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दै िनक सामियक अिभज्ञता सेवा 
 
 
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Vol. 44   No. 99 22 May 2019  
 
 
 
 

 
 
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 Wed, 22 May 2019

Implications of India’s Nirbhay

Missile test - Pak writer
India has always exhibitied hegemonic tendencies and sought to dominate the South Asian region.
It also entertains amibitions to become one of the major powers in the region and beyond. Driven by
its designs for regional and global hegemony, India has set up severl missile development
programmes. On April 15, it carried out a successful test of its indigenously developed long range sub
sonic stealth cruise missile Nirbhay which is capable of reaching its target with a speed of 864.36
kilometres per hour flying at an altitude of 100 metres.
The Nirbhay has been developed by the Defence Research and Development Organization of India.
Its operational range is 1,000 kilometres and it is guided by an indigenously developed advanced
inertial navigation system. The INS allows Nirbhay to be fairly accurate.
The missile is designed to carry nuclear or conventional warheads of 300 kilogram to 400 kilogram.
According to the Indian Ministry of Defence, the test was conducted to prove the repeatability of both
the boost phase and the cruise phase using way point navigation at very low altitudes.
It was reported to have hit the designated target following 42 minutes and 23 seconds in flight.
Nirbhay can be launched from diverse platforms including aircraft, ground-based vehicles or
launchers, ships and submarines. The DRDO is on course to test an air-launched version of Nirbhay in
2 to 3 years.
Nirbhay missiles can fly at various altitudes, mostly ranging from 500 metres to 4 kilometres above
the ground. The low altitude flight reduces the chances of detection by the adversary radar system. The
cruise missile comes with a loitering ability which means that it can go around a target and perform
several maneuvers before re-engaging the target. In other words, once the missile is above the target
and put on a ‘loiter’ pattern, the launch in charge can decide to strike or allow it to self-destruct.
The missile has the capability to enter deep into adversary territory area and engage targets with
high precision. The April test is the second successful flight of Nirbhay since November 2017. India
started the Nirbhay programme in 2004. It was initially meant to be completed in 2016 but some
technological issues (flight control software and navigation system) deleyed the project. Before the
2017 test, therre were four unsuccessful trials. India can use Nirbhay to target military targets in
enemy territory with little collateral damage.
An important aspect of the test is its timing. The trial comes in an environment of high tensions
between India and Pakistan. Polling in the general elections is already under way. Preemption is a core
element of Indian joint armed forces doctrine of 2017 and land warfare doctrine of 2018. The Nirbhay
missile allows for the possibility of a limited war with Pakistan. Pakistan’s subsonic cruise missile,
Babur, is compatible with Nirbhay.
The test has aggravated the crisis between the two nuclear armed states. It is the latest in a series of
weapon developemnt projects including anti-satellite ballistic missile, Electronic Management
Intelligence Satellite and the Dhanush artillery gun. These developments point to an Indian bid to
further escalate the military tensions with Pakistan.
Meanwhile the Indian political elite led by Prime Minister Modi is trying to exploit hatred against
Pakistan for electoral gain. The test also indicates that India is trying to enhance its first strike
capability vis-à-vis Pakistan thus abandoning the ‘no first use’ policy.
In the South Asian context, the rivalry between India and Pakistan has played a crucial role in
shaping security dynamics of the region. Pakistan’s major security threats emerge from India.
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 Its nuclear weapons and missile programmes are meant to provide deterrence against India. Nirbhay
can destabilize the strategic equilibrium in South Asia and be a hurdle to any peace initiative in the
region. Such developments can trigger a cruise missiles race between India and Pakistan.
http://www.defencenews.in/article/Implications-of-India%E2%80%99s-Nirbhay-Missile-Test---Pak-
Writer-584814

