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CELL : THE UNIT OF LIFE
CHAPTER
07
“The cause of nutrition and growth resides not in the organism as a
whole, but in the separate elementary parts — the cells.”

“THEODORE SCHWANN (1810-1882)”

INTRODUCTION

W
hen you look around, you see the diversity of living world comprising of various
organisms like microscopic bacteria to huge multicellular plants and animals. You
must have also wondered and asked yourself several times - “What is it that makes
an organism living, or what is it that an inanimate thing does not have which a living
thing has?” The answer to this is the presence of the basic unit of life--the cell in all
living organisms.
All living organisms possess life and are made up of basic unit structure called Cell.
An organisms consists of one or more cells. Accordingly there are of two types of
organisms:
(i) Unicellular organisms-e.g. Amoeba, Diatoms etc. (ii) Multicellular organisms e.g.
Plants,Animals etc.
BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS

What is Cytology?
Cytology : Structural study of cell
What is Cell Biology?
Cell Biology : Structural & Functional study of cell.
HISTORY
Discovery of cell – In 1665 Robert Hooke examined thin slices of cork under his self made microscope
(Magnification = 42 times). The cork seen was dead bark of spanish oak (Quercus suber). Robert
Hook coined the term "Cellula" for Honey comb like structure of bottle cork (Greek cellulae = Hollow
space) which later modified to cell. Actually he saw only the dead cell walls of plant cells. He
published his findings in his book 'Micrographia'.
Karl Nageli showed that cells in plants arises by the division of pre existing cell.
 Discovery of living cell by Leeuwenhoek–
 Leeuwenhoek examined mud, semen, saliva, blood, Insects etc. Under his self made microscope and
observe protozoans, sperm, bacteria, RBC, muscle cells etc.
 He called these tiny creatures as "Animalcules" and published his finding in "Secrets of nature”.
 He is known as father of microbiology, father of bacteriology, father of protozoology.
R.Virchow stated "Omnis cellula e cellula" which means all cells arises from pre existing cell. This is known
as "Law of Lineage".
 Father of cytology is Hertwig & R. Hooke.
 Father of Indian cytology is Dr. A.K. Sharma.
 Father of modern cytology is C.P. Swannson.
General facts Related With cells
 Longest cell is nerve cell of Giraffe. (more than 1m) (90 cm in man).
 Largest cell is egg of ostrich (17cm x 13.5 cm dimension).
 Smallest cell is PPLO (Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organism).
 Smallest plant cell mycoplasma Laidlawii 0.1 .
 Largest plant cell – Acetabularia (10cm)
 Longest plant cell – Remie fibre (Boehmeria nevia)
 Centre for cellular and molecular biology is at Hyderabad.
Cell Theory

Schleiden (Botanist) (1838)

Cell theory 
Schwann (Zoologist) (1839)

 Cell theory was proposed by Schleiden and Schwann.

 According to cell theory, all livings things are made up of cells.
 Cell is structural and functional unit of living being.
 They have power of Reproduction.

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 CELL : THE UNIT OF LIFE

 Apposition
Intussusception
 When the particles are deposited between the substance which are already present then this types of growth
is called Intussusception Growth
 This types of growth takes place in primary, secondary and tertiary cell wall.
Apposition (Accretion)
 When the layers are desposited on to the layers which are present already , then this types of growth is
called apposition growth
 This types of growth takes place in secondary cell wall.

Functions
 Cell wall protects the protoplasm.
 Cell wall gives a particular size & shape to cell & functions in form of exoskeleton of cell.
 It gives a mechanical support to cell.
 Cell wall is permeable so it helps in transport of water & mineral substances
 Cell wall plays an important role in absorption, transpiration, transport and secretion etc.

ETOOS KEY POINTS

1. The middle lamella can be dissolved by strong acid only.

2. Bacterial cell without cell wall is called Lister-Form.(L-form)
3. Mucopeptide is a polymer of two amino-sugar, N-acetyl Glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM).
4. In cellulose, a polymer of unbranched chain of glucose molecule linked by -1-4 glycosidic bond.
5. The cellulose formation is takes place in presence of celulose synthetase enzymes which is present in
membrane.
Cell Coat (Glycocalyx)
Position –
It is found outside the plasma membrane in many protistants and animals cell. Made by sialic acid mucin &
Hyluronic acid
Function –
 It protects the underlying plasma membrane.
 It provides definite shape to the cell.
 It helps in recognition of microbes for defence.

