION
- Depreciation – undervalue others, overvalue self
- Accusation – blame others, seek revenge
- Self-Accusation – devalue themselves to inflict suffering
3. WITHDRAWAL
- Moving backward – reverting to a secure period in life
- Standing Still – do not move in any direction
- Hesitating – procrastinating
- Constructing Obstacles – easy to overcome
20. What are the three problems in life
according to Individual Psychology?
A. Love, work and religion
B. Love, work and friendship
C. Financial, emotional and spiritual stability
D. Mental, physical and spiritual stability
21. This theorist used dream symbols to
discover unconscious elements that underlie
the content seen in dreams. At times, these
images are universally represented by
seemingly harmless objects or figures.
A. Carl Jung
B. Alfred Adler
C. Sigmund Freud
D. Karen Horney
22. The collective unconscious contains the
archetypes while the personal unconscious
contains the __?
A. Ego, which is the center of consciousness
B. Ego, which is the center of personality
C. Complexes, which are generalized archaic
images
D. Complexes, which are emotionally toned
conglomeration of ideas
 Analytical Psychology
Carl Jung
~ No.1 and No.2
personalities
~ Physician, worked with
Eugene Bleuler
~ Freud’s ‘successor’,
became estranged after
interpreting each other’s
dreams
 Levels of the Psyche

Images sensed by the ego Conscious

Repressed, forgotten, or
subliminally perceived Personal
experiences of one particular
individual
Unconscious

Inherited and passed from Collective

one generation to the next as
psychic potential
Unconscious
 Personal Collective
Unconscious Unconscious
Complexes Archetypes
-emotionally toned - More or less the same for all
conglomeration of associated cultures
ideas - Generalized ancient or
-may be partly conscious archaic images that derive
from the collective
-may stem from both personal
unconscious
and collective unconscious
- Expressed through dreams,
-eg. ‘Mother Complex’
fantasies and delusions
23. This is the first test of courage in Analytical
Psychology.
A. Identify with our persona and fuse it into our
actual personality
B. Realize our shadow and accept the darkness
within ourselves
C. Shun our shadow and concentrate on
positivity and goodness
D. Explore and acquaint ourselves with our
anima/animus
 ARCHETYPES
 PERSONA – public self, must not mistake for
true self
 SHADOW – attempt to hide, darkness and
creativity
(1st test of courage : strive to know shadow)
 ANIMA – feminine side of men, explains
irrational moods and feelings
 ANIMUS – masculine side of women, rational
thinking and reasoning
(2nd test of courage: gaining acquaintance with
anima/animus)
 ARCHETYPES
 GREAT MOTHER – fertility and nourishment,
destruction (reincarnation, resurrection)
 WISE OLD MAN – wisdom and meaning,
makes little sense
 HERO – conquers evil but is vulnerable
 SELF – growth, completion and perfection
- archetype of all archetypes
- unites all archetypes in a process called
self-realization
- Mandala
- center of personality
24. Which of the following is FALSE for the self
and self-realization?
A. The self signifies unity and completion that
can be symbolized by a mandala.
B. Self-realization is a highly individualized
process thus it exists within our personal
unconscious.
C. The self is the most comprehensive of all the
archetypes and is the center of personality.
D. Self-realization is seldom achieved
 CONSCIOUS (EGO)

PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS

PERSONA

CONSCIOUS (EGO)
CONSCIOUS (EGO)

ANIMA COLLECTIVE
ANIMUS
UNCONSCIOUS

SHADOW

PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS

CONSCIOUS (EGO)
25. This is the backward flow of psychic
energy and is a necessary step in the successful
attainment of a goal.
A. Regression
B. Progression
C. Flow
D. Introspection
 CAUSALITY TELEOLOGY
Previous experiences Future aspirations

PROGRESSION REGRESSION
Forward flow of Backward flow of
psychic energy psychic energy
26. Which of the following psychological
types is paired correctly to the occupation that
manifests its qualities?
A. Extraverted sensing; mathematicians
B. Introverted intuiting: artists
C. Extraverted feeling: psychologists
D. Introverted thinking: politicians
 PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
INTROVERSION EXTRAVERSION
subjective objective
interpret events based
THINKING Rely on concrete
on internal meanings
Logical thoughts and facts
and opinions
intellectual (mathematicians,
(theorists,
activity engineers)
philosophers)
Use objective data to
Make value make evaluations,
judgements based on guided by external
FEELING
subjective perceptions, values and widely
Evaluation of
often ignore traditional accepted standards of
ideas or events
opinions judgement
(art critics) (businesspeople,
psychologists)
 PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
INTROVERSION EXTRAVERSION
subjective objective
Subjective Perceive stimuli
SENSING interpretations of objectively, as close
Perception of sensation to reality as possible
sensory impulses (artists, classical (Proof reader, wine
musicians) taster)
Unconscious Oriented towards
perceptions of facts facts in the external
INTUITING
that have little world
Beyond workings of
resemblance to (religious reformers,
consciousness
external reality some inventors)
(mystics, prophets)
27. Jung assisted in the development of this
test that he used to uncover the complexes.
A. TAT
B. MBTI
C. Word Association
D. MMPI
28. This theorist emphasized the impact of
cultural influences as the primary foundations
for personality development and is
responsible for psychic differences between
men and women.
A. Margaret Mahler
B. Carl Jung
C. Gordon Allport
D. Karen Horney
 Psychoanalytic Social
Theory
Karen Horney
~ Physician
~ engaged in self-
analysis
~emphasized that culture
is responsible for psychic
differences in men and
women
29. Kylo has received genuine love from his
parents. He is also disciplined fairly when he
is unruly. In accordance to the Psychoanalytic
Social Theory, Kylo should experience
feelings of__?
A. Safety
B. Safety and satisfaction
C. Security and support
D. Support and satisfaction
30. Which of the following is FALSE?
A. Parents experience basic evil from their
children when they do not provide them with
basic needs.
B. Basic hostility occurs before basic anxiety
C. Basic anxiety is characterized by feelings
isolation and helplessness
D. Basic anxiety itself is not neuroses
although it is constant and unrelenting.
GENUINE LOVE HEALTHY
DEVELOMENT
SAFETY AND
HEALTHY
SATISFACTION
DISCIPLINE

DOMINATE,
NEGLECT, BASIC
OVERPROTECT, HOSTILITY
REJECT,
OVERINDULGE
 BASIC HOSTILITY
-From being rejected/neglected by parents
-Defense against basic anxiety (reactive hostility)

BASIC ANXIETY
-From repressed hostility
-Feeling of being isolated and helpless in a
potentially hostile world
-Not neurosis itself but constant and unrelenting

FOUR PROTETIVE DEVICES (OLD)

1.Affection 2. Submissiveness
3. Power, prestige and possession 4. Withdrawal
 NORMAL NEUROTIC
have the same problems
Use different defenses Compulsively repeat the
and strategies same defense or trend
Use defenses Use defense
productively unproductively
Mostly/completely Unaware of attitudes
conscious of strategies towards others
Experience mild Severe and insoluble
conflict conflict
31. Ariel would do anything to please the man
she loves. She bargains her voice for a pair of
legs and leaves her life as a mermaid in order
to go to land in hopes that Eric will love her.
What neurotic need is Ariel manifesting?
A. Need for personal admiration
B. Need for affection and approval
C. Need for a powerful partner
D. Need for attention and worth
32. Loki always looks for a way to manipulate others. He also
often aligns himself with powerful people in order to appear
important. He wants others to admire him and avoids showing
any weaknesses. Despite all these, he is afraid that people will
not accept and understand him so he often distances himself
from others. Is Loki neurotic according to the Psychoanalytical
Social Theory?
A. Yes, since he exhibits many of the qualities of a person who
is moving against others.
B. Yes, since he does not manifest a single neurotic trend and is
unaware of his actions.
C. No, because he is conscious of his behavior and is not
compulsively using a single neurotic trend
D. No, because he experiences severe conflicts that justify his
use of several neurotic trends.
 NEUROTIC TRENDS (3) AND NEEDS (10)
A. MOVING TOWARD PEOPLE
- Protect oneself from feelings of helplessness
- See themselves as loving, generous and humble
- The Compliant Personality (“If you love me, you will not
hurt me”)
1. Need for Affection and Approval
- Live up to expectations and please others
- Unassertive
2. Need for a Powerful Partner
- Overvaluation of love, dread being alone
3. Need to Restrict One’s Life Within Narrow Borders
- Remain inconspicuous or in ‘second place’
- Downgrades abilities
 NEUROTIC TRENDS (3) AND NEEDS (10)
B. MOVING AGAINST PEOPLE
- Protect against hostility of others
- Appear perfect, powerful and superior
- The Aggressive Personality (“If I have power, no
one can hurt me”)
4. Need for Power
- Control others and avoid feeling week or stupid
5. Need to Exploit Others
- Evaluate others based on usefulness, fear exploitation
6. Need for Social Recognition/ Prestige
- To be first, to be important or to attract attention
 NEUROTIC TRENDS (3) AND NEEDS (10)
B. MOVING AGAINST PEOPLE