Wed, 22 May 2019

As India focuses on defence exports,

GRSE looks to engage customers
GRSE, which recently delivered the 100th warship to be constructed here,
has constituted special teams for its overseas efforts
By Manu Pubby
Kolkata: As India is focusing on stepping up defence exports, premier defence shipyard Garden
Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers GRSE is looking to engage customers in the region and has been in
conversation with nations such as the Philippines for major potential orders in the near future.
GRSE, which recently delivered the 100th warship to be
constructed here, has constituted special teams for its overseas
efforts and is pursuing an order for two new corvettes that are
required by the Philippines as part of a competitive selection
process. “There is a lot of thrust on exports and we are
approaching friendly foreign countries in the South East region,
in west Asia and Latin American countries. Discussions are on
and our teams have been going to meet customers,” GRSE's
CMD Rear Admiral Vipin Kumar Saxena (Retd) told ET. The
yard, which constructed the first ever warship exported by India,
the MCG Barracuda to Mauritius, says that it will be
competitive with global players as it has the experience of
delivering different classes of ships to the Indian Navy and coast
guard and has won domestic orders in competitive bidding.
“Our aspiration is to be a global player. We have the
capability and the experience. At the same time, there is huge
potential here when it comes to the Navy and coast guard. The
maritime perspective plan for 2027 aspires for a potent blue
water force and a fleet that will grow to 200-odd ships,” the
CMD says.
The shipyard’s plans are in line with renewed efforts of the
government to increase exports by effective utilisation of the
defence lines of credit extended to friendly foreign countries. In
April, the ministry finalised the standing operation procedure to enhance the pace of utilisation of the
lines of credit to boost exports.India has announced lines of credit to nations like Vietnam and
Myanmar in the recent past. For starters, the SOPs have been laid down for defence public sector units
but will later be extended to the private sector as well that are looking at the export market.
On the domestic front, GRSE, which went public late last year, is on a strong footing, with as many
as eight warships delivered in a span of 22 months. Its order book remains strong with the recent anti-
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submarine warfare shallow water craft deal signed with the navy for Rs 6311 crore. The order was
won on a competitive basis against the private sector yards.
GRSE says that it managed to underbid more modern private yards due to its experience in cost
determination. “In 34 months, we would have delivered almost 15 ships, that is the speed we are
looking it. Our biggest thrust has been to come out of the earlier mindset – in terms of build time and
more and we have come a long way,” Rear Admiral Saxena says.
The yard currently has six ongoing projects and believes it is strongly placed for upcoming orders
such as the Next Generation Missile Vessels requirement of the Indian Navy.
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/as-india-focuses-on-defence-exports-grse-looks-
to-engage-customers/articleshow/69437281.cms

Wed, 22 May 2019

Exclusive: 12 seconds after launch,

IAF missile destroyed its own Chopper
Indian Air Force sources have said there was never any doubt on the outcome of
the launch of a SPYDER missile on February 27 from the Srinagar air base
By Vishnu Som
New Delhi: The Indian Air Force's inquiry into the accidental shoot down of its own Mi-17 chopper
on February 27 will be over within 20 days. The summary of evidence will be presented immediately
afterwards and those responsible for the death of 6 IAF personnel onboard the chopper and a civilian
on the ground may be charged with culpable homicide not amounting to murder as specified by
military law under the Air Force Act 1950.
Sources in the Indian Air Force have told NDTV that there
was never any doubt on the outcome of the launch of an Israeli-
made SPYDER surface-to-air missile on February 27 from the
Srinagar air base. The investigation has taken time because the
IAF is determined to apportion blame for this incident.
IAF sources have indicated to NDTV that the entire shoot-
down sequence from the moment the missile was launched to
the moment of impact lasted approximately 12 seconds. The
Mi-17 helicopter had no means of knowing it was under attack.
NDTV has also learned of the likely sequence of events
which resulted in an incorrect decision to launch the surface-to-
air missile.
Between 10 and 10:30 am on the morning of February 27, eight Indian Air Force fighters were
vectored to intercept upto 24 Pakistan Air Force fighters including a group of F-16s which crossed the
Line of Control and fired weapons in the direction of Indian Army positions along the Line of Control
in Jammu and Kashmir.
With an active air battle raging on the West, air defences across Kashmir were on the highest state
of alert with surface-to-air missile units on alert and ready to engage any Pakistani aircraft which made
an incursion.