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BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS

PLASMA MEMBRANE
 Term plasma lemma was given by J.Q. Plower (1885).
 Term cell membrane or plasma membrane was given by Nagelli.
 Term unit membrane was given by Robertson.
 At first, structure of cell membrane was studied by Overton and postulated that cell membrane is composed
of a continous layer of lipid material.
 It is outermost boundary of animal cell.

ETOOS KEY POINTS

1. Plasma membrane is a thin selective permeable & living membrane.
2. It is flexible and porous membrane.
3. Plasmalemma of animal cells is elastic due to the presence of lipids.
Model of cell membrane
To describe structure of plasma membrane numerous models have been proposed but the important model are as
follow :–
Fluid mosaic model (1973)
 This model was proposed by Singer and Nicholson.
 It described protein as ice bergs in a sea of lipids.
 It is the most accepted model.
 There is a central bilipid layer (2 layer) composed of phospholipids arranged in a specific manner.
 Hydrophilic polar head constitute top and bottom surfaces.
 Hydrophobic non polar tail end-are buried in the membrane.
 Within phospholipid, bilayer, proteins are arranged in (2) forms
 Intrinsic proteins
 Extrinsic proteins

Oligosaccharide
Integral protein
Glycolipid
Hydrophobic -halix

Cholesterol Phospholipid

Fig. Fluid mosaic model

Intrinsic proteins (70%)
 Such protein partially or wholy remain embedded in phospholipid.

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 CELL : THE UNIT OF LIFE

 The cell is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all known living organisms,
 Robert Hooke (1665) observedd honey-comb like dead cells in a thin slice of cork and named them ‘cell’. Anton van
 Leeuwenhoek (1667) was the first to describe a living cell.
 The properties of a living organism depend on those of its individual and RNA found in the cell nucleus and
cytoplasm.
 All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species. Energy flow (metabolism
and biochemistry) occurs within cells.)

CELL THEORY (Magna Carta of Cell Study)

 MJ Schleiden ; 1838 and Theodor Schwann; 1839.
 The postulates are:
(a) All living beings are made up of cells (cell is the basic unit of life).
(b) All cells arise from pre-existing cells (Omnis cellula e cellula - Rudolf Virchow).
(c) Cell is the smallest independent unit of life.
 Size of biological cell is generally too small to be seen without a microsscope. There are exceptions as well as
considerable range in the sizes of various cell types.

 Growth of Cell Wall

The growth and formation of cell wall occurs by two ways:
(i) By intussusception : It is the deposition of wall material in the form of fine grains.
(ii) By apposition : In this method, the new cell wall material secreted by protoplasm is deposited by definite thin plates
one after other.

 Function of the cell wall :

(i) It maintains the shape of plant cell and protects it from mechanical injury.
(ii) It wards off the effect of pathogens.

 Plasma Membrane
Plasmalemma contains about 58 - 59 % proteins, 40 % lipids and 1-2 % carbohydrates.

 Autosomes: These are the somatic chromosomes which do not take part in fertilisation process. These are also
called allosomes and they are 44 in number in human body.

MITOCHONDRIA
 Visible under the microscope only after specific staining.
 Number per cell is variable, depending on the physiological activity of the cells.

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BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS

SOLVED EXAMPLE
Ex.1 Who invented the "electron microscope" Sol. (A) : M. J. Schledin and T. Schwann (1838 - 39)
proposed cell theory
(A) Knoll and Ruska
(B) Robert Brown Ex.6 Which of the following is absent in prokaryotes
(C) Correns (A) Nuclear membrane
(B) Golgi bodies
(D) Janssen and Janssen
(C) Endoplasmic reticulum
Sol. (A) (D) All the above
Sol. (D)
Ex.2 With the increase in diameter of the rotor, the
effective RCF (relative centrifugal force) at a fixed Ex.7 Middle lamella is made up of
RPM (revolutions per minute) will (A) Cellulose
(B) Suberin
(A) Remain unaffected
(C) Calcium and magnesium pectate
(B) Increase (D) Lignin
(C) Decrease Sol. (C)
(D) Be lower at the bottom of centrifugal tube
Ex.8 Plant cell wall consists of
Sol. (B)
(A) Lignin + hemicellulose + pectin + lipid
(B) Lignin + protein + hemicellulose + pectin
Ex.3 Detailed structure of the membrane was studies after
(C) Lignin + hemicellulose + pectin + cellulose
the advent of electron microscope during
(D) Lignin + hemicellulose + tubulin+ lipid
(A) 1930 's (B) 1950 's Sol. (C)
(C) 1970 's (D) 1990 's
Ex.9 Cell wall is absent in
Sol. (B)
(A) Gametes (B) Amoeba
(C) Mycoplasma (D) All of these
Ex.4 Which of the following is used for observing spindle
Sol. (D)
fibres
Or Ex.10 The type of cell junction which facilitates cell to cell
communication is
The microscope usually used for seeing living cells
(A)Tight junction (B) Adhering junction
or tissues
(C) Gap junction (D) Desmosomes
(A) Dark field microscope (E) Brush borders
(B) Phase contrast microscope Sol. (C)
(C) Polarisation microscope
Ex.11 According to widely accepted "Fluid mosaic model"
(D) Scanning transmission electron microscope cell membranes are semi-fluid, where lipids and
integral proteins can diffuse randomly. In recent
Sol. (B) : Phase contrast microscope is used to observe years, this model has been modified in several
living cells and cell organs i.e., spindle fibres, respects. In this regards, which of the following
pinocytosis, karyokinesis, cytokinesis etc. statements is incorrect
(A) Proteins in cell membranes can travel within the
Ex.5 Who proposed the "Cell theory" lipid bilayer
(B) Proteins can also undergo flip-flop movements
(A) Schleiden (botanist) and Schwann (zoologist)
in the lipid bilayer.
(B) Waston and Crick (C) proteins can remain confined within certain
(C) Mendel and Morgan domains of the membrane
(D) Many proteins remain completely embedded
(D) Robert Hooke within the lipid bilayer

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 CELL : THE UNIT OF LIFE

Exercise # 1 SINGLE OBJECTIVE NEET LEVEL

1. Which of the following is the smallest cell- 10. Small particles present on inner mitochondrial
(A) Human nerve cells (B) Chlamydomonas membrane are called-
(C) Virus (D) PPLO (A) Cristae (B) Ergatosomes
(C) Elementary particles (D) Quantasome
2. Which of the following is true of the carbohy-
drate portion of the cell membrane-
11. Lysosomes are called "suicide bags" because
(A) It contributes to the polycationic charge on they have-
the extracellular surface
(A) Catabolic enzymes (B) Food vacuole
(B) It is 1% of plasma membrane
(C) It is found primarily in the form of free sac- (C) Hydrolytic enzymes (D) Parasitic activity
charide groups
12. In which of the following cells the endoplasmic
(D) It has a symmetric distributions
reticulum is absent-
3. Plasmalemma of animal cells is elastic due to the (A) Kidney cells
presence of-
(B) Liver cells
(A) Proteins (B) Lipids
(C) Mammalian mature erythrocytes
(C) Carbohydrates (D) Microfilaments
(D) Mammalian eye cells
4. The most abundant substance of middle lamella is-
(A) Lignin (B) Suberin 13. If cells are broken up and sedimented by centrifu-
(C) Pectin (D) Cutin gation, the new structures formed in one of the
fraction is-
5. Cell wall is the secretory product of- (A) Centrosomes (B) Microsomes
(A) Lysosomes (B) Cytoplasm
(C) Peroxisomes (D) Lysosomes
(C) Plasmodesmata (D) Middle lamella
14. The endoskeleton of the cell is made up of-
6. The size of the nucleolus is large where-
(A) Cell wall (B) Cytoplasm
(A) Protein synthesis is active
(C) E.R. (D) Mitochondria
(B) Protein synthesis is less
(C) No protein synthesis occurs 15. Match the following
(D) None of the above (A) Microtubules - Structural component of cilia
7. Aerobic respiration is performed by- (B) Centrioles - Store hydrolases
(A) Iysosomes (B) Chloroplast (C) Peroxisomes - Stores carbohydrate, fats and
proteins in plants
(C) Mitochondria (D) Glyoxysomes
(A) 1 correct, 2 and 3 false
8. Mitochondria are most abundant in- (B) 1 and 3 correct, 2 false
(A) Heart muscle (B) Muscles of thigh (C) 1 and 2 correct, 3 false
(C) Wings of birds (D) None (D) All are false
9. Cytochrome oxidases are found-
16. The carbohydrates which project out of the lipid
(A) On outer wall of mitochondria bilayer in animal cell membrane are linked to -
(B) In the matrix of mitochondria (A) Lipids only (B) Proteins only
(C) In the lysosomes
(C) Peptidoglycan (D) Both lipid & protein
(D) On cristae of mitochondria