7. Need for Personal Admiration

- Self-esteem is fueled by admiration from others

8. Need for Ambition and Personal Achievement

- Drive to be the best and defeat others
 NEUROTIC TRENDS (3) AND NEEDS (10)
C. MOVING AWAY FROM PEOPLE
- Protect against feelings of isolation
- Appear aloof and unapproachable
- The Detached Personality (“If I withdraw,
nothing can hurt me”)
9. Need for Self-Sufficiency and Independence
- Can get by without others
10. Need for Perfection and Unassailability
- Strive for perfection to prove they are superior
- Dread making mistakes or showing flaws
33. You feel bad for not reviewing all of your
lessons for an upcoming mock exam. “I
should’ve woken up earlier”, “I should be
working harder” “I should be better” are the
thoughts that always enter your mind. Horney
referred to this as?
A. Neurotic Claims
B. Neurotic Search for Glory
C. Tyranny of the Should
D. Compulsions
 INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICTS
A. Idealized Self-Image
– overly positive view of the self (eg. hero, god)
1. Neurotic Search for Glory
• drive towards actualizing the ideal self
• need for perfection (tyranny of the shoulds) , neurotic
ambition, drive toward vindictive triumph
2. Neurotic Claims
• They are special and deserve to be treated as such
3. Neurotic Pride
• false pride based on unrealistic beliefs of their ideal selves
B. Self-hatred
- realization that their real self does not match the demands of
their idealized self
- relentless demands on the self, merciless self-accusation, self-
contempt, self-frustration, self-torment, and self-destructive
actions and impulses
34. In what ways are Adler and Horney’s theories
similar in viewing gender differences?
A. They are not similar since Adler did not give any
explanation to gender differences.
B. Both theories place biology as the primary factor
for gender differences in accordance to Freud’s views.
C. They ascertain that it is social expectations and the
pathological belief that men are superior to women
that causes the divide.
D. Adler conceptualized ‘womb envy” which is the
male’s desire to have a baby, which Horney
acknowledges to be true.
35. Who is the Mother and Father of Object
Relations theory?
A. Melanie Klein and John Bowlby
B. Margaret Mahler and John Bowlby
C. Melanie Klein and Sigmund Freud
D. Mary Ainsworth and Heinz Kohut
 Objective Relations
Theory
Melanie Klein
~ engaged in self-analysis
like Horney
~did not have a warm
relationship with daughter
Melitta despite
emphasizing the mother-
child relationship in her
theory
~ rivals with Anna Freud
36. In infants, these are psychic
representations of unconscious Id instincts.
A. Phantasies
B. Fantasies
C. Phantom Menaces
D. Objects
 PSYCHIC LIFE OF INFANTS
- Emphasis on the first 4 to 6 months of life
- Infants inherit the need to reduce anxiety
(phylogenetic endowment)
PHANTASIES
- Psychic representations of unconscious id instincts
- Infants have a phantasy life wherein they phantasize
about receiving the ‘good’ (good breast) and
destroying the bad (bad breast)
OBJECTS
- Component of drives
- Breasts are the earliest object relations
- Infants introject external objects in physical terms
(i.e. They believe that their mother is inside them)
37. In the Depressive position, children realize
that?
A. The mother’s breasts are the most important
objects in the world because they provide
nourishment
B. There is a good breast that should be cherished
and a bad breast that should be feared.
C. Being quiet and withdrawn will draw the
attention of their mother.
D. Good and bad exists in a single object or person
to make a whole.
 POSITIONS
- Ways of dealing with internal and external objects
- Alternate back and forth
Paranoid – Schizoid Depressive
Position Position

- 3 to 4 months - 5 to 6 months
- Encounters the - View objects as a whole
persecutory breast and and see the existence of
the ideal breast both good and bad
- Both paranoid feelings of - Infant feels anxiety over
being persecuted and a losing the mother and
splitting of objects into the guilty for the previous
good and the bad destructive feelings towards
her
38. Mahler termed this as the event that leads
to the formation of a sense of identity where
the child is separated from his or her primary
caregiver.
A. Normal Symbiosis
B. Psychological Birth
C. Differentiation
D. NOTA
 Margaret Mahler
Psychological Birth
- Occurs in the first 3 years of life
- child develops a sense of identity as a result of
becoming a separate individual from the primary
caregiver
a. Normal Autism – primary narcissism in which the
infant is unaware of others
b. Normal Symbiosis – infant and mother are one and
there is mutual cuing
c. Separation Individuation – psychologically
separated from mother
 Heinz Kohut
- Human relatedness is the core of human personality
and not drives
- Caregivers gratify both physical and psychological
needs of infants
- Caregivers/Parents/Adults = Selfobjects
Self
- center of the individual’s psychological universe
- Infants are naturally narcissistic
- The self develops from two needs:
a. Need to exhibit the grandiose self
b. Need to acquire an idealized image of both parents
39. What are the three stages of separation
anxiety according to John Bowlby?
A. Detachment, despair, apathy
B. Detachment, anxiety, despair
C. Protest, anxiety, detachment
D. Protest, despair, detachment
 John Bowlby
Attachment Theory
- Childhood attachments are crucial to later
development
- Infants go through a sequence when separated from
their caregivers
Stages of Separation Anxiety:
a. Protest - cry, resist soothing, and search
b. Despair – become quiet and sad
c. Detachment – unique to humans, emotionally
detach from others
40. Baby Donald stays calm when his mother
leaves. He appears to be unaffected and accepts
the presence of the strangers around him. He
continues to play and seems to ignore his mother
when she returns. His attachment style is?
A. Anxious-avoidant
B. Cold
C. Anxious-resistant
D. Secure
 Mary Ainsworth
Strange Situation Technique
- Method of determine an infant’s attachment style
- Infants interacts with a stranger when mother is absent
(critical behavior occurs when the mother returns)
Attachment Style Ratings
1. Secure – infant is happy and enthusiastic when
mother returns
2. Anxious-resistant – infant is ambivalent in that they
seek contact with the mother but rejects attempts to be
soothed
3. Anxious-avoidant - infants are calm when the mother
leaves and ignore her when she returns
41. This is the most important stage of human
development according to the Interpersonal
Theory.
A. Adolescence
B. Childhood
C. Early adolescence
D. Pre-adolescence
 Interpersonal Theory
Harry Stack Sullivan
~ had an intimate
friendship with a boy
during his childhood
(Clarence Bellinger)
~conducted intensive
studies of schizophrenia
~Part of the Zodiac
Group
~ uncomfortable with his
sexuality
42. According to the Interpersonal Theory,
what is the most basic interpersonal human
need?
A. Friendship
B. Tenderness
C. Security
D. Intimacy
 INTERPERSONAL THEORY
- Personality is an energy system