3
 It was at this same time that air defence radars at Srinagar airport picked up a low flying aircraft on
their screens. The senior officer manning the post of Terminal Weapons Director (TWD) at the time
was likely the Chief Operations Officer of the Air Base.
This officer may have given the final order to fire after the helicopter, designated a slow flying
target, could not be identified through a critical system called the Identification, Friend or Foe (IFF)
transponder.
IFF systems onboard an aircraft listen for an ''interrogation signal'' from the ground and then
respond with a unique signal which identifies it as a ''friendly.'' The system is specifically designed to
ensure that friendly-fire incidents are avoided during the heat of battle. It is unclear if the IAF
helicopter's IFF was switched off or was not functioning at the time when it was shot down.
Sources have indicated to NDTV that a series of additional steps may not have been followed in the
moments prior to the launch of the Spyder surface-to-air missile. The role of the Indian Air Force's Air
Traffic Control at Srinagar airbase is also being looked at very closely by the Court of Inquiry. ATC
maintains a flight plan of all aircraft that have taken off or are expected at the air base.
It is unclear whether the Terminal Weapons Director inquired and was told by the ATC that no
friendly aircraft were flying in the area. It is equally unclear why details of the movement of the Mi-17
helicopter were not available with the officer in the first place.
Moments later, the order to launch was passed on to the SPYDER surface-to-air missile unit.
Described as a short and medium range mobile air defence system, the system is among the newest
and most advanced in the Indian Air Force's arsenal. The single missile which was launched would
have quickly accelerated to Mach 4, four times the speed of sound as it sped to its target. Destruction
of the slow flying helicopter, was almost guaranteed.
Senior IAF officers have denied reports that the Court of Inquiry is considering video of the shoot
down of the Mi-17. According to sources, video showing the missile streaking towards the helicopter
exists and is a part of the body of evidence which has been presented. 'The helicopter was 6-7
kilometres away. There is no way that a camera was present to zoom into the point of impact at that
range'' say senior IAF officers.
https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/exclusive-12-seconds-after-launch-iaf-missile-destroyed-its-own-
chopper-2040762

Wed, 22 May 2019

Challenges for the new government: Emerging

threats and modernisation, say experts
Also, National security architecture- CDS as given in the 2014 manifesto; strengthen
peace and tranquillity along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China
By Huma Siddiqui
From an effective Pakistan policy to keep terrorism below subcritical levels, five years committed
“Roll on defence budget”, Kashmir strategy, modernisation of the armed forces are some of the critical
issues that will need to be addressed on an urgent basis by the new government.
Experts sharing their views with the Financial Express Online to deal with new challenges in the
neighbourhood as well geo-politically, there should be a full-time defence minister as that will further
streamline decision making which will be related to critical procurements of state-of-the-art equipment
as well as emerging security challenges armed forces face.
According to Lt Gen Vinod Bhatia (retd), former DGMO and Colonel of the Parachute Regiment,
the priority agenda for new government in the security domain includes a cogent and mid to long term
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Kashmir strategy to include the `4Es’: Education, employment generation, economic development and
empathy for the people.” Also, National security architecture- CDS as given in the 2014 manifesto;
strengthen peace and tranquillity along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China.
Modernisation of the armed forces a continuous process needs impetus.
Bhatia suggests inclusive defence reforms to revamp structures and organisations like Defence
Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Ordnance Factory Board (OFB), Directorate
General Quality Assurance (DGQA) and others with the aim of achieving self-reliance in defence
manufacturing and cut down imports.
Says Air Marshal Nirdosh Tyagi (retd), former Deputy Chief of Air Staff, “Issues including the
defence budget, indigenisation, modernisation and procurement for the armed forces need to be
addressed on urgent basis. The defence budget will need to have a re-look as the interim budget
reduced defence budget in real terms. New govt will need time to get going. This means half year lost
for modernization. Modernization budget should be enhanced adequately so that new schemes can be
contracted after meeting committed liabilities.”
Make in India: Due to the changing security situations in the region, modernisation and
indigenisation are critical for the armed forces who despite the fast-tracking of certain systems
continue to wait for the state-of-the-art weapons system. While concerted effort is required for Make
in India to make an impact in the defence sector, large value weapon systems will have to be inducted
through import route in foreseeable future.
“Capability to produce defence equipment in India is an important strategic requirement. It results
in cost savings, employment generation and reduces the possibility of sanctions or denial by the
supplier nations,” points out Tyagi.
However, according to him, the budget is not the appropriate tool to encourage this. Services
require suitable equipment to be ready to meet any operational contingency. Fulfilment of such
requirements cannot be deferred to accommodate equipment which is still in the design and
development stage with an uncertain outcome. There have been many success stories in the recent
past, mainly due to the effort of DRDO. The Aakash surface to air missile has been inducted in large
numbers by the Air Force and the Army. An ecosystem has been created wherein many MSMEs
participate actively.
The Indo-Russia joint venture of BrahMos missile system has been indigenised much beyond the
level of 50%. Astra Beyond-Visual-Range air to air missile is another success story. A large number of
ground-based radars have been designed and manufactured in India. AEW&C, Light Combat Aircraft
`Tejas’ Advanced Light Helicopter `Dhruv’ and Light Combat Helicopter deserve mention here` and
in the Indian Navy, most of the ships are manufactured in India. Still, a large number of systems on the
ships are imported. Same is the case with LCA, ALH and LCH. “India has a long way to go in self
reliance because we do not manufacture wide range components and devices for electronic systems,”
he points out.
According to Tyagi, “Materials are another weak area. The design capability for aviation systems is
also not very strong. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) has not been able to design and produce
Intermediate Jet Trainer despite making claims to this effect over 10 years back. They are also
struggling with Basic Trainer aircraft.” he public sector has failed to progress beyond licensed
production. Private sector participation needs to be encouraged much more than what has been done so
far. He adds, “Most pressing issue for the IAF is dwindling fighter strength. Tender for 114 fighters
must be released on priority. The government must encourage private sector participation by finalizing
Strategic Partners for various sectors.
https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/challenges-for-the-new-government-emerging-threats-and-
modernisation-say-experts/1584832/

