Comprehensive Viva Questions

Computer Programming and Data Structures

1) What is an algorithm?
2) What is a flowchart?
3) What is the use of compiler?
4) What is pseudo code?
5) What are variables and constants?
6) What are the basic input and output functions?
7) What do u mean by precedence and associativity?
8) Name some operators present in c?
9) What do u mean by implicit and explicit type conversion?
10) What are the various bitwise operators?
11) What are the various selection statements in c and their use?
12) What are repetition statement and their user?
13) What is the difference between while loop and do-while loop?
14) What is the use of break and continue?
15) What is the use of goto statement?
16) What is a function?
It is a block of statements which gets executed when called.
17) Difference between Recursive functions and Non-Recursive functions?
Function which calls itself is called as recursive function and which doesn’t calls itself
is non recursive functions.
18) What do you mean by scope of a variable?
It refers to the region in which a variable is visible.
19) What is an array?
It is a collection of elements of same data type.
20) What is a pointer?
It is a derived data type which is used for storing the addresses.
21) What is the use of malloc function?
It is used for allocating a block of memory,.
22) What is a structure?
 It is a collection of related elements of different data types.
23) What is a union?
It is a construct that allows memory to be shared by different types of data.

24) What is enumerated types and name the keyword associated with it?
It is used for creating user defined types and keyword used is enum.
25) What is a string?
It is a series of characters treated as a unit.
26) What are the different string manipulation functions?
Strlen() , strcpy(), strcmp()
27) What does string concatenation means? Name the function used for the same.
It means appending one string to another. Strcat() is a string concatenation function.
28) What is a file?
It is an external collection of related data treated as a unit.
29) What are the different types of files?
Text files and Binary files
30) What are the different modes in which a file can be opened?
Read, Write and Append modes.
31) what is the difference between structure and union?
32) what are storage class specifiers?
33) What is the use of ‘const’ keyword?
34) what is a pointer to void?
35) what is ragged array?
36) what is the difference between linear search and binary search?
37) What are the different sorting techniques?
38)what is a data structure?
39) what are linear and non linear datastructure. Give examples?
40) what is singly linked list and doubly linked list?
41)what is a stack. Name operations that can be performed on stacks?
42) what is a queue. Name operations performed on queues?
Object Oriented Programming
1. Define a class and an object
2. What is a constructor
3. Use of this keyword
4. Uses of super and final
5. What is garbage collection
6. What is an abstract class
7. Difference between method overloading and overriding
8. What is inheritance
9. What is Object class
10. Define package
11. Difference between abstract class and an interface
12. Use of StringTokenizer class
13. What is an Exception
14. Use of throw and throws keywords
15. Use of finally block
16. Difference between checked and unchecked exceptions
17. Difference between presumptive and resumptive model
18. Difference between String, StringBuffer and StringBuilder class
19. What is thread
20. What are deamon threads
21. What is synchronization
22. What are type wrappers
23. What is autoboxing and auto-unboxing
24. What is an applet and an application
25. What is JIT compiler
26. What are OOPs principles
27. What is a byte code
28. What are heavy weight and light weight components. Examples.
29. Difference between public, private and protected
30. What are static methods and static variables

Computer Networks
1. Define Network?
 an arrangement of intersecting horizontal and vertical lines. Or a group or system
of interconnected people or things.

2. What is a Link?
The link is the physical and logical network component used to interconnect hosts
or nodes in the network and a link protocol is a suite of methods and standards that
operate only between adjacent network nodes of a local area network segment or a
wide area network connection.

3. What is a node?
A node is a point of intersection/connection within a network. In an environment where all
devices are accessible through the network, these devices are all considered nodes. The
concept of nodes works on several levels, but the big-picture view defines nodes as the
major centers through which Internet traffic is typically routed. This usage is somewhat
confusing, as these same Internet nodes are also referred to as Internet hubs.

a point in a network or diagram at which lines or pathways intersect or branch.

4. What is Protocol?
he TCP/IP Internet protocols, a common example, consist of: Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP), which uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other Internet
points at the information packet level. Internet Protocol (IP), which uses a set of rules to
send and receive messages at the Internet address level.

5. Define Bandwidth and Latency?

6. Define Routing?
Routing Definition. Routing is the process of moving packets across a networkfrom
one host to a another. It is usually performed by dedicated devices calledrouters. Packets
are the fundamental unit of information transport in all modern computer networks, and
increasingly in other communications networks as well.