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BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS

Exercise # 2 SINGLE OBJECTIVE AIIMS LEVEL

1. Butter Sandwich model of plasma membrane was 8. Which cell organelle secretes zymogen granules
proposed by - (A) Lysosomes (B) Golgibody
(A) Davson and Danielli (C) Smooth E.R. (D) Sphaerosomes
(B) Robertson
9. Mitochondrial DNA is -
(C) Singer and Nicolson
(A) Naked (B) Circular
(D) Benson
(C) Double stranded (D) All the above
2. Ingestion of solid food by plasma membranes is 10. Lysosomes are not helpful in -
called -
(A) Osteogenesis
(A) Endosmosis (B) Pinocytosis
(B) Cellular digestion
(C) Cytokinesis (D) Phagocytosis (C) Metamorphosis in frog

3. In order to find out quickly whether the cells (D) Lipogenesis

are living one must observe - 11. Digestion of hormonal vesicle by lysosome is
(A) Cell sap called -
(B) Tonoplast (A) Crinophagy (B) Heterophagy
(C) Movement of Cytoplasm (C) Autophagy (D) Autolysis

(D) Starch ganules 12. In mammals, the mitochondrial ribsosomes are

4. Maximum enzymes are found in - (A) 55s (B) 70s
(A) Lysosomes (B) Mitochondria (C) 80s (D) 100s
(C) Nucleus (D) E.R.
13. Mitochondria are site of respiration first reported
by Kingsbury and supported by Hogeboom.
5. Rough E.R. mainly responsible for - Mitochondira are related with the oxidation of -
(A) Protein synthesis (A) Carbohydrates (B) Fats
(B) Cell wall formation (C) Proteins (D) All the above
(C) Lipid synthesis
14. Peptidyl tranferase enzyme found on -
(D) Cholesterol synthesis
(A) Cytoplasm (B) E.R.
6. Mitochondria supply most of the necessary (C) Golgibody (D) Ribosomes
biological energy through -
15. Which of the following is absent in an intact
(A) Breaking down sugars cell :-
(B) Reducing NADP (A) Microsomes (B) Golgibody
(C) Oxidising substrates of TCA cycle (C) Glyoxysomes (D) Microtubules
(D) Breaking down proteins
16. Which microscope is best study cell division in
7. Enzymes for ETS occurs in (mitochondria)- functional state -
(A) Matrix (A) EM
(B) Outer wall (B) SEM
(C) Inner membrane (C) Phase contrast microscope
(D) Between inner & outer wall (D) Simple microscope

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 CELL : THE UNIT OF LIFE

Exercise # 3 PART - 1 MATRIX MATCH COLUMN

1. Match Column-I with Column-II and select the correct option from the codes given below
Column - I Column - II
A. Leeuwenhoek i. First saw and described a living cell
B. Robert Brown ii. Presence of cell wall is unique to plant cells
C. Schleiden iii. Discovered the nucleus
D. Schwann iv. All plants are composed of different kind of cells
(A) A-i, B-iii, C-iv, D-ii (B) A-i, B-iii, C-ii, D-iv
(C) A-iii, B-i, C-iv, D-ii (D) A-i, B-iv, C-ii, D-iii

2. Which one is the mis-matched pair?

A. Largest isolated single cell – Egg of an ostrich
B. Golgi apparatus – Discovered by Altman
C. Mitochondria – Name was given by Benda
D. Lysosomes – Discovered by de Duve

3. Match Column-I with Column-II and select the correct option from the codes given below.
Column - I Column - II
A. Mitochondria i. Without membrane
B. Lysosomes ii. Single membrane
C. Ribosomes iii. Double membrane
D. Nucleus
A B C D
(A) i ii iii iii
(B) iii i i ii
(C) iii ii i iii
(D) ii iii i iii

4. Match Column - I with Column - II and select the correct option from the codes given below.
Column - I Column - II
A. Dictyosomes i. Storage
B. Mitochondria ii. Photosynthesis
C. Vacuoles iii. Transport
D. Grana iv. Secretion
v Respiration
A B C D
(A) iv v i ii
(B) i ii iv iii
(C) iv i ii iii
(D) i ii iii iv

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BIOLOGY FOR NEET & AIIMS

Exercise # 4 PART - 1 PREVIOUS YEAR (NEET/AIPMT)

