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Obergefell v. Hodges     
LAW CASE
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Obergefell v. Hodges
LAW CASE

WRITTEN BY: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

LAST UPDATED: Aug 23, 2019 See Article History

Obergefell v. Hodges, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (5–4) on June 26, 2015,
that state bans on same-sex marriage and on recognizing same-sex marriages duly performed
in other jurisdictions are unconstitutional under the due process and equal protection clauses
of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

The two questions presented by the case—the constitutionality of same-sex marriage bans Obergefell v. Hodges
QUICK FACTS
(the “marriage question”) and the constitutionality of bans on recognizing same-sex marriages
Do you have what it 
(the “recognition” question)—were among various issues jointly presented in several related takes to go to space?
DATE
cases heard by a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in
June 26, 2015
August 2014. In a single opinion issued in November, the panel held (2–1), among other things,
that the Fourteenth Amendment as well as the Supreme Court’s own precedents were not LOCATION

inconsistent with state laws and constitutional amendments that de ned marriage as a legal United States

relation between one man and one woman only or that denied legal effect to same-sex
KEY PEOPLE
marriages performed out-of-state. The plaintiffs in the cases immediately led for certiorari Stephen Breyer
with the Supreme Court, which was granted in a consolidated case, Obergefell v. Hodges, in Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Anthony Kennedy
January 2015, limited to the marriage and recognition questions. Oral arguments were heard
Antonin Scalia
on April 28. Clarence Thomas
John G. Roberts, Jr.
Writing for the majority, Justice Anthony Kennedy asserted that the right to marry is a Samuel A. Alito, Jr.
Sonia Sotomayor
fundamental right “inherent in the liberty of the person” and is therefore protected by the due
Elena Kagan
process clause, which prohibits the states from depriving any person of “life, liberty, or property
without due process of law.” By virtue of the close connection between liberty and equality, the RELATED TOPICS
Fourteenth Amendment
marriage right is also guaranteed by the equal protection clause, which forbids the states from
Marriage
“deny[ing] to any person…the equal protection of the laws.” Kennedy then argued at length Supreme Court of the United
States
that “the reasons marriage is fundamental,” including its connection with individual liberty,
Same-sex marriage
“apply with equal force to same-sex couples.” Such considerations, he concluded, compel the
court to hold that “same-sex couples may exercise the fundamental right to marry.” His
opinion was joined by Justices Stephen Breyer, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Elena Kagan, and Sonia
Sotomayor. The lead dissenting opinion was written by Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr., and
joined by Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas, both of whom also wrote their own
dissents, as did Justice Samuel A. Alito, Jr.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn, Managing Editor.

LEARN MORE in these related Britannica articles:

United States: Same-sex marriage and Obamacare Supreme Court rulings and nal
agreement on the Iran nuclear deal

In Obergefell v. Hodges, it found state bans on same-sex marriage and on recognizing

same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions to be unconstitutional under the
due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. That ruling
th b l li d th ti f i th h t th
Barack Obama: Baltimore riot, Charleston shooting, Supreme Court approval of
same-sex marriage, and agreement with Iran

…the Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that state bans on same-sex marriage
and on recognizing same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions are
unconstitutional under the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth
A d t Th li th b l li d th ti f i th h
same-sex marriage: United States

In June, in Obergefell v. Hodges, the court reversed both of the Sixth Circuit’s holdings,
thereby legalizing same-sex marriage in all 50 states.…

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
 Supreme Court of the United States     
Contents HIGHEST COURT, UNITED STATES
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Introduction
Scope and jurisdiction Supreme Court of the United States
Size, membership, and HIGHEST COURT, UNITED STATES
organization
Procedures and power WRITTEN BY: Brian P. Smentkowski
Historical trends LAST UPDATED: Sep 13, 2019 See Article History

U.S. Supreme Court justices

Select decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court of the United States, nal court of appeal and
Supreme Court nal expositor of the Constitution of the United States. Within the
framework of litigation, the Supreme Court marks the boundaries
of authority between state and nation, state and state, and
government and citizen.
Supreme Court of the
United States
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DATE

1789 - present

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Cass Gilbert
U.S. Supreme Court: courtroom
The courtroom of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Franz Jantzen/Supreme Court of the United States

