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    Prostate Cancer

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    SharmeenKeerio
    Prostate cancer begins when cells in the prostate gland grow uncontrollably. It is the most common cancer in men in the United States aside from skin cancer. Symptoms can include problems with urination or pain in the bones. While some prostate cancers grow slowly, others are more aggressive and can spread outside the prostate gland. Risk factors include age, family history, and race. Diagnosis involves tests such as a PSA test and biopsy. Lifestyle changes may help reduce risk and early detection improves survival rates.

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    Prostate Cancer

    Uploaded by

    SharmeenKeerio
    49 views4 pages
    Prostate cancer begins when cells in the prostate gland grow uncontrollably. It is the most common cancer in men in the United States aside from skin cancer. Symptoms can include problems with urination or pain in the bones. While some prostate cancers grow slowly, others are more aggressive and can spread outside the prostate gland. Risk factors include age, family history, and race. Diagnosis involves tests such as a PSA test and biopsy. Lifestyle changes may help reduce risk and early detection improves survival rates.

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    Prostate cancer begins when cells in the prostate gland grow uncontrollably. It is the most common cancer in men in the United States aside from skin cancer. Symptoms can include problems with urination or pain in the bones. While some prostate cancers grow slowly, others are more aggressive and can spread outside the prostate gland. Risk factors include age, family history, and race. Diagnosis involves tests such as a PSA test and biopsy. Lifestyle changes may help reduce risk and early detection improves survival rates.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    49 views4 pages

    Prostate Cancer

    Uploaded by

    SharmeenKeerio
    Prostate cancer begins when cells in the prostate gland grow uncontrollably. It is the most common cancer in men in the United States aside from skin cancer. Symptoms can include problems with urination or pain in the bones. While some prostate cancers grow slowly, others are more aggressive and can spread outside the prostate gland. Risk factors include age, family history, and race. Diagnosis involves tests such as a PSA test and biopsy. Lifestyle changes may help reduce risk and early detection improves survival rates.

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    Prostate Cancer

    Introduction
    Cancer starts when cells in the body begin to grow out of control. Cells in nearly any part
    of the body can become cancer cells and can spread to other areas of the body. In most
    developing countries, prostate cancer is the second most leading cause of death in men
    [1]. Prostate cancer begins when cells in the prostate gland start to grow uncontrollably
    (malignant). The prostate is the walnut-sized gland in men reproductive system, located
    just below the bladder and in front of the rectum, surrounding the urethra – the tube that
    carries urine out of the bladder. Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer found
    in men in the United State, aside from skin cancer, and often begins without symptoms.
    In 2018, the American Cancer Society estimates that 164,690 men will be newly
    diagnosed with prostate cancer, 29,430 will die from the disease and 1 in every 9 men
    will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during their lifetimes. Prostate cancer can be slow
    growing, such that many men die of other diseases before prostate cancer causes
    significant problems. However, many prostate cancers are more aggressive and can
    spread outside the confines of the prostate gland, which can be deadly, figure 1 illustrates
    the normal prostate gland and a prostate with a tumor. The prostate cancer survival rate
    is greatly improved with early detection and personalized treatment [2].

    Figure 1 Normal and a Tumor Prostate Gland

    1
    Prostate Cancer Effects
    Prostate cancer affects the prostate gland, the gland that produces some of the fluid in
    semen and plays a role in urine control and involved in regulating bladder control. If
    symptoms appear, they include problems with urination, for example, frequent urges to
    urinate especially at nighttime, difficulty in commencing and maintaining urination,
    blood in the urine, painful urination and less commonly ejaculation. If prostate cancer
    reaches on its advanced stage then it can affect a person in such a way that he will feel
    pain in his bones, often in the spine, femur, pelvis, or ribs, and it causes bone fractures.
    If cancer spreads to the spine and compresses the spinal cord then there may be a leg
    weakness, urinary and fecal incontinence found in the men. As the prostate is directly
    involved with sexual reproduction, removing it affects semen production and fertility [3].