TENSION ENERGY
- Potentiality for action TRANSFORMATIONS
that may or may not be - Transform tensions
experienced in into behavior with the
awareness aim of satisfying needs
and reducing anxiety
NEEDS - Take the form of actual
behaviors, emotions
ANXIETY
and thoughts
 NEEDS ANXIETY
• Tension from biological • Disjunctive, diffused and
imbalance between a person vague
and the physiochemical • No consistent actions to
environment relieve it
• Episodic • Transferred from parent
Tenderness – most basic (mother) to infant through
interpersonal need empathy
2 Types of Needs: • Chief disruptive force
A. General Needs - overall blocking development of
well-being (e.g. oxygen, healthy interpersonal
food, tenderness) relations
B. Zonal Needs – arise form • Like a ‘blow to the head’
a particular area of the • Blocks satisfaction of needs
body (e.g. oral, manual Euphoria - complete lack of
activity) tension
43. This is an isolating dynamism that requires
no other person to satisfy?
A. Aggression
B. Malevolence
C. Lust
D. Self-system
 DYNAMISMS
- Energy transformations that are organized into behavior
patterns that characterizes a person
A. Dynamisms related to specific zones of the body
B. Dynamisms related to tensions
1. Disjunctive 2. Isolating 3. Conjunctive
Dynamisms Dynamisms Dynamisms
- Destructive - Behavior - Beneficial
patterns of patterns that are behavior patterns
behavior unrelated to - Intimacy grows
- Malevolence interpersonal out of need for
(evil and relations tenderness
hatred) - Lust (autoerotic - Involves two
- asocial/ behavior) people of equal
antisocial behavior hinders intimacy status
 SELF – SYSTEM
- Conjunctive dynamism
- Most complex dynamism
- Consistent pattern of behavior that maintains
interpersonal security by protecting from anxiety
- Detect behaviors that increase or decrease anxiety (built-
in warning device)

Security Operations:
• Dissociation – impulses, needs and desires that a person
refuses to allow into awareness
• Selective Inattention – refusal to see those things that
we do not wish to see
- Block out experiences that are not consistent with our self
system
44. According to Sullivan, superstitious beliefs
and traditions are?
A. Syntaxic transformations
B. Prototaxic illusions
C. Eidetic personifications
D. Parataxic distortions
 LEVELS OF COGNITION
A. PROTOTAXIC LEVEL
- Earliest and most primitive experiences of an infant
- Experiences that cannot be communicated to others
B. PARATAXIC LEVEL
- Person assumes a cause-and-effect relationship between
two events that occur coincidentally
- Communicated in a distorted fashion
Parataxic Distortions – illogical belief that an event
causes another event that immediately follows it
C. SYNTAXIC LEVEL
- Experiences that are consensually validated and
symbolically communicated
- Use of language
45. Viz and Wanda have been dating for a while
now. They like being intimate and showing their
affection towards each other. They are also very
sure that their sexual attraction is mutual. What
stage of development are they in according to
Sullivan?
A. Early Adulthood
B. Late Adolescence
C. Late Adulthood
D. Early Adolescence
 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Significant Interpersonal Important
Stage Other Process Learnings

Infancy Mothering Good / Bad

Tenderness
(0 – 2) one Mother / Me

Protect security
Childhood through Syntaxic
Parents
(2–6) imaginary language
playmates

Competition,
Juvenile Era Playmates of Living in the
Compromise,
( 6 – 8 ½) equal status world of peers
Cooperation
 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Significant Interpersonal Important
Stage Other Process Learnings

Admiration
Preadolescence
Single chum Intimacy and respect
( 8 ½ – 13 )
from peers

Balance of lust,
Early Intimacy and
intimacy and
Adolescence Several chum lust toward
security
( 13 – 15 ) different people
operations

Discovery of
Late Fusion of
the self and the
Adolescence Lover intimacy and
world outside
( 15 +) lust
of self
46. Ernesto has lost all meaning in life after the
deaths of his family members due to flash floods
brought on by Typhoon Rosita. Later on he
developed depression and other psychological
problems. Which of the following theories would
explain the development of psychopathology in
his case?
A. Psychoanalytic Theory
B. Individual Psychology
C. Humanistic/Existential Theories
D. Behaviorism
 Humanistic Psychoanalysis
Erich Fromm
~ had neurotic parents
~troubled by the suicide
of a woman that led to his
introduction to
psychoanalysis
~Lived through World
War I
~Influenced by Freud and
Marx
~Had relations with older
women
47. Humans have been isolated and separated
from our prehistoric union with nature. We
are able to be rational at the cost of our
instincts. This is what Fromm calls as?
A. Transcendence
B. Human Dilemma
C. Neurosis
D. Evolution
48. For Fromm, what are the four basic elements
of genuine love?
A. Passion, intimacy, commitment and friendship
B. Care, knowledge, respect and responsibility
C. Lust, friendship, understanding and protection
D. Financial stability, attraction, lust and
chemistry
 HUMAN DILEMMA
- Humans have become separated from nature and are aware of
their isolation
- Acquired ability to reason in exchange for instincts
EXISTENTIAL NEEDS
1. RELATEDNESS
- Union with others through:
a. Submission -attach selves to dominant people
b. Power
Symbiotic Relationship - when a submissive person and a
domineering person are together
- block growth and psychological health
c. Love – only route to unite with the world and achieve
individuality
-Union with somebody while maintaining individuality
- care, responsibility, respect and knowledge
 2. TRANSCENDENCE
- Urge to rise above a passive and accidental existence and into
the realm of purposefulness and freedom
- Either through creation or destruction
Malignant Aggression – kill for reasons other than survival
3. ROOTEDNESS
- Need to establish roots and feel at home in the world
Fixation – reluctance to move beyond the protection of one’s
mother
4. SENSE OF IDENTITY
- Capacity to be aware of ourselves as a separate entity
5. FRAME OF ORIENTATION
- Road map to navigate the world
- Requires a final goal or destination (object of devotion)
49. A road map that helps us make our way
through the world.
A. Rootedness
B. Sense of Identity
C. Frame of Orientation
D. Sense of Direction
 Non-
Productive
Productive
Submission/
RELATEDNESS Love
domination
TRANSCENDENCE Creativity Destructiveness
ROOTEDNESS Wholeness Fixation
SENSE OF Adjustment/
Individuality
IDENTITY Conforming
FRAME OF
Rational goal Irrational goal
ORIENTATION
50. Pop culture and social media have
promulgated the idea that we have to act and
behave a certain way in order to gain attention
and approval. We are commodities in the sense
that our worth is equivalent to how well we can
‘sell’ ourselves on the internet. This is in line
with what character orientation?
A. Receptive character
B. Marketing character
C. Exploitative character
D. Hoarding character
 CHARACTER ORIENTATIONS
- Relatively permanent way of relating to people and things
- Acquired through assimilation and through socialization

NONPRODUCTIVE ORIENTATIONS:

1. RECEPTIVE 2. EXPLOITATIVE
CHARACTER CHARACTER
• All good lies outside of the • All good lies outside of the
self self
• Relate to the world through • Relate to the world by
receiving things aggressively taking what
Negative: passive, submissive, they desire
lack confidence Negative: egocentric,
Positive: loyal, trusting, conceited
accepting Positive: confident, charming
 NONPRODUCTIVE ORIENTATIONS:
3. HOARDING 4. MARKETING
CHARACTER CHARACTER
• Save and keep what they • Outgrowth of modern
have obtained commerce
• Does not let go of anything • See selves as commodities
and live in the past that are constantly in
Negative: rigid, obstinate and demand
lacks of creativity Negative: aimless,
Positive: orderly, clean and opportunistic, inconsistent
punctual Positive: open - minded
PRODUCTIVE ORIENTATIONS
- working, loving and reasoning
- Work to express self, love life and being alive (biophilia),
and think about others and the world
51. To this day, you still think about the time you
ate the last slice of pizza for your sibling and you
constantly feel guilty about it. Fromm would call
this?
A. Moral hypochondriasis
B. Malignant aggression
C. Residual Guilt
D. Syndrome of Decay
 Post- Freudian Theory
Erik Erikson
~ had great difficulty in
establishing his identity
~ did not know his father
~ failed to care for son
who had Down
Syndrome
~ changed his name from
Homburger to Erikson
52. If you are a follower of Erik Erikson, you
would say that this is the most crucial stage in a
person’s life.
A. Infancy, because it is when trust and purpose
are established
B. Young Adulthood, because it involves seeking
intimacy with others
C. Old Age, because one can either be satisfied or
be regretful with the life that he/she has lived.
D. Adolescence, because of the development of a
clear identity
53. Among the following, which core pathology
is incorrectly paired with the psychosexual
stage/mode?
A. Disdain; Trust vs. mistrust
B. Role repudiation: Identity vs. identity
confusion
C. Competence: Intimacy vs. isolation
D. Inhibition: Industry vs. inferiority
E. All of the above
 POST-FREUDIAN THEORY
EGO
- Positive force that creates a self-identity
- Center of personality that helps us adapt to conflicts
- Person’s ability to unify experiences and actions in an
adaptive manner
3 Aspects:
A. Body Ego – seeing our physical body as different from
others
B. Ego Ideal – image we have of ourselves in comparison to
ideals
C. Ego Identity – image we have of ourselves in the social
roles we play
EPIGENETIC PRINCIPLE
- Step – by –step development where one stage emerges from and
is built upon the previous stage
 PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Psychosocial Psychosexual Basic Core Significant
Crisis Mode Strength Pathology Relations

Oral –
Trust vs. Mothering
respiratory:
Mistrust Hope Withdrawal one /
sensory -
(Infancy) Caregiver
kinesthetic

Autonomy vs.
Shame and
Anal – urethral
Doubt Will Compulsion Parents
- muscular
(Early
Childhood)
Initiative vs. Infantile
Guilt genital – Purpose Inhibition Family
(Play Age) locomotor
Psychosocial Psychosexual Basic Core Significant
Crisis Mode Strength Pathology Relations

Industry vs.
School,
Inferiority Latency Competence Inertia
Neighbors
(School Age)

Identity vs.
Identity Role
Puberty Fidelity Peers
confusion Repudiation
(Adolescence)

Intimacy vs.
Sexual
Isolation
Genitality Love Exclusivity partners,
(Young
friends
Adulthood)
Psychosocial Psychosexual Basic Core Significant
Crisis Mode Strength Pathology Relations

Generativity vs.
Labor and
Stagnation Procreativity Care Rejectivity
household
(Adulthood)

Integrity vs.
Generalization
Despair Wisdom Disdain All humanity
of modes
(Old Age)
54. What is the third force in psychology?
A. Behaviorism and Learning Theories
B. Humanistic/Existential Theories
C. Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic
Theories
D. Trait and Cognitive Theories
54. What is the third force in psychology?
A. Behaviorism and Learning Theories (2nd)
B. Humanistic/Existential Theories (3rd)
C. Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic
Theories (1st)
D. Trait and Cognitive Theories
HUMANISTIC – EXISTENTIAL
THEORIES
 Holistic –Dynamic
Theory
Abraham Maslow
~ felt hatred and
animosity for mother
~ committed atheist
~ introduced to
psychology through
Titchener
~married his first cousin
~worked with Harlow
and Thorndike
55. Among the following critique of Maslow’s theory,
which is most likely FALSE?
A. His theory and his hierarchy of needs are not consistent
with common sense and do not follow a logical
progression.
B. There is little evidence to support his claims that
people can achieve self-actualization. The tests and tools
that are used to measure it can be susceptible to faking
and may be unreliable.
C. Researchers are unable to support or falsify his
concepts since his theory lacks operational definitions.
D. His methods for psychotherapy are not suited for
chronic neurosis or when a patient has deep seated
hostility.
 HOLISTIC – DYNAMIC THEORY
Assumptions:
1. Approach to motivation is holistic
2. Motivation is usually complex
3. People are continually motivated by one need or
another
4. People everywhere are motivated by some basic
need
5. Needs can be arranged in a hierarchy

- Lower level needs have prepotency over higher

level needs
Conative needs – striving or motivational character
 SELF - ACTUALIZATION

ESTEEM

LOVE AND BELONGINGNESS

SAFETY

PHYSIOLOGICAL
 PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
- food, water, oxygen
- Most prepotent of all
- Only needs that can be completely/overly satisfied
- Recurring

SAFETY NEEDS
- Physical security, stability, protection and freedom
- Cannot be overly satisfied
Basic anxiety – adults feel unsafe due to irrational fears
that they retain from childhood
 LOVE AND BELONGINGNESS NEEDS
- Friendship, intimacy, belong to a community
- Children require love to grow psychologically

ESTEEM NEEDS
- Self-respect, confidence and competence
Two levels:
1. Reputation – external
2. Self – esteem – internal
 SELF – ACTUALIZATION NEEDS
- self-fulfillment, realization of all potentials and desire to
become creative
- not everyone satisfies self-actualization needs
- Develops once B-values (truth, beauty etc.) are embraced

AESTHETIC NEEDS
- Need for beauty, orderliness and aesthetically pleasing
experiences

COGNITIVE NEEDS
- Desire to know and understand

NEUROTIC NEEDS
- Nonproductive and lead to stagnation and an unhealthy
lifestyle
56. Which of the following is an expressive
behavior?
A. Writing a poem for a partner
B. Laughing at a joke
C. Cooking a delicious meal
D. Punching an attacker in the face
 EXPRESSIVE
COPING
BEHAVIOR
BEHAVIOR
- End in itself and
- Conscious, effortful,
serves no other
and learned
purpose
- Determined by
- Usually unconscious
external environment
and takes place
- Motivated by a deficit
naturally
need
- no goal or aim but to
- Has a goal or an aim
express
e.g. get food, find
e.g. slouching, blushing,
shelter, make friends
smiling, art, play
57. Adolescents and young adults look up to
idols, content creators, musicians and actors.
This kind of prestige and recognition
originates externally. What kind of esteem
need is described?
A. Self-esteem
B. Approval
C. Reputation
D. Confidence
58. When a person is deprived of self-
actualization needs, it leads to?
A. Metamotivation
B. Peak experiences
C. Coping behaviors
D. Metapathology
 Person – Centered
Theory
Carl Rogers
~ intended to become
a farmer, then a
minister
~ started with
psychotherapy before
formulating a
personality theory
 PERSON – CENTERED THEORY
2 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS:
A. FORMATIVE TENDENCY
- tendency for all matter, both organic and
inorganic, to evolve from simpler to more complex
forms
B. ACTUALIZING TENDENCY
- tendency within all humans (and other animals and
plants) to move toward completion
or fulfillment of potentials
- maintenance and enhancement
Self-actualization – tendency to actualize the self as
perceived in awareness
 SELF – CONCEPT IDEAL SELF
 Aspects of one’s being  One’s view of self as
and experiences that one wishes to be
are perceived in  Contains all those
awareness (though not attributes, usually
always accurately) positive, that people
 Once formed, change aspire to possess
becomes difficult.
 Experiences SELF – CONCEPT
inconsistent with the
self-concept are either
denied or accepted in IDEAL SELF
distorted forms.
INCONGRUENCE
 LEVELS OF AWARENESS

I. Events that are experienced

below the threshold of awareness are either ignored
or denied

II. Experiences are accurately

symbolized when they are both nonthreatening and
consistent with the existing self-concept.