7. Define the terms Unicasting, Multiccasting and Broadcasting?

8. What are the important topologies for networks?
9. Define bit rate and bit interval?
10. Define Shannon Capacity?
11. What is Multiplexing?
12. Name the categories of Multiplexing and explain them
13. layers of OSI model and their responsibilities
14. layers of TCP/IP model
15. Define Character Stuffing and bit stuffing?
16. What is packet filter?
17. What is IGP, EGP and BGP
18. What is MAC address?
19. What are the types of Transmission media?
20. What is ICMP?
21. What is difference between ARP and RARP?
22. Difference between bit rate and baud rate.
23. Define Ethernet
24. .What is half-duplex and full-duplex?
25. .Define LAN, MAN and WAN.
26. Compare analog and digital signals?
 27. What do you mean by redundancy?
28. What is hamming code?
29. What is HDLC?
30. What is TELNET ?
31. What is domain name system(DNS)?
32. Define TCP and UDP?
33. What do you mean by ALOHA ?
34. What is pure ALOHA?
35. What is slotted ALOHA?

Web Technologies
1. Cascading Style sheets and its types
2. Objects in Javascript
3. DOM and SAX parsers
4. JavaBean Advantages
5. Lifecycle of a servlet
6. Cookies
7. Session Tracking
8. MVC Acrchitecture
9. JSP Processing
10.JDBC Driver Types

Operating Systems
1. Difference between Protection and Security
2. What is a Distributed System
3. Define System calls and mention types of system calls.
4. Define Process.
5. Mention various States of a process.
6. Process Control Block contains?
7. Define Thread.
8. What is CPU Scheduler?
9. CPU Scheduler is also called as ____________.
10. What is Preemptive and Non-Preemptive Scheduling?
11. What is Dispatcher?
12. Mention the Criteria for Scheduling.
13. Define Throughput.
14. Define Turnaround time.
15. Define Waiting time.
16. Define Response time.
17. Mention all Scheduling Algorithms and explain briefly.
 18. Define Synchronization.
19. Define Buffer.
20. Explain Critical-Section problem.
21. What are the 3 requirements to solve a Critical-Section problem?
22. Define Semaphore.
23. Semaphore is a _______________ tool.
24. What is a Deadlock?
25. Mention 3 steps that takes place during Process Utilization.
26. What are the 4 conditions that which gets hold simultaneously results in
deadlock situation?
27. Explain Resource-allocation Graph.
28. What are the methods for handling Deadlocks?
29. What is a Mutex?
30. What are the various Data Structures that are used to implement Banker’s
algorithm?
31. How to recover a Deadlock?
32. Define Swapping.
33. What is External Fragmentation?
34. Explain Demand-paging.
35. What are the various file operations?
36. Mention Access methods of a file.
37. What are the Types of directory-structures?
38. What are the 3 methods of allocating Disk space?
39. Mention System and Network threats.

DBMS
1. In the relational modes, cardinality is termed as
2. Relational calculus is a
3. The view of total database content is
4. Cartesian product in relational algebra is
5. DML is provided for
6. ‘AS’ clause is used in SQL for
7. ODBC stands for
8. Architecture of the database can be viewed as
9. The database schema is written in
10. In the architecture of a database system external level is the
11. An entity set that does not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key is a
12. In an E-R diagram attributes are represented by
13. In tuple relational calculus P1 P2 is equivalent to
14. A logical schema is
15. Related fields in a database are grouped to form a
16. The database environment has all of the following components except
17. The language which has recently become the defacto standard for interfacing
application
programs with relational database system is
18. The way a particular application views the data from the database that the application
Uses is a
19. In an E-R diagram an entity set is represent by a
20. The property / properties of a database is / are :
21. The DBMS language component which can be embedded in a program is
22. A relational database developer refers to a record as
23. The relational model feature is that there
24. Conceptual design
25. The method in which records are physically stored in a specified order according to a
key
field in each record is
26. A subschema expresses
27. Count function in SQL returns the number of
28. Which one of the following statements is false?
29. An advantage of the database management approach is
30. A DBMS query language is designed to
31. Transaction processing is associated with everything below except
32. It is possible to define a schema completely using
33. The method of access which uses key transformation is known as
34. Data independence means
35. The statement in SQL which allows to change the definition of a table is
36. E-R model uses this symbol to represent weak entity set?
37. SET concept is used in :
38. Relational Algebra is
39. Key to represent relationship between tables is called
40. _______ produces the relation that has attributes of R1 and R2
41. The file organization that provides very fast access to any arbitrary record of a file is
42. The properties of entities?
43. It is better to use files than a DBMS when there are
44. The conceptual model is
45. What is a relationship called when it is maintained between two entities?
46. Which of the following operation is used if we are interested in only certain columns of
a
table?
47. Which of the following is a valid SQL type?
48. The RDBMS terminology for a row is
49. Which of the following operations need the participating relations to be union
compatible?
50. The full form of DDL is