    Development of Prostate Cancer Cells


    Prostate cancer is comprised nearly always of adenocarcinoma cells, cells that arise from
    glandular tissue. Cancer cells are named according to the organ in which they originate
    no matter where in the body we find such cells. Thus, if prostate cancer cells spread in
    the body to the bones, it is not then called bone cancer. It is prostate cancer metastatic to
    the bones. Metastasis is the process of cancer spread through the blood or lymphatic
    system to other organs/areas throughout the body [4]. Prostate cancer more commonly
    metastasizes to lymph nodes in the pelvis and to the bones. The exact causes of prostate
    cancer are not known. Several risk factors for developing prostate cancer have been
    identified, but which of these risk factors cause a prostate cell to become cancerous is not
    fully known. For cancer to develop, changes must occur in the chemicals that make up
    the DNA, which makes up the genes in the cell. The genes control how the cell works,
    for example, how quickly the cell grows, divides into new cells, and dies, as well as
    correcting any mistakes that occur in the DNA of the cell to keep the cell working
    normally. Cancer occurs when certain genes that either control the growth or death of the
    cell are affected, which results in abnormal cell growth and/or death [5]. Genes are
    inherited (passed on from parents to their children) and thus some changes in the genes
    (gene mutations) that increase the risk of developing cancer may be inherited. For
    prostate cancer, approximately 5%-10% of prostate cancers are due to inherited gene
    changes. Gene changes may also be acquired (develop during your life). These changes
    are not passed on to children. Such changes may occur when a cell normally undergoes
    growth and division. It is thought that at times during normal cell growth, risk factors
    may affect the DNA of the cell.

    Symptoms of Prostate Cancer in Patients


    Unfortunately, there are not any early warning signs of prostate cancer. The growing
    tumor does not push against anything to cause pain, so for many years, the disease may
    be silent. A person can get only early symptoms if cancer grows near the tube from where
    he can urinate through called urethra and presses against it, changing the way of
    urination. Patients in prostate cancer will face an unexplained weight loss, fatigue,
    swelling in legs and pelvic area [6]. The symptoms of prostate cancer often differ from
    patient to patient. The most common first sign of recurrent prostate cancer is a rise in the
    prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level in the blood. The prostate gland produces PSA, a

    2
    protein that at an elevated level may be a sign of prostate cancer. A high PSA reading
    also may indicate noncancerous conditions such as inflammation of the prostate
    (prostatitis) and enlargement of the prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia).

    Conclusion
    Prostate cancer is a unique and controversial disease, the global burden of this disease is
    rising. Lifestyle modifications like smoking cessation, exercise and weight control offer
    opportunities to decrease the risk of developing prostate cancer [7]. There are several
    tests available to diagnose prostate cancer, prostate-specific test, a digital rectal
    examination which includes MRI scan, when the PSA test or DRE shows an abnormality,
    a biopsy is often the next step [8]. Incidence rates of prostate cancer vary more than 25-
    fold between different parts of the world, with the highest rates in Australia, New
    Zealand, Northern, and Western Europe and North America.

    3
    REFERENCES
    [1] Rodney, S., Shah, T., Patel, H. and Arya, M. (2014). Key papers in prostate
    cancer. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 14(11), pp.1379-1384.
    [2] Martínez-Bosch, N., Rodriguez-Vida, A., Juanpere, N., Lloreta, J., Rovira, A.,
    Albanell, J., Bellmunt, J. and Navarro, P. (2019). Galectins in prostate and
    bladder cancer: tumorigenic roles and clinical opportunities. Nature Reviews
    Urology.
    [3] Fleming, M., Ravula, S., Tatishchev, S. F., & Wang, H. L. (2012). Colorectal
    carcinoma: Pathologic aspects. Journal of gastrointestinal oncology, 3(3), 153–
    173. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2012.030
    [4] Cooper, G. (2000). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd ed. Sunderland (MA):
    Sinauer Associates.
    [5] Kannan, A., Kirkman, M., Ruseckaite, R. and Evans, S. (2019). Prostate care
    and prostate cancer from the perspectives of undiagnosed men: a systematic
    review of qualitative research. BMJ Open, 9(1), p.e022842.
    [6] Mazhar, D. and Waxman, J. (2002). Prostate cancer. Postgraduate Medical
    Journal, 78(924), pp.590-595.
    [7] Cuzick, J., Thorat, M. A., Andriole, G., Brawley, O. W., Brown, P. H., Culig,
    Z., … Wolk, A. (2014). Prevention and early detection of prostate cancer. The
    Lancet. Oncology, 15(11), e484–e492. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70211-6
    [8] Castillejos-Molina, R. and Gabilondo-Navarro, F. (2016). Prostate
    cancer. Salud Pública de México, 58(2), pp.279-284.

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