III. Experiences are perceived in a distorted

form when they are not consistent with our view of
self so that they can be assimilated into our existing
self-concept.
59. Movies often portray stereotypical Asian
parents who only acknowledge their children
who succeed academically. Failure and low
grades are often followed by punishment. In the
Rogerian perspective, what are the children
experiencing?
A. Conditions of worth
B. Conditional love
C. Incongruence
D. Parental pressure
 BARRIERS TO PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH:
1. CONDITIONS OF WORTH - conditionally accepted

2. INCONGRUENCE - gap between our organismic

experiences and our self-concept
a. Vulnerability – unaware of discrepancy
b. Anxiety – dimly aware of discrepancy
c. Threat – fully aware of discrepancy
3. DEFENSIVENESS - prevent incongruence and protect self
from anxiety and threat through denial or distortion
4. DISORGANIZATION - incongruence is too obvious or
occurs too suddenly that defenses fail
60. Joe has depression with psychotic symptoms
and has been seeing a therapist for treatment. In
many of their sessions, Dr. Quin finds herself bored
with Joe’s lengthy and repetitive stories. If she was
using Client-centered therapy, what will she most
likely do next?
A. She would not express her feelings because they
are not relevant to the therapy.
B. She would tell Joe that she is bored.
C. She would not say anything because it might hurt
Joe’s feelings and aggravate his condition.
D. She would refer Joe to another therapist
 CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY

3 CONDITIONS :
1. COUNSELOR CONGRUENCE
- organismic experience are matched by awareness
and by the ability to openly express feelings
2. UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
- accepts client without conditions or qualifications
3. EMPATHETIC LISTENING
- sense the feeling of a client without prejudice,
projection , or evaluation
61. How many levels of awareness did Carl
Rogers postulate?
A. None
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
62. Ella has always received unconditional love from her family.
They love her despite her flaws and mistakes. Ella slowly comes
to appreciate herself until she eventually comes to accept who
she is as a person. Family problems begin to happen and Ella
notices that recently, her family only acknowledges her when
she gives them material things. What is most likely to happen?
A. Her acceptance and love for herself will begin to disappear
since it grew out of the unconditional love of her family.
B. She will begin to seek the approval and affection of her
family members since she fears that they will no longer love her.
C. Her regard for herself will remain intact since it is not
dependent on her family’s perception of her
D. She will cut herself off from her family since they have
become toxic people.
63. Which of the conditions below apply to
client-centered therapy?
A. Congruence and empathy are both necessary
and sufficient
B. Only unconditional positive regard is
necessary and sufficient
C. Unconditional positive regard and empathy
are both necessary but insufficient.
D. Congruence is not necessary and is
insufficient.
64. He is the pioneer of existential psychology
in the United States.
A. Victor Frankl
B. Erich Fromm
C. Phineas Gage
D. Rollo May
65. What is the difference between humanistic and
existential theories of psychology?
A. There are little to no difference between the two.
B. Humanistic theories were influenced mostly by
European theorists and philosophers while existential
theories originated from the American continents.
C. Existential theories are deterministic while
humanistic theories are more teleological.
D. Humanistic theories believe that humans are
innately good while existential theories emphasize
freedom and responsibility.
Existential Psychology
Rollo May
~ strong interest in art
and literature
~ greatly admired
Alfred Adler
~ had tuberculosis
~ moved by Soren
Kierkegaard (existential
philosopher)
EXISTENTIALISM
1. EXISTENCE OVER ESSENCE
EXISTENCE
 Existence means to emerge or to become
 Existence suggests process
 Existence is associated with growth and change
ESSENCE
 Essence implies a static immutable substance
 Essence refers to a product
 Essence signifies stagnation and finality
 W
2. EXISTENTIALISM OPPOSES THE SPLIT
BETWEEN SUBJECT AND OBJECT
 People are both subjective and objective

3. PEOPLE SEARCH FOR SOME MEANING TO

THEIR LIVES

4. EACH INDIVIDUAL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR

WHO THEY ARE AND WHAT THEY BECOME

5. EXISTENTIALISM IS ANTITHEORTICAL
 Theories dehumanize people and render them as
objects
66. ‘Playboys/girls’ who are promiscuous men
or women often treat their partners as objects
for pleasure. What mode of Dasein are these
people in?
A. Umwelt
B. Mitwelt
C. Eigenwelt
D. Uberwelt
 DASEIN
 Basic unity of person and environment
 To exist in the world (being-in-the-world)
3 simultaneous modes:
A. Umwelt
 World of objects, nature and natural law
 Biological drives (hunger and sleep)
B. Mitwelt
 World of people
 Interpersonal relationships
C. Eigenwelt
 One’s relationship with the self
67. You chose to take psychology as your major.
You chose to be with that person and not the other.
You chose to buy this and that. What is it that
accompanies your actions according to Existential
psychology that gives meaning to your
experiences?
A. Freedom
B. Intentionality
C. Will
D. Destiny
 INTENTIONALITY
 Structure that gives meaning to experiences and
allows people to make decisions about the future
 Action implies intentionality and vice versa
 Sometimes unconscious
CARE, LOVE AND WILL
CARE – source of love wherein one recognizes the
humanity of another person
LOVE – delighting in the presence of another and
affirming that person’s value and development
WILL – capacity to organize one’s self so that
movement may take place
68. This is the kind of love between Captain
America and the Winter Soldier, Archie and
Jughead, Chewbacca and Han Solo, Naruto and
Sasuke, and Taylor S. and Selena G.
A. Eros
B. Agape
C. Philia
D. Phobia
 FORMS OF LOVE
 SEX
- Biological function that can be satisfied through any
activity that relieve sexual tension
 EROS
- Psychological desire to seek procreation through an
enduring union with a loved one.
 PHILIA
- Intimate nonsexual/platonic friendships between
people
 AGAPE
- Concern for the welfare of others beyond any
personal gain
TRAIT THEORIES
 Psychology of the
Individual
Gordon Allport
~ Had a memorable
meeting with Freud
about a boy that didn’t
like dirt
~ From a generation
of physicians
~ heavy smoker
 Allport’s Definition of
Personality

Personality is the dynamic

organization within the individual
of those psychophysical systems
determine his/her unique
adjustments to his/her
characteristic behavior and
thought.
 6 CRITERIA FOR THE MATURE
PERSONALITY
1. Extension of the self
• mature people identify with and participate in
events outside themselves
2. Warm relating to others
• capacity to love and be compassionate
3. Emotional security or self-acceptance
• accept themselves for what they are
4. Realistic perception of the environment
• problem-oriented rather than self-oriented
5. Insight and humor
• acknowledge mistakes and weaknesses and do not
take themselves too seriously
6. Unifying philosophy of life
• have a clear purpose
69. Betty would describe Cheryl as sassy,
sarcastic, chic, manipulative and protective.
What are these traits?
A. Secondary
B. Cardinal
C. Surface
D. Central
 COMMON TRAITS
 general characteristics held in common by
many people
 means by which people within a given culture
can be compared to one another

PERSONAL DISPOSITIONS
 generalized neuropsychic structure with the
capacity to render many stimuli functionally
equivalent, and to initiate and guide behavior