5
 Wed, 22 May 2019

Months after Balakot strike, India

launches 'Cloud-Proof' Spy Satellite
India launched a new "spy satellite" capable of keeping a lookout from space even in cloudy
conditions, leaving no room for doubt the next time its armed forces conduct an operation such as the
Balakot air strike earlier this year.
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) used its Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle to launch
the 615-kg RISAT-2B satellite - capable of clear viewing during the day, night and even under adverse
weather conditions - at 5:30 am on Wednesday. The special radar-enabled satellite will be placed at a
low earth 557-kilometre orbit, a suitable level for detecting hostile installations as well as monitoring
agriculture, forestry and possible disaster zones. The space agency is yet to release details or
photographs of the satellite, considering that it is meant for strategic needs.
The Indian Air Force (IAF) had sent Mirage 2000 fighter jets to strike a military training camp in
Balakot, deep inside Pakistan territory, on the morning of February 26. Some experts have speculated
that heavy cloud cover at the time could have blinded Indian satellites, resulting in no images or
videos of the operation being released so far. The lack of "proof" even spurred some opposition
leaders to question the actual impact of the air strike.
Now, with a new set of radar-enabled satellites at its disposal, the space agency hopes to provide
India's armed forces with the ability to keep track of activities across its eastern and western borders.
Although the country also has high-resolution optical imaging CartoSAT satellites, they get blinded by
dense cloud cover. Moreover, their imaging resolution was possibly not good enough to make an
accurate damage assessment after the IAF strike in Balakot.
The RISAT-2B, a satellite created at the Space Applications Centre in Ahmedabad, is equipped
with a special X-band radar capable of providing much better images. This is the first time India is
launching indigenous technology of the kind into space.
Two previous radar-enabled satellites launched by India into space were the RISAT-1 and RISAT-
2, the latter being an acquisition from Israel. The RISAT-1, a C-band radar imaging satellite, was not
available for recording the impact of the Balakot strikes because it was declared dead in 2017.
However, there is no clarity on why images from the RISAT-2 - a tiny 300 kg satellite with an X-band
radar launched in the wake of the 2008 Mumbai attacks - have not been released.
Incidentally, Pakistan had launched the PAKTES-1A satellite - also supposed to be an X-band
radar-enabled satellite - using a Chinese Long March rocket on July 9 last year.
The RISAT-2B has a mission life of five years, and if all goes well, two clones (RISAT-BR1 and
RISAT-2BR2) will be launched in the coming months. Some of these launches have been advanced by
as many as 18 months, reliable sources in the ISRO confirmed.
http://www.defencenews.in/article/Months-After-Balakot-Strike,-India-Launches-Cloud-Proof-Spy-
Satellite-584807

6
 Wed, 22 May 2019

The world's fastest Cruise Missile is on sale!