1. The cell organelle involved in glycosylation of pro- 9. A student wishes to study the cell structure under a
tein [CBSE AIPMT-2000] light microscope cell structure under a light micro-
(A) ribosome (B) peroxisome scope having 10X eyepiece and 45X objective. he
(C) endoplasmic (D) mitochondria should ikkuminate the object by which one of the
following colurs of light so as to get the bestpossible
2. Lysosomes are reservoirs of [CBSE AIPMT-2000] resolution ? [CBSE AIPMT-2004]
(A) RNA and protein (A) Blue (B) Green
(B) fats (C) Yellow (D) Red
(C) secretory glycoproteins
10. Chlorophyll in chloroplast is located in
(D) hydrolytic enzymes [CBSE AIPMT-2005]
3. Microtubules are absent in[CBSE AIPMT-2001] (A) grana (B) pyrenoid
(C) stroma (D) Both (A) and (C)
(A) mitochondria (B) centriole
(C) flagella (D) spindle fibres
11. Protein synthesis in an animal cell occurs
4. In ‘fluid mosaic model of plasm [CBSE AIPMT-2000,05]
[CBSE AIPMT-2002] (A) only on the ribosomes present in cytosol
(A) upper layer is non-polar and hydrophilic (B) only on ribosomes attached to the nuclear en-
(B) upper layer is polar and hydrophobic velope and endoplasmic reticulum
(C) phospholipids form a bimolecular layer in middle (C) on ribosomes present in the nucleolus as well as
part in cytoplasm
(D) proteins form a middle layer (D) on ribosomes present in cytoplasm as well as in
mitochondria
5. Ribosomes are produced in [CBSE AIPMT-2002] 12. According to widely accepted ‘fluid mosaic model’,
(A) nucleolus (B) cytoplasm cell membranes are semifluid, where lipids and interal
(C) mitochondria (D) golgi body proteins can diffuse randomly. In recent years, this
model has benn modified in several respects. In this
6. Flagella of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in regard, which of the following statements in incor-
[CBSE AIPMT-2004]
rect? [CBSE AIPMT-2005]
(A) type of movement and placement in cell
(A) Proteins in cell membranes can travel within the
(B) location in cell and mode of funcitioning lipid bilayer
(C) microtubular organisation and type of move- (B) Proteins can also undergo flip-flop movements
ment in the lipid bilayer
(D) microtubular organisation and function (C) Proteins can remain confined within certain do-
mains of the membrane
7. Inchloroplasts, chlorophyll is present in the
[CBSE AIPMT-2004] (D) many proteins remain completely embedded
(A) outer membrane (B) inner membrane within the lipid bilayer
(C) thylakoids (D) stroma
13. The main organelle involved in modification and
8. Extra nuclear inheritance is a consequence of pres- routing of newly synthesised proteins to their des-
ence of genes in [CBSE AIPMT-2004] tinations is [CBSE AIPMT-2005]
(A) mitochondria and chloroplasts (A) chloroplast
(B) endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria (B) mitochondria
(C) ribosomes and chloroplast (C) lysosome
(D) lysosomes and ribosomes (D) endoplasmic reticulum

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 CELL : THE UNIT OF LIFE

MOCK TEST
1. A nanometre is
(A) 10–9 m (B) 10–4 m (C) 10–6 m (D) 10–12 m
(E) 109 m

2. Objects less than 0.2 m in size cannot be seen under light microscope because
(A) the wavelength of visible light is 3900 Å to 7800 Å
(B) only two types of lenses are used
(C) maximum magnifying power of ocular lens is 20 X
(D) maximum magnifying power of objective lens is 100 X.

3. The microscope usually used for seeing living cells or tissues is

(A) compound microscope (B) electron micrscope
(C) phase contrast microscope (D) light microscope

4. Numerical aperture of microscope lens is expressed by

(A) angular aperture only (B) refractive index only
(C) both angular aperture and refractive index (D) wave length of the light used

5. “Omnis cellula-e cellula” was stated by

(A) Schwann (B) Schleiden (C) Purkinje (D) Virchow

6. Cells divide and new cells are formed from pre-existing cells. This concept was given by
(A) Matthias Schleiden
(B) Theodore Schwann
(C) Matthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann
(D) Rudolf Virchow

7. Assertion : Pili are tubular structures present in bacteria which help in conjugation.
Reason : Formation of pili is controlled by F+ or fertility factor.
(A) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(D) If both assertion and reason are false.