 Permits for the study of a single individual

Traits – relatively stable
States - temporary characteristics
LEVELS OF PERSONAL DISPOSITIONS
 CARDINAL DISPOSITIONS
- Outstanding characteristic that dominate an
individual’s personality
- Very obvious in nearly every action
- Not present in everyone
 CENTRAL DISPOSITIONS
- 5 to 10 primary characteristics which a
person’s life is focused upon
- How loved ones and friends would
describe a person
 SECONDARY DISPOSITIONS
– Less conspicuous but greater in number
70. Which of the following statements exhibits Allport’s
propriate functional autonomy?
A. Sam used to exercise because she was at risk of heart
disease, now she goes to the gym because she identifies
herself as a ‘gym enthusiast’
B. Clover is addicted to shopping. It started as a job when
she was a personal shopper but eventually grew into an
addiction where even if she would not get paid for it,
Clover would still go shopping.
C. Alex believes that her life is just a continuous cycle of
breathing, eating and sleeping.
D. None of these situations are appropriate since all of
them are examples of perseverative functional autonomy.
  PROPRIUM
- Behaviors and characteristics that people regard
as central ad important in their lives
 FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY
- Some human motives are functionally
independent from the original motive
responsible for the behavior
- Human behavior is based on present interests
and on conscious preferences
A. PERSEVERATIVE
- Tendency of an impression to leave and influence
on subsequent experiences
B. PROPRIATE
- Self-sustaining motives related to the proprium
71. In Allport’s conception of a psychologically healthy
person, which example does not match his descriptions?
A. Peter raises his voice when he gets angry or
frustrated.
B. Ben has a spontaneous sense of humor and does not
really try to formulate jokes or funny stories in his
mind.
C. Gwen believes that criminals are innately good and
should simply be given counseling and should not be
jailed.
D. MJ likes meeting new people and making friends.
She also supports many advocacies and likes to attend
events for them.
71. In Allport’s conception of a psychologically healthy
person, which example does not match his descriptions?
A. Peter raises his voice when he gets angry or
frustrated. Emotional security and self-acceptance
B. Ben has a spontaneous sense of humor and does not
really try to formulate jokes or funny stories in his
mind. Insight and humor
C. Gwen believes that criminals are innately good and
should simply be given counseling and should not be
jailed. X Realistic perception of the environment
D. MJ likes meeting new people and making friends.
She also supports many advocacies and likes to attend
events for them. Extension of the self &warm relating to
others
72. In comparing McCrae and Costa’s work (MC) with
Cattell’s (RC), which is TRUE?
A. RC made use of an inductive method for gathering
data while MC made use of the deductive method.
B. RC and MC both made use of different methods for
observation such as questionnaires, life records and
objective tests.
C. RC yielded more personality traits than MC, their
work resulted in 35 and 5 personality traits respectively.
D. MC classified their traits into many categories while
RC did not.
 Five – Factor Trait
Theory
Robert McCrae
& Paul Costa , Jr.
~ produced over 200 co-
authored research articles,
books and other literature
~ Indirectly influenced by
Raymond Cattell
73. Tom likes to travel. He asks his little sister,
Olympia, to come with him on his next adventure. He
likes to look for new and exciting activities to do and
exotic food and drinks to try. Meanwhile, Olympia is
very anxious and emotional. She easily becomes
nervous and self-conscious when people look at her at
the airport. What personality traits are Tom and
Olympia high in?
A. Agreeableness and extraversion
B. Openness to experience and neuroticism
C. Conscientiousness and neuroticism
D. Extraversion and openness to experience
Imaginative, OPENNESS Conventional,
Creative, Curious, Down-to-earth,
Liberal, Prefers Variety Uncreative, Prefers Routine

Organized, CONSCIENTIOUSNESS Lazy,

Conscientious Aimless,
Punctual, Ambitious Negligent, Late,
Hardworking, Persevering Quitting, Disorganized

Joiner, EXTRAVERSION Loner,

Fun loving, Reserved
Active, Talkative Quiet, Sober,
Affectionate, Passionate Passive, Unfeeling
Lenient AGREEABLENESS Stingy
Soft-hearted, Suspicious
Generous, Acquiescent, Ruthless, Critical
Trusting, Good - Natured Antagonistic, Irritable

Anxious, NEUROTICISM Calm,

Temperamental Even-tempered,
Self-pitying, Emotional Self-satisfied, Hardy
Self-conscious, Vulnerable Comfortable, Unemotional
74. Eysenck strongly believed that?
A. Differences in personalities are mainly
attributed to environmental and cultural diversity.
B. His 3 personality factors all have strong
biological and environmental bases.
C. Three fourths of the variance of personality
dimensions is due to heredity and about one fourth
to environmental factors
D. Three fourths of the variance of personality
dimensions is due to psychological factors and
about one fourth to heredity
75. What is the main difference between Jung and
Eysenck’s conception of extraversion and introversion?
A. There is little to no difference.
B. Jung made use of these traits in conjunction with
other traits in describing a person while Eysenck did
not.
C. Eysenck believed that the principal differences
between these traits are more behavioral as compared to
Jung.
D. Jung used objectivity and subjectivity to differentiate
and describe these traits while Eysenck used
physiological conditions.
 Biologically Based Factor Theory
Hans Eysenck
~ Based taxonomy on factor
analysis and biology
~ Personality differences are
due to biological causes
~ Went to psychology by
accident
~ Prolific writer (800 journal
articles and book chapters
and 75 books)
 EXTRAVERSION Type/ Superfactors

ASSERTIVE Traits SOCIABLE

Habits Habits

Always Does best Regularly Likes to Prefers

makes to win at meets with meet new group
suggestions debates friends people activities

Specific Acts or Cognitions

 NEUROTICISM

INTROVERSION SUPEREGO

PSYCHOTICISM EXTRAVERSION

STABILITY
 EXTRAVERSION

- Characterized by sociability, impulsiveness, liveliness,

optimism
- Lower levels of cortical arousal and have higher sensory
thresholds = lesser reactions to sensory stimuli

NEUROTICISM

- Strong hereditary component

- Characterized by emotional overreaction and difficulty in
regaining composure
- Frequently complain about physical ailments and vague
psychological anxieties
 PSYCHOTICISM

- Added to Extraversion and Neuroticism

- Characterized by being egocentric, cold, nonconforming,
impulsive, hostile, aggressive, suspicious and antisocial

* Having high levels of Neuroticism or Psychoticism does not

immediately allude to the development or presence of a
psychological disorder. They are the ‘diathesis’ in the Diathesis
- Stress Model and thus an individual would need to
experience a certain gravity of stress for a psychological
disorder to manifest
76. Living beings have two fundamental
problems of adaptation according to
Evolutionary Theories of Psychology, what are
they?
A. Survival and reproduction
B. Security and survival
C. Innovation and reproduction
D. Environmental conservation and survival
77. Skinner is said to be a determinist. What does
that imply?
A. He believes that psychology must explain
behavior with the use of physiological and
predetermined components of organisms.
B. He rejects the concepts of free will and choice
C. He denied the existence of internal states since
they are not observable and therefore cannot be
studied scientifically.
D. Although behavior is shaped by the environment,
he believed that humans are good by nature.
BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
78. Using Classical Conditioning, analyze the example;
Batman is scary. Batman will come when the bat signal
lights up in the sky. The bat signal becomes scary.
I. Batman is the conditioned stimulus and fear is the
unconditioned response
II. Criminals will learn to fear the bat signal right after the
first time they associate it with Batman
III. The bat signal is the conditioned stimulus and Batman
is the unconditioned response
IV. When a similar Batwoman signal lights up, criminals
will not be afraid since it is not Batman
A. Only IV is TRUE B. I, II and IV are FALSE
C. All are TRUE D. All are FALSE
78. Using Classical Conditioning, analyze the example;
Batman is scary. Batman will come when the bat signal
lights up in the sky. The bat signal becomes scary.
I. Batman is the conditioned stimulus and fear is the
unconditioned response
II. Criminals will learn to fear the bat signal right after the
first time they associate it with Batman
III. The bat signal is the conditioned stimulus and Batman
is the unconditioned response
IV. When a similar Batwoman signal lights up, criminals
will not be afraid since it is not Batman
A. Only IV is TRUE B. I, II and IV are FALSE
C. All are TRUE D. All are FALSE
 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING| IVAN PAVLOV
- Neutral (conditioned) stimulus is repeatedly paired
with an unconditioned stimulus a number of times
until it is capable of eliciting the previously
unconditioned response, now the called the
conditioned response
- Responsible for some types of phobias, fears and
anxieties
- Ivan Pavlov’s Experiment and the Little Albert
Experiment of John Watson and Rosalie Rayner
 Behavioral Analysis
B.F Skinner
~ Was a writer and inventor
(Pigeon Project, Baby Tender,
Skinner Box)
~Greatly influenced by earlier
behaviorists, Watson and
Pavlov
~Relied on father for financial
aid for a long period of time
 OPERANT CONDITIONING | B.F SKINNER
- Immediate reinforcement of a response to facilitate
learning
- Organism ‘operates’ on the environment to produce
a specific outcome
- Changes the frequency of a response or the
probability of occurrence

