PRABHAKAR DUBEY PHYSICS CLASS 12TH

Magnetic Field

Notes

 Introduction
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 The Magnetic Field
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 Lorentz Force
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 Motion of Charged Particle in The Magnetic Field
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 Cyclotron
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 Magnetic force on a current carrying wire
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 Torque on a current carrying rectangular loop in a magnetic field

Assignment

 Assignment Combined with Magnetic effects of current

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(1) Introduction
 We have allready studied about thermal effects of current and now in the present chapter
we are studied about magnetic effect of current.
 Earlier it was believe that there is no connection between electric and magnetic force and
both of them are completely different.
 But in 1820 Oersted showed that the electric current through a wire deflect the magnetic
needle placed near the wire and the direction of deflection of needle is reversed if we
reverse the direction of current in the wire.
 So, Oersted's experiments establishes that a magnetic field is assoiated with current
carrying wire.
 Again if we a magnetic needlle near a bar magnet it gets deflectid and rests in some other
direction.

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 This needle experiences the tourque which turn the needle to a definite direction.
 Thus, the reagion near the bar magnet or current carrying where magnetic needle
experience and suffer deflection is called magnetic field.

(2) The Magnetic Field

 We all ready know that a stationery charges gets up a electric field E in the space
surrounding it and this electric field exerts a force F=q0E on the test charge q0 placed in
magnetic field.
 Similarly we can describe the intraction of moving charges that, a moving charge excert a
magnetic field in the space surrounding it and this magnetic field exert a force on the
moving charge.
 Like electric field, magntic field is also a vector quantity and is represented by symbol B
 Like electric field force which depend on the magnitude of charge and electric field,
magnetic force is propotional to the magnitude of charge and the strength of magnetic
field.
 Apart from its dependence on magnitude of charge and magnetic field strength magnetic
force also depends on velocity of the particle.
 The magnitude magnetic force increase with increase in speed of charged particle.
 Direction of magnetic force depends on direction of magnetc field B and velocity v of the
chared particle.
 The direction of magnetic force is not alonge the direction of magnetic field but direction
of force is always perpendicular to direction of both magnetic field B and velocity v
 Test charge of magnitude q0 is moving with velocity v through a point P in magnetic
field B experience a deflecting force F defined by a equation
F=qv X B
 As mentioned earlier this force on charged particle is perpendicular to the plane formed
by v and B and its direction is determined right hand thumb rule.

 When moving charge is positive the direction of force F is the direction of advance of
hand screw whose axis is perpendicular to the plane formed by v and B.

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 Direction of force would be opposit to the direction of advance screw for negative charge
moving in same direction.
 Magnitude of force on charged particle is
F=q0vBsinθ
where θ is the angle between v and B.
 If v and B are at right angle to each other i.e. θ=90 then force acting on the particle would
be maximum and is given by
Fmax=q0vB ----(3)
 When θ=180 or θ=0 i.e. v is parallel or antiparallel to B then froce acting on the particle
would be zero.
 Again from equation 2 if the velocity of the palticle in the magnetic field is zero i.e.,
particle is stationery in magnetic field then it does not experience any force.
 SI unit of strength of magnetic field is tesla (T). It can be defined as follows
B=F/qvsinθ
for F=1N,q=1C and v=1m/s and θ=90
1T=1NA-1m-1
Thus if a charge of 1C when moving with velocity of 1m/s along the direction
perpendicular to the magnetic field experiences a force of 1N then magnitude of field at
that point is equal to 1 tesla (1T).
 Another SI unit of magnetic field is weber/m2 Thus
1 Wb-m-2=1T=1NA-1m-1
In CGS system, the magnetic field is expressed in 'gauss'. And 1T= 104 gauss. Dimention
formula of magnetic field (B) is [MT-2A-1]

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Cyclotron
 Cyclotron is a machine for producing high energy particles ,first developed by
E.O.Lawrence and M.S.Livingston in 1931.Figure below shows the path of a charged
particle in a cyclotron

Construction

 cyclotron consists of two horizontal D-shaped hollow metal segments D1 and D1 with a
small gap between them
 These D'ees are placed in between the poles of a large electromagnet so that that
magnetic field is Perpendicular to the plane of the D'ees
 The whole space inside the D'ees is evacuated to pressure of about 10-6 mm of Hg
 An ion source S is kept at the center between the D'ees
 The two D'ees are connected to the terminals of high freqency oscillating A.C circuit.This
changes the charge of each D'ees several million time per sec

Theory and working

Suppose that any instant ,alternating potential is in the direction which makes D1 positive and
D2 negative
 A positive ion starting from source S will be attracted by the Dee D2
 Since Uniform magnetic field B acts at right angles to the plane of the Dees ,the
positively charged ion of the charge q and mass m will move in a circular motion of
radius