OBJECT ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

1. Define Object Oriented Analysis?

Object Oriented Analysis (OOA) is a method of analysis that examines requirements from the
perspective of the classes and objects found in the vocabulary of the problem domain.
2. What is meant by Object Oriented?
Object Oriented means we organize the software as a collection of discrete objects that
incorporate both data structure and behavior.
3. Write the characteristics of an object.
Identity, classification, polymorphism, and inheritance.
4. What is a class?
A class is a set of objects that share a common structure and a common behavior.
5. Name two types of object diagram.
Class diagram and instance diagram.
6. What is an attribute? Give example.
An attribute is a data value held by the objects in a class .Example: name, age and weight are
attributes of Person class.
7. Write the four quality measure for software development?
Correspondence, correctness, verification, and validation.
8. What is unified modeling language?
Unified modeling language is a language for specifying, conducting, visualizing and
documenting the software system and its components.
9. Name the types of relationships among the objects.
Association, super-sub structure, aggregation.
10. Write the guidelines for identifying the associations
A dependency between two or more classes may be association
A reference from one class to another is an association.
11. Name the two properties of a part of relationship.
Transitivity, Anti symmetry. same context of an object diagram.
12. What is the need of a Class diagram?
A class diagram is used to show the existence of classes and their relationships in the logical
view of a system.
13. What is Behavior of an object?
Behavior is how an object acts and reacts in terms of its state changes and message passing.
14. What are the characteristic features of an Interaction diagram?
They include the representation of objects with its name and class name. Each object has a
life line. The order of messaging between objects is well defined.
15. Define forward engineering and revere engineering.
Forward engineering means creating a relational schema from an existing object model
Reverse engineering means creating an object model from an existing relational database
layout (schema).
16. What are the advantages of Modeling?
Good models are essential for communication among project teams. As the complexity of
systems increases, so does the importance of good modeling techniques. Some of the
advantages are as follows:
Models make it easier to express complex ideas.
The main reason for modeling is to reduction of complexity.
Models enhance and reinforce learning and training.
17.what is the sequence diagram?

A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a kind of interaction diagram

that shows how processes operate with one another and in what order. It is a construct of a
Message Sequence Chart. Sequence diagrams are sometimes called event diagrams, event
scenarios, and timing diagrams

18.what is the Collaboration diagrams?

Collaboration diagrams belong to a group of UML diagrams called Interaction Diagrams.

Collaboration diagrams, like Sequence Diagrams, show how objects interact over the course
of time. However, instead of showing the sequence of events by the layout on the diagram,
collaboration diagrams show the sequence by numbering the messages on the diagram. This
makes it easier to show how the objects are linked together, but harder to see the sequence at
a glance.

19.what is the Activity diagrams

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities and

actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the Unified Modeling
Language, activity diagrams can be used to describe the business and operational step-by-step
workflows of components in a system. An activity diagram shows the overall flow of control.

20. Give the nine UML graphical diagrams.

a. Class diagram(static)
b. Usecase diagram
c. Behavior diagram(dynamic)
i. Interaction diagram
1. Sequence diagram
2. Collaboration diagram
ii. State chart diagram
iii. Activity diagram
d. Implementation diagram.
i. Component diagram
ii. Deployment diagram.
21 . What is a Package?
A package groups and manages the modeling elements, such as classes, their associations,
and their structures. Packages themselves may be nested within other packages.

22.When ‘extends’ association is used?

The ‘extends’ association is used when you have one use case that is similar to another use
case but does a bit more or is more specialized. It is like a subclass. Extends association is
utilized to expand the common behavior to fit the special circumstances.

23. Define ‘uses’ association.

The uses association occurs when some of the use cases have subflows in common. Here to
avoid describing a subflow more than once in sever al use cases, the common subflow can be
extracted and made into a new use case of its own. The relationship among the other use
cases and this new extracted use case is called a uses association. When you want to share
common sequences in several use cases , utilize the uses association by extracting common
sequences into a new, shared use case. The uses association helps us to avoid redundancy by
allowing a use case to be shared.