SHAPING | Rewarding from gross approximations of

the behavior to closer approximations until the desired
behavior is achieved
 REINFORCEMENT
- Strengthens the behavior and it rewards the person
- Reward ≠ Reinforcement
- Any behavior that increases the probability of survival
tends to be strengthened
POSITIVE Increase behavior by presenting a positive
REINFORCEMENT stimulus
NEGATIVE Increase behavior by removing an
REINFORCEMENT aversive stimulus
POSITIVE Decrease behavior by presenting an
PUNISHMENT aversive stimulus
NEGATIVE Decrease behavior by removing a positive
PUNISHMENT stimulus
79. Mary Lou believes that she is being a good parent by
punishing her son, Credence, when he is misbehaving. She
wants him to be a good person so she immediately scolds and
hits him when he becomes unruly. Which of the following
statements is most accurate in describing how punishment
works according to Operant Conditioning?
A. There is no accurate prediction as to how Credence will
react to his mother’s behavior.
B. Credence will learn stop being unruly and will learn how to
be obedient and disciplined.
C. Credence will eventually understand his mother’s behavior
and will not feel any negativity towards his childhood.
D. Credence will rebel against his mother’s behavior since
punishment has the opposite effect of reinforcements.
80. Sally gives her young students stickers
whenever they say ‘please’ or ‘thank you’. She
wants to teach them how to be polite and
respectful. What kind of reinforcement and what
schedule of reinforcement is Sally using?
A. Positive reinforcement; variable ratio
B. Negative reinforcement; continuous interval
C. Positive reinforcement; fixed ratio
D. Negative reinforcement; fixed interval
E. Positive reinforcement; continuous interval
 EFFECTS OF PUNISHMENT
(1) Punishment merely suppresses the behavior but does not
correct it
(2) Punishment conditions negative feelings
(3) Punishment spreads its effects
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT
CONTINUOUS each response is reinforced
INTERMITTENT responses are reinforced occasionally
fixed number of responses is required before
Fixed Ratio
reinforcement is applied
first response following a fixed period of time
Fixed Interval
is reinforced
Variable Ratio reinforcement is applied after the nth response
reinforcement is applied after the lapse of
Variable Interval
random or varied periods of time
81. Skinner believes that human behavior is
shaped by three elements. Which of the
following is not included?
A. Drives
B. Natural selection
C. Cultural practices
D. History of reinforcement
82. This counteracting strategy is the most
direct approach to counteracting strict social
control. It involves proactive and sometimes
aggressive behaviors such as vandalism,
violence and protests.
A. Passive resistance
B. Active resistance
C. Revolt
D. Anarchy
83. Dany recognizes that her habit of impulsive buying is
unhealthy. If she were to seek professional help, what
techniques would a follower of Skinner use?
A. Cognitive behavioral therapy to help the client realize the
flaws in the decisions that she makes.
B. Behavior modification where positive and negative
consequences are employed to encourage/discourage certain
behaviors.
C. Modeling techniques wherein she would be encouraged
to imitate behaviors that lead to more desirable
consequences.
D. Rational emotive behavior therapy wherein the therapist
and client works in tandem to resolve emotional and
behavioral disturbances.
 COUNTERACTING STRATEGIES
- Strategies used to counteract excessive social control
A. ESCAPE
- People withdraw from the controlling agent either
physically or psychologically
- Find it difficult to be close to others and is mistrustful
B. REVOLT
- Behave more actively and directly to counteract the
controlling agent
- Vandalize property, provoking others, organizing protests
C. PASSIVE RESISTANCE
- More subtle than revolt but more irritating than escape
- Being obstinate, stubborn, purposely slow
84. In the triadic causation model of Bandura,
what concept pertains to the level of confidence
we have in ourselves to perform certain
behaviors?
A. Moral agency
B. Self-esteem
C. Self-efficacy
D. Self-concept
Social Cognitive Theory
Albert Bandura
~ Decision to become a
psychologist was due to a
fortuitous event
~Focused on clinical
psychology at the
beginning of his career
~Faculty at Stanford
University
85. Matty is a heavy smoker. According to the social –
cognitive theory, what situation would most accurately
describe how he learned to smoke?
A. Matty seems to do many hand-to-mouth activities such as
drinking and biting his nails. Smoking comes natural to him.
B. Matty has a compulsive urge to withdraw from people.
He learned how to smoke so that he would not be bothered
too much.
C. Matty’s father was also a heavy smoker who always told
him that smoking made him stronger and more alert.
D. Matty would always get admiring looks from women
when he started smoking. This encouraged him to continue
the habit
 OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
• Allow for learning without performing the behavior
• Reinforcement is not essential to learning
• More efficient than learning through direct experience
MODELING
• Learning through adding and subtracting from
observed behavior and generalizing from one
observation to another
• More than imitation
1. High-status people are more likely to be modeled
2. People who lack status, skill or power are more
likely to model
3. Consequences of the behavior being modeled may
affect the observer
 OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING PROCESS
(1) ATTENTION
• Usually attend to those we frequently associate with and
those that are attractive

(2) REPRESENTATION
• Behavior patterns must be symbolically represented in
memory

(3) BEHAVIORAL PRODUCTION

• Converting cognitive representations into appropriate
action, monitoring and evaluating progress

(4) MOTIVATION
• Must be motivated to perform behavior
TRIADIC RECIPROCAL CAUSATION
- Human behavior is a result of an interaction among
three variables; Behavior, Environment and Person

P E
86. You meant to enroll in the Political Science program
but there was a mix up in the forms that resulted in you
ending up in Psychology (you would eventually be
known for creating your own personality theory). One
day during class, a new person sits next to you. You
don’t talk to each other until a few years later (she/he
eventually becomes your spouse) Bandura would call
these phenomenon as?
A. Destiny and Luck
B. Fortuitous events and Chance encounters
C. Peak experiences and unpredictable encounters
D. Inevitable events and prototaxic distortions
 CHANCE ENCOUNTERS
An unintended meeting of persons unfamiliar to each other
e.g. meeting one’s spouse/best friend

FORTUITOUS EVENTS
Environmental experience that is unexpected and unintended

HUMAN AGENCY
- People are self-regulating, proactive, self-reflective and
self-organizing
- Process of exploring, manipulating and influencing the
environment in order to attain desired outcomes
Core features: intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness
and self-reflectiveness
 SELF-EFFICACY
People’s beliefs in their capability to exercise some measure
of control over their and own functioning and over
environmental events

PROXY AGENCY
Indirect control over those social conditions that affect
everyday living

COLLECTIVE EFFICACY
People’s shared beliefs in their collective power to produce
desired results
87. Usually when politicians are condemned
due to atrocities that occur during their term,
they try to reason out saying “It isn’t as bad as
what the previous administration did!” This is
an example of?
A. Diffusion of responsibility
B. Moral justification
C. Palliative comparisons
D. Euphemistic labelling
 DISENGAGEMENT OF INTERNAL CONTROL
1. REDEFINING BEHAVIOR
- Justify reprehensible behavior through cognitive
restructuring
A. Moral Justification – Behavior is made to appear
defensible or noble
B. Palliative Comparisons – comparing behavior to greater
atrocities committed by others
C. Euphemistic Labels – giving misleading names to actions
2. DISREGARD OR DISTORT THE CONSEQUENCES
- Minimize, disregard/ignore, distort/ misconstrue
consequences
3. DEHUMANIZE OR BLAME THE VICTIMS
4. DISPLACE OR DIFFUSE RESPONSIBILITY
88. Sometimes we are confronted with realities
that are the opposite of the beliefs that we hold.
Our ability to adapt to these changes and
modify and revise our perspective of the world
is what Kelly calls?
A. Personal Constructs
B. Range of Convenience
C. Constructive Alternativism
D. Construction corollary
PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS
George Kelly
• Basic Postulate
- A person’s processes are psychologically channelized
by ways in which events are anticipated
• Constructive Alternativism
- Present interpretations of the universe subject to
revision or replacement
- Facts can be looked at from different perspectives
• Personal Constructs
- Ways of construing the world that shape an
individual’s behavior
- People always attempt to validate their constructs
89. Tony has been very protective of Pepper from
the beginning. He always tries his best to make
sure that she is able to follow her dreams and
ambitions. Pepper does not feel overwhelmed by
this since despite Tony’s overprotectiveness, he
still encourages her independence. What part of
Tony’s personal construct is being manifested?
A. Fragmentation corollary
B. Modulation corollary
C. Choice corollary
D. Dichotomy corollary
 SUPPORTING COROLLARIES