For years, India has bought weapons from other nations. In fact, by one estimate, it was the world’s
biggest arms importer between 1950 and 2017.
But while it may be a morally dubious honor, it is a sign of India’s growing strength that it may
become an arms exporter. And not of low-tech weapons like rifles, but sophisticated guided missiles.
An Indian defense official said India may begin exporting BrahMos cruise missile to several Asian
and Middle Eastern nations later this year, according to Economic Times.
"A number of South East Asian countries are ready to buy our missiles,” Commodore S K Iyer, a
manager at BrahMos Aerospace, said at the IMDEX Asia 2019 defense trade show. “It will be our first
export and we have received increasing interest in the missiles from the Gulf countries.”
There have been reports for several years that Vietnam was interested in the BrahMos, according to
India’s Economic Times. “Apart from Vietnam, several other Southeast Asian countries, including
Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia have evinced interest in purchasing BrahMos missiles.”
BrahMos is an Indian missile...sort of. It’s actually a joint venture between India and Russia, with
the latter having far more experience in missile design (“Brahmos” is actually a melding of the names
of India’s Brahmaputra River and Russia’s Moskva River). It is derived from the shorter-ranged
Russian P-800 supersonic cruise missile.
BrahMos is a supersonic, Mach 3 weapon that is considered the world’s fastest cruise missile. It can
be launched from land-based launchers and surface ships. In 2013, it was test-fired from a submarine.
In 2018, India launched a BrahMos from a Su-30 fighter, with more tests planned for later this year.
However, plans for an improved BrahMos II appear to have stalled.
BrahMos has a range of 200 to 250 miles, though there are plans to boost the range to 300 miles.
The missile can skim low above the ground or water, using inertial and GPS guidance to navigate to,
and home in on, its target.
Still, there are several questions about BrahMos exports and about the missile itself. “Last year,
Indian Defense Minister Nirmala Sitharaman had stated a number of crucial issues required to be
addressed before exporting what has been touted as the world's deadliest missile system,” noted the
Economic Times.
In addition, there are fiscal considerations with potential buyers. “It is believed that cost negotiation
has been taking time as slower economic growths have put budgetary constraints on acquiring viable,
cost-effective defense equipment to these nations,” the Economic Times said.
A more interesting question is endemic to any multinational joint venture: Who decides which
countries to export, and more importantly, who not to export to? The Indian official who announced
the BrahMos exports “did not clarify if Russia agreed to export the missile to south Asian nations like
Vietnam, considered a rival to China.”
However, Russia’s Sputnik News took care to note that another Indian official told India’s
Financial Times that Russia had no objection to exporting BrahMos to friendly nations. Vietnam has
been a Russian friend since the Cold War, and a Chinese enemy since a Sino-Vietnamese border war
in 1979. India and China are also rivals, while Moscow and Beijing have put aside their Cold War
quarrels – for now – and have economic and defense ties. Which still leaves the question of whether
Beijing could object to BrahMos in Vietnamese hands.
http://www.defencenews.in/article/The-Worlds-Fastest-Cruise-Missile-is-on-SALE-!--584803

7
 Wed, 22 May 2019

Tech Mahindra signs Rs 300 crore

defence contract with Indian Navy
Tech Mahindra today announced its biggest defence order worth over Rs 300 crore with the Indian
Navy. As part of the ‘Armed Forces Secure Access Card’ (AFSAC) Project, Tech Mahindra will
implement RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) based Access Control System across all naval bases
and ships.
The new AFSAC Card will replace the existing paper based Identity Card for all Navy personnel
including dependents and ex-servicemen. Using the CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration)
level 5 processes, Tech Mahindra will develop a secure application to manage the access control
devices, network devices and the AFSAC Card through a data center. Scheduled to be implemented
over the next two years, the project will ensure smooth issuance, handling, administration,
management and life cycle support of AFSAC Cards on turnkey basis.
Sujit Baksi, President, India Business & Corporate Affairs, Tech Mahindra, said, “Tech Mahindra
has shown renewed focus in the India market with key wins in the recent past like - Coal India, India
Ports Association, Kanpur Smart City, to name a few. This order further cements our role as one of the
leading system integrators globally. With our proven expertise in tech enablement and digital
transformation, we look forward to collaborating with the Indian Navy in ramping up the national
security infrastructure.”
Commodore Atul Kumar, Project Director, Indian Navy, said, “The security of Indian Naval
establishments against unauthorized access, is a thrust area and the AFSAC Project will be an
important step towards achieving this aim; with a combination of cutting edge technology and
professional execution. We look forward to collaborating with Tech Mahindra in this path-breaking
endeavour.”
http://www.defencenews.in/article/Tech-Mahindra-signs-Rs-300-crore-defence-contract-with-Indian-
Navy-584802

