Computational Mathematics with Python
Unit 1: Getting Started
Numerical Analysis, Lund University
Lecturers: Claus Führer, Alexandros Sopasakis
2015
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Introduction and Motivation
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Why Python?
Python is. . .
I Free and open source
I It is a scripting language - an interpreted not a compiled language
I It is object oriented with modern exception handling, dynamic
typing etc.
I It has plenty of libraries among others the scientific ones: linear
algebra; visualisation tools: plotting, image analysis; differential
equations solving; symbolic computations; statistics ; etc.
I It has possible usages: Scientific computing, scripting, web sites,
text parsing, data mining, ...
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Python vs language XX
Java, C++ Object oriented compiled languages. Very limited
and extremely verbose. Low level compared to
Python. Few scientific libraries.
C, FORTRAN Very low level compiled language. Useful in some
CPU critical situations.
php, ruby Other interpreted languages. PHP is web oriented.
Ruby is as flexible as Python but has no scientific
library.
MATLAB Tool for matrix computation that evolved for
scientific computing. The scientific library is huge
but it is not a programming language. Commercial
product, not free.
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Premisses
I We work with a Python version ≥ 3.0.
I We use an IPython shell
I We start our programs with the line
from scipy import *
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Examples
Python may be used in interactive mode
(executed in an IPython shell)
In [ 2 ] : x = 3
In [ 3 ] : y = 5
In [ 4 ] : print ( x + y )
8
Note:
In [ 2 ] :
is the prompt string of the IPython shell. It counts the
statements. In the more basic Python shell the prompt string is
> > >.
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Examples: Linear Algebra
Let us solve " # " #
1 2 2
·x =
3 4 1
In [ 5 ] : from scipy . linalg import solve
In [ 6 ] : M = array ( [ [ 1 . , 2 . ] ,
[3., 4.]])
In [ 7 ] : V = array ( [ 2 . , 1 . ] )
In [ 8 ] : x = solve (M , V )
In [ 9 ] : print ( x )
[-3. 2.5]
Note: A line can be continued on the next line without any
continuation symbol as long as parantheses or brackets are not
closed.
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More examples
Computing eiπ and 2100 :
In [ 10 ] : print ( exp ( 1j * pi ) ) # should return -1
( - 1 + 1 . 22460635382e - 16j )
In [ 11 ] : print ( 2 ** 100 )
1267650600228229401496703205376
Note: Everting following # is treated as a comment.
P∞ 1 π2
Computing ζ(x) = k=1 k x with ζ(2) = 6 gives
In [ 12 ] : import scipy . special
In [ 13 ] : scipy . special . zeta ( 2 . , 1 ) # x = 2
1 . 6449340668482266
In [ 14 ] : pi ** 2 / 6
1 . 6449340668482264
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Concepts: Datatypes and Variables
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Numbers
A number may be an integer, a real number or a complex number.
The usual operations are
I + and - addition and substraction
I * and / multiplication and division
I ** power
2 ** ( 2 + 2 ) # 16
1j ** 2 # -1
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Strings
Strings are “lists” of characters, enclosed by simple or double
quotes:
’ valid string ’
" string with double quotes "
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Strings
Strings are “lists” of characters, enclosed by simple or double
quotes:
’ valid string ’
" string with double quotes "
You may also use triple quotes for strings including multiple lines:
""" This is
a long ,
long string """
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Variable
Variables
A variable is a reference to an object. An object may have several
references. One uses the assignment operator = to assign a value
to a variable.
Example
x = [3 , 4 ] # a list object is created
y = x # this object is now referenced by x and by y
del x # we delete one of the references
del y # all references are deleted : the object is
deleted
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Concept: Lists
Lists
A Python list is an ordered list of objects, enclosed in square
brackets. One accesses elements of a list using zero-based indices
inside square brackets.