1. CONSTRUCTION – People anticipate future events

according to interpretations of recurring themes.
2. INDIVIDUALITY – People construe things differently
3. ORGANIZATION – People organize their constructs
in a hierarchical system
4. DICHOTOMY – People construe events in an either-or
manner
5. CHOICE – People choose the alternative in a
dichotomized construct that extends their range of
future choices
6. RANGE – Constructs are not relevant to all situations
 SUPPORTING COROLLARIES

7. EXPERIENCE – People continually revise their

construct as a result of their experiences
8. MODULATION – Some new experiences do not lead
to revision because they are too concrete or
impermeable
9. FRAGMENTATION - Behavior is sometimes
inconsistent because of incompatible elements
10. COMMONALITY – Some constructs are similar to
the constructs of other because of similar experiences
11. SOCIALITY – People are able to communicate with
other people because they can construe other people’s
constructs
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
 VIRGILIO GASPAR ENRIQUEZ
- Questioned the validity of using western psychological
concepts in interpreting and studying Filipino behavior
- Introduced the concept of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
- Along with Dr. Alfredo Lagmay, began research into
the psyche (diwa) of the Filipinos

2 Kinds of Indigenization:
Indigenization from without – applying western
theoretical models and methodologies in the local setting
Indigenization from within – utilizing indigenous research
methods and models to studying Filipino behavior
 SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas (Psychology in the
Philippines)
- General form of psychology in the Philippine context
Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino (Psychology of the
Filipinos)
- Theorizing about the nature of the Filipinos from a
local or foreign perspective
Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology)
- Psychology born out of the experience, thought, and
orientation of the Filipinos, based on the full use of
Filipino culture and language
90. The Philippines is frequently devastated by
calamities and sociopolitical issues. Part of being a
responsible member of the Filipino community is
to at least have an awareness of what is occurring
in one’s surroundings. In Sikolohiyang Pilipino,
what is this value?
A. Kapwa
B. Kamalayan
C. Ulirat
D. Pagka-gising
91. Which of the following is not a confrontative
surface value?
A. Hiya
B. Utang na Loob
C. Pakikisama
D. All of the above
 KAPWA MODEL’S VALUE STRUCTURE

COLONIAL/ Hiya Propriety /dignity

ACCOMMODATIVE Utang na Loob Gratitude, reciprocity
SURFACE VALUES Pakikisama Companionship
Bahala na Determination
CONFRONTATIVE
Lakas ng loob Courage, guts
SURFACE VALUES
Pakikibaka Resistance
PIVOTAL
Pakikiramdam Shared inner perception
INTERPERSONAL VALUE
CORE VALUE Kapwa Shared identity
LINKING SOCIO- Kagandahang-
Shared inner humanity
PERSONAL VALUES loob
Karangalan Dignity
ASSOCIATED SOCIETAL
Katarungan Justice
VALUES
Kalayaan Freedom
92. Oversees Filipino workers often have the
desire to return to the Philippines for when they
retire, this is exemplifies the Filipino value of?
A. Hiya
B. Utang na loob
C. Pakikisama
D. Kapwa
93. Dr. Munoz was devastated to see the tragedies
that happened to a small village in the Visayas due
to a recent natural calamity. He decided to help by
giving medical services to the victims for free.
This shows what Filipino value?
A. Lakas ng loob
B. Pakikiramdam
C. Kamalayan
D. Pakikipagkaisa
94. This is what causes an infant to become ill
after being greeted by a stranger.
A. Usog
B. Gaba
C. Kulam
D. Pasma
 FILIPINO FOLK PHENOMENA

- Mood disorder in which a person suddenly goes into a killing

AMOK
‘frenzy’ and would not retain any memory of it after

- Intense and deadly dreams related to being harmed or falling into

BANGUNGOT
an abyss

USOG - Babies become mysteriously ill after being greeted by a stranger

- A massage that eases various ailments and is popular with

HILOT
removing discomfort in pregnant mothers

- Folk and natural magic/witchcraft that often involves the use of

KULAM
various objects for rituals, spells, and potions

- Considered by some to be a stronger and more malicious form of

BARANG
folk magic that emphasizes the use of insects
 FILIPINO FOLK PHENOMENA

PASMA - Sweaty palms due to heat and cold occurring together in the body

- Bisayan concept opposite to grasya that means divine retribution

GABA
or karma

GAYUMA - Love potion

AGIMAT/
- Objects that act as charms or talismans that serve various
ANTING-
functions such as protection from evil or lucky charms
ANTING
95. It is common in the low lands for family
members of a successful board passer to post a
tarpaulin to express their congratulations and
happiness for the person. What are they
feeling?
A. Ligaya
B. Saya
C. Puri
D. Dangal
 INTERNALITY/EXTERNALITY
By Zeus Salazar
Internality Externality
HONOR Dangal Puri
HAPPINESS Ligaya Saya
CONTROL Timpi Pigil
FEEL Damdam Dama
96. He is considered to be the father or the
pioneer of Sikolohiyang Pilipino?
A. Jaime Bulatao
B. Alfredo Lagmay
C. Virgilio Enriquez
D. Jose Rizal
97. This interaction pattern is not part of the
Hindi-Ibang tao category.
A. Pakikisangkot
B. Pakikipagkaisa
C. Pakikisalamuha
D. NOTA
 INTERACTION PATTERNS

Pakikitungo Civility
Pakikisalamuha Interaction
IBANG – TAO Pakikilahok Participation
Pakikibagay Conforming
Pakikisama Adjusting

Pakikipagpalagayang Mutual
-loob trust/rapport
HINDI IBANG
Pakikisangkot Active involvement
– TAO
Full trust, being
Pakikipagkaisa
one with
98. This is defined as the science of theorizing
about the psychological nature of the Filipinos,
whether from a local or a foreign perspective.
A. Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino
B. Sikolohiyang Pilipino
C. Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas
D. Sikolohiya at mga Pilipino
99. What is the core construct and pivotal
interpersonal value of Sikolohiyang Pilipino?
A. Pakikipagkaisa and kagandahang-loob
B. Kapwa and pakikisama
C. Bayanihan and pakikipagkaisa
D. Kapwa and pakikiramdam
 KAPWA MODEL’S VALUE STRUCTURE

COLONIAL/ Hiya Propriety /dignity

ACCOMMODATIVE Utang na Loob Gratitude, reciprocity
SURFACE VALUES Pakikisama Companionship
Bahala na Determination
CONFRONTATIVE
Lakas ng loob Courage, guts
SURFACE VALUES
Pakikibaka Resistance
PIVOTAL
Pakikiramdam Shared inner perception
INTERPERSONAL VALUE
CORE VALUE Kapwa Shared identity
LINKING SOCIO- Kagandahang-
Shared inner humanity
PERSONAL VALUES loob
Karangalan Dignity
ASSOCIATED SOCIETAL
Katarungan Justice
VALUES
Kalayaan Freedom
100. What is B.F Skinner’s full name?
A. Bernie Frederick Skinner
B. Burrough Frederic Skinner
C. Burrhus Frederic Skinner
D. Burrhus Friedrich Skinner
Yun lang.