8. Which of the following structures is not found in a prokaryotic cell?

(A) Mesosome (B) Plasma membrane (C) Nuclear envelope (D) Ribosome

9. Select the mismatch.

(A) Gas vacuoles – Green bacteria (B) Large central vacuoles – Animal cells
(C) Protists – Eukaryotes (D) Methanogens – Prokaryotes

10. Mitochondria and chloroplast are

(A) semi-autonomous organelles
(B) formed by division of pre-existing organelles and they contain DNA but lack protein synthesising machinery.
Which one of the following options is correct?
(A) (A) is true but (B) is false (B) Both (A) and (B) are false
(C) Both (A) and (B) are correct (D) (B) is true but (A) is false

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 11th Class Modules Chapter Details

Physics Chemistry Mathematics

5 5 5
Modules Modules Modules

PHYSICS CHEMISTRY BIOLOGY

Module-1 Module-1(PC) Module-1

1. Physical World & 1. Some Basic Conceps of 1. Diversity in the Living
Measurements Chemistry World
2. Basic Maths & Vector 2. Atomic Structure 2. Plant Kingdom
3. Kinematics 3. Chemical Equilibrium 3. Animal Kingdom
4. Ionic Equilibrium
Module-2 Module-2
Module-2(PC) 1. Morphology in Flowering Plants
1. Law of Motion & Friction 1. Thermodynamics & 2. Anatomy of Flowering Plants
2. Work, Energy & Power Thermochemistry 3. Structural Organization in
2. Redox Reaction Animals
Module-3 3. States Of Matter (Gaseous &
1. Motion of system of Liquid) Module-3
particles & Rigid Body 1. Cell: The Unit of Life
2. Gravitation
Module-3(IC)
1. Periodic Table 2. Biomolecules
2. Chemical Bonding 3. Cell Cycle & Cell Division
Module-4
3. Hydrogen & Its Compounds 4. Transport in Plants
1. Mechanical Properties 4. S-Block 5. Mineral Nutrition
of Matter
2. Thermal Properties of Matter Module-4
Module-4(OC)
1. Nomenclature of 1. Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
Module-5 Organic Compounds 2. Respiration in Plants
2. Isomerism 3. Plant Growth and Development
1. Oscillations
3. General Organic Chemistry 4. Digestion & Absorption
2. Waves
5. Breathing & Exchange of Gases
Module-5(OC) Module-5
1. Reaction Mechanism
2. Hydrocarbon 1. Body Fluids & Its Circulation
3. Aromatic Hydrocarbon 2. Excretory Products & Their
4. Environmental Chemistry & Elimination
Analysis Of Organic Compounds 3. Locomotion & Its Movement
4. Neural Control & Coordination
5. Chemical Coordination and
Integration

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 12th Class Modules Chapter Details

Physics Chemistry Mathematics

5 5 5
Modules Modules Modules

PHYSICS CHEMISTRY BIOLOGY

Module-1 Module-1(PC) Module-1

1. Electrostatics 1. Solid State 1. Reproduction in Organisms
2. Capacitance 2. Chemical Kinetics 2. Sexual Reproduction in
3. Solutions and Colligative Flowering Plants
Module-2 Properties 3. Human Reproduction
4. Reproductive Health
1. Current Electricity Module-2(PC)
2. Magnetic Effect of Current
1. Electrochemistry Module-2
and Magnetism
2. Surface Chemistry 1. Principles of Inheritance and
Module-3 Variation
Module-3(IC)
2. Molecular Basis of Inheritance
1. Electromagnetic Induction 1. P-Block Elements 3. Evolution
2. Alternating Current 2. Transition Elements
(d & f block) Module-3
Module-4 3. Co-ordination Compound
4. Metallurgy 1. Human Health and Disease
1. Geometrical Optics 2. Strategies for Enhancement in
2. Wave Optics Module-4(OC) Food Production
3. Microbes in Human Welfare
Module-5 1. HaloAlkanes & HaloArenes
2. Alcohol, Phenol & Ether Module-4
1. Modern Physics 3. Aldehyde, Ketone &
2. Nuclear Physics Carboxylic Acid 1. Biotechnology: Principles and
3. Solids & Semiconductor Processes
Devices Module-5(OC) 2. Biotechnology and Its
4. Electromagnetic Waves 1. Nitrogen & Its Derivatives Applications
2. Biomolecules & Polymers 3. Organisms and Populations
3. Chemistry in Everyday Life Module-5
1. Ecosystem
2. Biodiversity and Conservation
3. Environmental Issues

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