Olor Heory: Crimination, The Perceptual Versus The Physical Manifestation, Separate The Two Types of His
Olor Heory: Crimination, The Perceptual Versus The Physical Manifestation, Separate The Two Types of His
Olor Heory: Crimination, The Perceptual Versus The Physical Manifestation, Separate The Two Types of His
of color and how it works. It is essentially an investigation into the notions of art history. So,
the history of color has roots in both applied and pure science. Stimulus and wavelength dis-
crimination, the perceptual versus the physical manifestation, separate the two types of his-
tory of color.
COLOR THEORY
The origin and nature of color, like light, have been speculated on for hundreds of years. Its
qualities have been widely known and used, even if its nature has not been fully explained or
understood. A number of theories on color have evolved through the ages.
Red
Yellow Blue
Green
F IGURE Color wheel.
4.2
T HE C OLOR W HEEL
The color wheel is an elegant and simple way to present colors and show their relationships.
The wheel is a polar coordinate plotting of colors in which the colors are arranged in quad-
rants, as follows: (See Figures 4.3–4.12)
• Primary colors. Fundamental colors that when mixed create secondary colors. These
hues are said to be pure colors, including red, blue, and yellow.
• Secondary colors. Secondary colors are the colors that result when the primary colors
are mixed. These colors are green, violet, and orange.
• Tertiary colors. Tertiary colors result from the mixture of the adjacent secondary
colors.
These three main groups of color can be further categorized as follows:
CHAPTER 4 COLOR AND MATERIALS 75
Red
Purple
Orange
Yellow
Blue
Green
F IGURE Primary colors. F IGURE Secondary colors.
4.3 4.4
Red
Warm Red Red
Orange Violet
Orange Violet
Yellow
Blue
Green Blue
Green
F IGURE Tertiary colors. F IGURE Triad colors.
4.5 4.6
• Triad colors. Triad colors are any three colors that are balanced and equidistant from
each other on the color wheel.
• Complementary colors. These are hues that are opposite each other on the color
wheel, such as yellow against violet or blue against orange.
• Split complementary colors. Split complementary colors use three colors of any hue
and the two colors adjacent to its complementary color, such as yellow, lavender and
magenta or red, apple-green and cyan.
• Analogous colors. Analogous colors are any combination of colors adjacent to each
other on the color wheel. These colors are said to have a common hue among them.
• Double-complement colors. Double-complement colors are made up of a pair of
complement colors, such as yellow and violet or blue and orange.
76 3D LIGHTING
Red
Violet
Orange
Yellow
Blue
Red
Violet
Orange Orange
Yellow
Yellow
Blue
Red Red
Orange
Purple
Orange
Yellow
Blue
Green
F IGURE Tetrad colors. F IGURE Alternate complementary colors.
4.11 4.12