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r=mv/qB
where v is the speed of the particle and it is constant
 After traversing half a cycle the ion comes to the edge of D2.If we adjust the frequency of
the oscillator in such a way that by the time ,ion comes to the edge of D2,potential
difference changes direction so as to make D1 negative and D2 positive.
 The ion will then get then attracted to D1 and its speed will increasae due to acceleration
 Once inside D1 ,the ion is now in electric field free zone and again it will move in a
circular path with constant speed which is higher then the previous constant speed in
D2.Radius of the path in D1 will be larger then D2
 After traversing the semi -circular path in D1 ,the ion will come to the egde of D1 where if
the direction of electric field changes ,it will receive additional energy
 This way the ion will continue travelleing in semi circles of increasing radii every time it
goes from D2 to D1 and from D1 to D2
 Time taken by the ion to traverse the semi-circular path in the Dee is given by
t=πr/v
 Thus by adjusting the magnetic field B,t can be made the same as that required to change
the potential of the D1 and D2,so that positive charge ion always crosses the alternating
electric field across the gap in correct phase
 Ions gain tremendous amount of energy after traversing through reversal rotation.when
they come near the circumference of the Dees,an auxillary electric field is used to deflect
them from the circular path to eventually reach a target
 Frequency F of charged particle moving in a cyclotron is
f=ω/2π =υ/2πr=Bυ/2πm -- (10)
where υ=1/2t
 If f and B are adjusted to keep charged ion always in phase each time ,the ion crosses the
gap .it receive additional energy and at the same time it describes a flat spiral of
increasing radius
 KE of ion emerging from the cyclotron if R is radius of the D'e is

 Above relation shows that the maximum energy attained by the ion is limited by the
radius R of the Dees ,magnetic field B or the frequency f
 Maximum energy acquired by the charged particle in a particular cyclotron is
independent of the alternating potential i.e when the voltage is small the ion makes a
large number of the turns before reaching the periphery and for the large voltage number
of turns is small.Total energy remians the same in both the cases,provided both B and R
are unchanged
 These days cyclotron are not in wide use but others based on principle of cylotron are
used

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(7) Torque on a current carrying rectangular loop in a

magnetic field
 Consider a rectangular loop ABCD being suspended in a uniform magnetic field B and
direction of B is paralle to the plane of the coil as shown below in the figure

 Magnitude of force on side AM according to the equation(13) is

FAB=IhB ( angle between I and B is 900)
And direction of force as calculated from the right hand palm rule would be normal to the
paper in the upwards direction
 Similarly magnitude of force on CD is
FCD=ihB
and direction of FCD is normal to the page but in the downwards direction going into the
page
 The forces FAB and FCD are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and hence they
constitute a couple

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 Torque τexerted by this couple on rectangular loop is

τ=IhlB
Since torque = one of the force * perpendicular distance between them
 No force acts on the side BC since current element makes an angle θ=0 with B due to
which the product (ILXB) becomes equal to zero
 Similary on the side DA ,no magnetic force acts since current element makes an angle
θ=1800 with B
 Thus total torque on rectangular current loop is
τ=IhlB
=IAB --(15)
Where A=hl is the area of the loop
 If the coil having N rectangular loop is placed in magnetic field then torque is given by
τ=NIAB ----(16)
 Again if the normal to the plane of coil makes an angle θ with the uniform magnetic field
as shown below in the figure then

τ=NIABsinθ
 We know that when an electric dipole is placed in external electric field then torque
experienced by the dipole is
τ=P X E=PEsinθ
Where P is the electric dipole moment
 comparing expression for torque experienced by electric dipole with the expression for
torque on a current loop i.e ,
τ=(NIA)Bsinθ
if we take NIA as magnetic dipole moment (m) analogus to electric dipole moment
(p),we have
m=NIA -- (18)
then
τ=m X B -- (19)
 The coil thus behaves as a magnetic dipole

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 The direction of magnetic dipole moment lies along the axis of the loop
 This torque tends to rotate the coil about its own axis .Its value changes with angle
between the plane of the coil and the direction of the magnetic field
 Unit of magnetic moment is Ampere.meter2 (Am2)
 Equation (18) and (19) are obtained by comsidering a rectangular loop but thes equations
are valid for plane loops of any shape

(3) Lorentz Force

 We know that force acting on any charge of magnitude q moving with velocity v inside
the magnetic field B is given by
F=q(v X B)
and this is the magnetic force on charge q due to its motion inside magnetic field.
 If both electric field E and magnetic field B are present i.e., when a charged particle
moves through a reagion of space where both electric field and magnetic field are present
both field exert a force on the particle and the total force on the particle is equal to the
vector sum of the electric field and magnetic field force.
F=qE+q(v X B) (4)
 This force in equation(4) is known as Lorentz Force.
 Where important point to note is that magnetic field is not doing any work on the charged
particle as it always act in perpendicular direction to te motion of the charge.

(4)Motion of Charged Particle in The Magnetic Field

 As we have mentioned earlier magnetic force F=(vXB) does not do any work on
the particle as it is perpendicular to the velocity.
 Hence magnetic force does not cause any change in kinetic energy or speed of
the particle.
 Let us consider there is a uniform magnetic field B perpendicular to the plane of
paper and directed in downward direction and is indicated by the symbol C in
figure shown below.