Scope And Jurisdiction

The Supreme Court was created by the Constitutional Convention
of 1787 as the head of a federal court system, though it was not
formally established until Congress passed the Judiciary Act in
1789. Although the Constitution outlined the powers, structure,
and functions of the legislative and executive branches of
government in some detail, it did not do the same for the judicial
branch, leaving much of that responsibility to Congress and
stipulating only that judicial power be “vested in one supreme
Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time
to time ordain and establish.” As the country’s court of last resort,
the Supreme Court is an appellate body, vested with the authority
to act in cases arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of
the United States; in controversies to which the United States is a
party; in disputes between states or between citizens of different
states; and in cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. In suits
affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls and in
cases in which states are a party, the Supreme Court has original
jurisdiction—i.e., it serves as a trial court. Relatively few cases reach
the court through its original jurisdiction, however; instead, the
vast majority of the court’s business and nearly all of its most
in uential decisions derive from its appellate jurisdiction.

James Earle Fraser's Contemplation of Justice, on the north side of the main entrance of the
U.S. Supreme Court.
Lois Long/Supreme Court of the United States

Size, Membership, And Organization

The organization of the federal judicial system, including the size of
the Supreme Court, is established by Congress. From 1789 to 1807
the court comprised six justices. In 1807 a seventh justice was
added, followed by an eighth and a ninth in 1837 and a tenth in
1863. The size of the court has sometimes been subject to political
manipulation; for example, in 1866 Congress provided for the
gradual reduction (through attrition) of the court to seven justices
to ensure that President Andrew Johnson, whom the House of
Representatives later impeached and the Senate only narrowly
acquitted, could not appoint a new justice. The number of justices
reached eight before Congress, after Johnson had left of ce,
adopted new legislation (1869) setting the number at nine, where
it has remained ever since. In the 1930s President Franklin D.
Roosevelt asked Congress to consider legislation (which it
subsequently rejected) that would have allowed the president to
appoint an additional justice for each member of the court aged
70 years or older who refused to retire.

The Old Supreme Court Chamber, where the court sat from 1810 to 1860.
Franz Jantzen/Supreme Court of the United States

According to the Constitution, appointments to the Supreme

Court and to the lower federal courts are made by the president
with the advice and consent of the Senate, though presidents have
rarely consulted the Senate before making a nomination. The
Senate Judiciary Committee ordinarily conducts hearings on
nominations to the Supreme Court, and a simple majority of the
full Senate is required for con rmation. When the position of chief
justice is vacant, the president may appoint a chief justice from
outside the court or elevate an associate justice to the position. In
either case a simple majority of the Senate must approve the
appointment. Members of the Supreme Court are appointed for
life terms, though they may be expelled if they are impeached by
the House of Representatives and convicted in the Senate. Only
one justice has been impeached, Samuel Chase, who was
acquitted in 1805. In 1969 Abe Fortas resigned under threat of
impeachment for alleged nancial improprieties unrelated to his
duties on the court.

U.S. Supreme Court

The U.S. Supreme Court as it was constituted in 2009, with (left to right) Associate Justice
Anthony Kennedy, Associate Justice Samuel A. Alito, Jr., Associate Justice John Paul Stevens,
Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr., Associate Justice
Stephen G. Breyer, Associate Justice Antonin Scalia, Associate Justice Sonia Sotomayor, and
Associate Justice Clarence Thomas.
Mark Wilson/Getty Images

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The federal judicial system originally comprised only trial courts of

original jurisdiction and the Supreme Court. As the country grew
in size, and in the absence of intermediate appellate courts, the
volume of cases awaiting review increased, and delity to Supreme
Court precedents varied signi cantly among the lower courts. To
remedy this problem, Congress passed the Circuit Court of Appeals
Act (1891), which established nine intermediate courts with nal
authority over appeals from federal district courts, except when
the case in question was of exceptional public importance. The
Judiciary Act of 1925 (popularly known as the Judges’ Bill), which
was sponsored by the court itself, carried the reforms farther,
greatly limiting obligatory jurisdiction (which required the
Supreme Court to review a case) and expanding the classes of
cases that the court could accept at its own discretion through the
issue of a writ of certiorari. Further changes were enacted in 1988,
when Congress passed legislation that required the Supreme
Court to hear appeals of cases involving legislative
reapportionment and federal civil rights and antitrust laws.
Currently, there are 12 geographic judicial circuits and a court of
appeals for the federal circuit, located in Washington, D.C. Roughly
98 percent of federal cases end with a decision by one of the lower
appellate courts.


The Supreme Court: The United States Court System
Learn how appeals arrive at the U.S. Supreme Court.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

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