Wed, 22 May 2019

Indian Army in hunt for 12,000

telescopic sights for Assault Rifles
The Indian Army jawan on the Line of Control (LoC), constantly threatened by Pakistani
sharpshooters, will now fight fire with fire. A proposal for the purchase of nearly 12,000 telescopic
sights for new assault rifles is likely to be cleared by a high-level committee very shortly.
These telescopic sights will be fitted onto the new generation Sig Sauer assault rifles that India
wants. A contract for 72,000 rifles have already been signed and the delivery is likely within a year.
These 7.62 x 51mm sights will cost about Rs 170 crore.
The purchase of the sights comes in the wake of reports of Pakistani jihadis being given sniper
training.

8
 The new rifles and the telescopic sights are expected to be an effective counter. Besides the sights,
50 Field Artillery tractors are also likely to be bought, to add to the 100 already acquired and also, for
the Indian Air Force (IAF) crypto modules for its Software Design Radios.
http://www.defencenews.in/article/Indian-Army-in-hunt-for-12,000-telescopic-sights-for-assault-rifles-
584801

Wed, 22 May 2019

PSLV-C46/Risat-2B mission a success, ISRO places

radar imaging earth observation satellite in orbit
By Tejonmayam
Chennai: Eight years after launching the last satellite in the Risat series, the Indian Space Research
Organisation (Isro) began the expansion of its radar imaging satellite fleet in space with the successful
launch of Risat-2B onboard a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) on Wednesday morning. Risat
uses synthetic aperture radar to provide all-weather surveillance.
PSLV-C46 carrying Risat 2B -- which weighs 615kg -- lifted off from the first launch pad at Satish
Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota at 5.30am, as scheduled. It was the 48th flight of PSLV and the
14th flight in 'core-alone' configuration where solid strap-on motors were not used. It was the third
launch by Isro in 2019.
Around 15 minutes after the lift-off, the four-stage rocket
successfully placed the satellite in a 555km circular orbit. Isro
chairman K Sivan said, “PSLV-C46 placed Risat-2B in a
precise orbit of 555km with a 37-degree inclination. ”
He said mission carried an indigenously made Vikram
processor, made by Semi-Conductor Laboratory, and a low cost
aided navigation system. Director of Vikram Sarabhai Space
Centre S Somanath said the Vikram processor would become
the workhorse for all computers in the future missions.
With a mission life of five years, the radar imaging earth
observation satellite with its X-band radar, will provide
services in the fields of agriculture, forestry and disaster
management support.
It will have military applications, as well. Unlike the usual
remote sensing and optical imaging satellites, a radar imaging satellite can penetrate through thick
cloud cover and identify hidden objects on the ground. U R Rao Satellite Centre director P
Kunhikrishnan said Risat-2B carried a 3.6-metre unfoldable and deployable radial rib antenna.
With this mission, PSLV also achieved a record of lofting 50 tonnes of payload into space by
placing more than 350 satellites, Sivan said
Risat series: The first satellite in the Risat series -- Risat 2 --was launched on April 20, 2009. The
300kg satellite used an X-band synthetic aperture radar sensor made by Israel Aerospace Industries.
Risat-1 launch was postponed to prioritise the launch of Risat-2 after the 2008 Mumbai terror attack.
Risat-1, an indigenously developed radar imaging satellite, was launched on April 26, 2012. All these
satellites had a five-year mission life.
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pslv-c46/risat-2b-mission-a-success-isro-places-radar-
imaging-earth-observation-satellite-in-orbit/articleshow/69436939.cms