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List Examples
Example
L1 = [1 , 2 ]
L1 [ 0 ] # 1
L1 [ 1 ] # 2
L1 [ 2 ] # raises IndexError
L2 = [ ’a ’ , 1 , [3 , 4 ] ]
L2 [ 0 ] # ’a ’
L2 [ 2 ] [ 0 ] # 3
L2 [ - 1 ] # last element : [3 , 4 ]
L2 [ - 2 ] # second to last : 1
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List Utilities
I range(n) can be used to fill list with n elements, starting
with zero:
list ( range ( 5 ) ) # [0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]
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List Utilities
I range(n) can be used to fill list with n elements, starting
with zero:
list ( range ( 5 ) ) # [0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]
I len(L) gives the length of a list:
len ( [ ’a ’ , 1 , 2 , 34 ] ) # returns 4
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List Utilities
I range(n) can be used to fill list with n elements, starting
with zero:
list ( range ( 5 ) ) # [0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]
I len(L) gives the length of a list:
len ( [ ’a ’ , 1 , 2 , 34 ] ) # returns 4
I Use append to append an element to a list:
L = [ ’a ’ , ’b ’ , ’c ’]
L [ - 1 ] # ’c ’
L . append ( ’d ’)
L # L is now [ ’ a ’, ’b ’, ’c ’, ’d ’]
L [ - 1 ] # ’d ’
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List Comprehension
A convenient way to build up lists is to use the list comprehension
construct, possibly with a conditional inside.
Definition
The syntax of a list comprehension is
[ < expr > for < variable > in < list > ]
Example
L = [2 , 3 , 10 , 1 , 5 ]
L2 = [ x * 2 for x in L ] # [4 , 6 , 20 , 2 , 10 ]
L3 = [ x * 2 for x in L if 4 < x < = 10 ] # [ 20 , 10 ]
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List Comprehension in Mathematics
Mathematical Notation
This is very close to the mathematical notation for sets. Compare:
L2 = {2x; x ∈ L}
and
L2 = [ 2 * x for x in L ]
One big difference though is that lists are ordered while sets aren’t.
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Operations on Lists
I Adding two lists concatenates (sammanfogar) them:
L1 = [1 , 2 ]
L2 = [3 , 4 ]
L = L1 + L2 # [1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]
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Operations on Lists
I Adding two lists concatenates (sammanfogar) them:
L1 = [1 , 2 ]
L2 = [3 , 4 ]
L = L1 + L2 # [1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]
I Logically, multiplying a list with an integer concatenates the
list with itself several times: n*L is equivalent to
L
|
+L+ {z
· · · + L}.
n times
L = [1 , 2 ]
3 * L # [1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 ]
(To multiply each element by c, we use arrays instead of lists.)
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for loops
for loop
A for loop allows to loop through a list using an index variable.
This variable takes succesively the values of the elements in the list.
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for loops
for loop
A for loop allows to loop through a list using an index variable.
This variable takes succesively the values of the elements in the list.
Example
L = [1 , 2 , 10 ]
for s in L :
print ( s * 2 ) # output : 2 4 20
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Repeating a Task
One typical use of the for loop is to repeat a certain task a fixed
number of times:
n = 30
for i in range ( n ) :
do_something # this gets executed n times
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Indentation
The part to be repeated in the for loop has to be properly indented:
for elt in my_list :
do_something ()
something_else ()
etc
print ( " loop finished " ) # outside the for block
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Indentation
The part to be repeated in the for loop has to be properly indented:
for elt in my_list :
do_something ()
something_else ()
etc
print ( " loop finished " ) # outside the for block
Note: In contrast to other programming languages, the indentation
in Python is mandatory.
Many other kinds of Python structures also have to be indented,
we will cover this when introducing them.
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Practical Information
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How to run a piece of code
There are two phases in Python programming:
1. Writing the code
2. Executing (running) it
For Task 2, one needs to give the code to the Python interpreter
which reads the code and figures out what to do with it.
Short snippets of code can be written directly in the interpreter
and executed interactively. We use the interpreter IPython which
has extra features.
For writing a larger program, one generally uses a text editor which
can highlight code in a good way.
There are also development suites which bundle the interpreter,
editor and other things into the same program.
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Spyder
Example of a development environment, Spyder
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On our computers
The computers in the computer room should have Python and
Spyder installed under Windows.
You should set up Spyder according to the instructions at
http://www.maths.lth.se/na/nahelp/
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On your computer
To install Python and additional necessary libraries for this course,
follow the instructions at
http://www.maths.lth.se/na/nahelp/
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IPython
IPython is an enhanced Python interpreter.
You can launch it as a stand-alone application, but it is also
embedded in Spyder.
Some notes on usage:
I To execute the contents of a file named myscript.py just
write run myscript in IPython or use the green "run" arrow
in the Spyder toolbar.
I Use the arrow keys to visit previous commands
and
I Use the tabulation key to auto-complete commands
and names
I To get help on an object just type ? after it and then return
I When you want to quit, write exit()
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