Improve Yourself.” Imam Hussain(AS) while(!presentationOver) { Listen(); } MADE BY ABDULLAH AMMAR 16BSCS-10 SARTAJ KHOKHAR 16BSCS-11 BILAL NIZAMANI 16BSCS-33 TANVEER KHOKHAR 16BSCS-43 What are type classes?
▶ TYPE ▶ Types are sets of values. ▶ TYPE CLASSES ▶ Type classes are the sets of types. ▶ Understand once you realize that types are sets of values and type classes are sets of types. The type integer includes value like{1,2,3} and type classes contain like float , double and integer.
*Analogue Java where classes are set of object and interface.
For determining the type of anything we use :type or :t Strange happens, if we ask for the type of 3. This say there is some type a in the type class num 3 is type a is called type variable.
This 3 belongs to every
type including integer and double.
Note: Haskell has been lazy and not commiting to a specific type.& everthing have types, even functions Have also types. We can also ask type of + Operator, since plus is infix operator.
An infix operators are sorrunded with().
Type variables
What do you think is the type of the head function? Because head takes a list of any type and returns the first element, so what could it be? Let's check
Hmmm! What is this a? Is it a type? Remember that we previously stated
that types are written in capital case, so it can't exactly be a type. Because it's not in capital case it's actually a type variable. The Need OF Type Classes
➢ Instead of using an anonymous list and tuple, we’ll often want to
construct new datatypes of our own. This allows us to add structure to the values in our programs.
➢ Defining our own types also improves the type safety of our code: Haskell will not allow us to accidentally mix values of two types that are structurally similar but have different names. How Declare Type Class Instance? Now that you know how to define typeclasses, it’s time to learn how to define instances of typeclasses. Now let’s see how we could make Color type a member of the BasicEq3 class: -- file: ch06/eqclasses.hs instance BasicEq3 Color where isEqual3 Red Red = True isEqual3 Green Green = True isEqual3 Blue Blue = True isEqual3 _ _ = False
In this case, we can use isEqual3 on any type that we declare is an instance of BasicEq3, not just this one color type. We could define equality tests for anything from numbers to graphics using the same basic pattern. this is exactly how you can make Haskell’s == operator work for your own custom types. Continue.. Note: also that the BasicEq3 class defined both isEqual3 and isNotEqual3, but we implemented only one of them in the Color instance. That’s because of the default implementation contained in BasicEq3. Since we didn’t explicitly define isNotEqual3, the compiler automatically uses the default implementation given in the BasicEq3 declaration. Built-In type Classes In Haskell, every statement is considered as a mathematical expression and the category of this expression is called as a Type. You can say that "Type" is the data type of the expression used at compile time. To learn more about the Type, we will use the ":t" command. The different Inbuilt types are: • Int • Float • Char • Bool
Note: Basic Libraries are > Data which control
Data.Char, Data.Bit, Data.Bool etc Bool type, Int, Float, Char, are all defined in the standard library.
Example :
Data means that we’re defining a new data type. The part before the = denotes the type, which is Bool. The parts after the = are value constructors. The specify the different that this type can have. The | is read as OR . So we can read this: the Bool type can have a value of True or False. Both the type name and the value constructors have to capital cased Show Type Class Show has a functionality to print its argument as a String. Whatever may be its argument, it always prints the result as a String. In the following example, we will print the entire list using this interface. "show" can be used to call this interface.
It will produce the following output on the console. Here, the double quotes indicate that it is a String type value. Read Type Class Read interface does the same thing as Show, but it won’t print the result in String format. In the following code, we have used the read interface to read a string value and convert the same into an Int value.
Here, we are passing a String variable ("12") to the readInt method which in turn returns 12 (an Int value) after conversion. Here is its output Come, Come, Whoever you are Maulana Jalaluddin Rumi