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 Now a charge particle +q is projected with a velocity v to the magnetic field at

point O with velocity v directed perpendicular to the magnetic field.
 Magnetic force acting on the particle is
F=q(v X B) = qvBsinθ
Since v is perpendicular to B i.e., angle between v and B is θ=90 Thus charged
particle at point O is acted upon by the force of magnitude
F=qvB
and the direction of force would be perpendicular to both v and B
 Since the force f is perpendicular to the velocity, it would not change the
magnitude of the velocity and the peffect of this force is only to change the
direction of the velocity.
 Thus under the action of the magnetic force of the particle will more along the
circle perpendicular to the field.
 Therefore the charged particle describe an anticlockwise circular path with
constant speed v and here magnetic force work as centripetal force. Thus
F=qvB=mv2/r
where radius of the circular path traversed by the particle in the magnetic in field
B is given as
r=mv/qB ---(5)
thus radius of the path is proportional to the momentum mv pof the charged
particle.
 2πr is the distance traveled by the particle in one revolution and the period T of
the complete revolution is
T=2 πr /v
From equation(5)
r/v=m/qB
time period T is
T=2πm/qB (6)
and the frequency of the particle is f=1/T=qB/2πm (7)
 From equation (6) and (7) we see that both time period and frequency does not
dependent on the velocity of the moving charged particle.
 Increasing the speed of the charged particle would result in the increace in the
radius of the circle. So that time taken to complete one revolution would remains
same.

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 If the moving charged particle exerts the magnetic field in such a that
velocity v of particle makes an angle θ with the magnetic field then we can
resolve the velocity in two components
vparallel : Compenents of the velocity parallel to field
vperpendicular :component of velocity perpendicular to magnetic field B
 The component vpar would remain unchanged as magnetic force is perpendicular
to it.
 In the plane perpendicular to the field the particle travels in a helical path. Radius
of the circular path of the helex is
r=mvperpendicular/qB=mvsinθ/qB (8)

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Important questions on Magnetic field

and magnetic effects of current
Question 1- A current of 10A is flowing from east to west in a long wire kept in east-
west direction. Find the magnetic field in a horizontal plane at a distance of (1) 10cm
north (2) 20cm south from the wire; and in a vertical plane at a distance of (3) 30cm
downward (4) 50cm upward.
Question 2- A short conductor of length 4cm is placed parallel to the long conductor of
length 2m near to its centre at a distance of 2cm. The conductor carry currents of 2A
and 5A respectively in opposite directions. Find the total force exert on the long
conductor.
Question 3- An electron-gun G emit electron of energy 2KeV travelling in the positive
X-direction. The electron are required to hit the spot S where GS= 0.1m, and the line
GS makes an angle of 600 with X-axis, as shown in the figure. A uniform magnetic
field B parallel to GS exist in the region outside the electronic-gun. Find the minimum
value of B needed to make the electron hit S.
Given: me =9.1 x 10-31 kg , e=1.6 x 10-19 C

Question 4- A particle of mass 1x 10-26 kg and charge 1.6 x 10-19 C travelling with
velocity of 1.28 x 106 m/s in +x direction enters a region having electric field E and a
uniform magnetic field B such as Ex =Ey =0, Ez = -102.4 V/m and Bx =Bz =0, By =8x10-
2 Wb/m2 . The particle enters this region at a long time t=0. Determine the location (x, y

and z co-ordinates) of the particle at t=5x10-6 s . If the electric field switched off at this
instant (with the magnetic field still present), what will be the position of the particle at
t=7.46 x10-6 s.

Question 5- In a certain region surrounding the origin of the coordinates, B=5

x10-4 az T and E=5az V/m. A proton ( qp =1.602 x 10-19 C,mp =1.6 x10-27 kg)
enters in the field at the origin with a velocity u0 =2.5 x105 ax m/s. Describe the
proton’s motion and give its position after three complete revolutions
Question 6- Find an expression for magnetic field at the centre of a circular
current carrying loop.
Question 7- A current of 1.0 A is flowing in the sides of an equilateral triangle of
sides 4.5 x 10-2m. Find the magnetic field at the centroid of the triangle.
Question 8- A charge q=40 µC moves with instantaneous velocity
u=(5x104) j m/s through the uniform fields E=(6x104) (.52 i +.56j +.645 k) V/m ,
B=(1.7)(.693 i + .6 j + .4k) T find the magnitude and direction of the

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instantaneous force on q.
Question 9- Find the force on each segment of the wire as shown below in the
figure

if B=0.15T. Assume that the current in the wire is 5A.

Question 10- A planar coil of 12 turns carries 15A. The coil is oriented with
respect to the uniform magnetic field B=0.2i+0.3j-0.4k T such that its directed
area is A=0.04i-0.05j+0.07k m2. Find (a) the dipole moment of the coil (b)the
potential energy of the in the given orientation, and (c)the angle between the
positive normal to the coil and the field.

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