24.What do you mean by aggregation? What are the major properties of a part – of relation?
A – part - of relationship, also called aggregation, represents the situation where a class
consists of several component classes. A class that is composed of other classes does not
behave like its parts; actually, it behaves very differently

21. What are the things?

Things are of four types in the UML

Structural, behavioral, grouping, annotational things

22. What are the common mechanisms?

There are four types of common mechanisms

Specifications, adornments, common divisions, extensibility mechanisms

23. What is dependency relationship and how do you represent it?

Dependency is a relationship between two elements, one is independent element and other is
dependent element any change in independent element causes change in dependent element
but not the other way .It is represented by dashed directed line.

24. What is composition relationship and how do you represent it?

In composition relationship, every part belongs to only one whole and when we delete whole,
part also gets deleted. It is represented by a line with solid diamond.

25. what is stereotype?

The stereotypes allow the creation of new types of building blocks similar to the existing
blocks but may be specific to the current problem, The stereotype is represented as a name
enclosed by guillemets (<<name>>) and placed over another element
26. what is lifetime of objects

Objects which are created during collaboration are designated as {new} and objects which
are destroyed during collaboration are represented as {destroyed} and objects which are
created and destroyed during collaboration are represented by {transient}

27. what is synchronous messages?

If the messages are processed one time by target object while sender waits then such
messages

are called synchronous messages

28. what is focus of control?

It is represented by a long rectangle which shows the period of time during which an object
performs some action

29. what is path?

To indicate how one object interacts with other we associate a path stereotype to the end of
link. Some of the path stereotypes are <<local>>,<<global>>,<<parameter>> etc

30. what is an actor? How do you represent?

An actor is user of the system and depicted using stick figure. the role of the user is written
below the system

31. How do you classify actors?

Actors can be classified into primary and secondary. Actors can also be classified as active
and passive actors. active actors initiate a usecase and passive actor only participates in one
or more functions (usecases)

32. what kind of relationships used between usecases and actors?

An association relationship is used between usecases and actors

33. what is Includes relationship?

It is the invocation of a use case by another one, just like calling a function or invoking an
operation within the source code

34. what is action state and activity state?

Action states are atomic, executable computations which represent the execution of an action
it is in the form of a lozenge (capsule) shape, within which any expression may be written.

They cannot be decomposed

Activity states can be decomposed i.e. their activity is represented by other activity diagrams

35. what is an action flow?

The flow of control in an activity diagram passes to the next action or activity state
immediately, whenever an action of a state is completed. This flow is specified by using
transitions which show the path from one action or activity of a state is completed

36. what is branching? How do you represent?

In branching we have one incoming transition and two or more outgoing transitions similar to
the branch in flow chart. on the outgoing transitions, Boolean expressions are placed which is
evaluated when entering the branch. a diamond represents a decision with alternate paths

37. What is forking and joining?

A fork represents the splitting of a single flow of control into two or more concurrent flow of
controls. usually a fork has one incoming transition and two or more outgoing transitions

Joining is the synchronization of two or more concurrent flows of control

A join may have two or more incoming transitions and one outgoing transition

38. What is swimlanes?

Swim lanes group related activities into one column

39. What is process?

A process is a heavy weight flow that can execute parallel with other processes

40. What is threads?

A thread is a light weight flow which executes concurrently with other threads within the
same process

DATA WAREHOUSING AND DATA MINING VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS.

1. What is Datawarehousing?

Ans) Datawarehouse is a repository of data and it is used for Management decision support
system.

2. What is Data Mining?

Ans) Data Mining is the process of extracting knowledge from vast amounts of data.

3. What is OLTP?

Ans) OLTP is abbreviated as On-Line Transaction Processing, and it is an application that

modifies the data whenever it is received and has large number of simultaneous users.

4. What is OLAP?
Ans) OLAP is abbreviated as Online Analytical Processing, and it is set to be a system which
collects, manages, processes multi-dimensional data for analysis and management purposes.

5. What is Datamart?

Ans) A Datamart is a specialized version of Datawarehousing and it contains a snapshot of

operational data that helps the business people to decide with the analysis of past trends and
experiences.

6. What is Star Schema?

Ans) Star schema organizes the data tables in such a way that result can be retrieved from the
database quickly in the data warehouse environment.

7. What are CUBES?

Ans) A data cube stores data in a summarized version which helps in the faster analysis of
data. The data is stored in such a way that it allows reporting easily.

8. What is a Decision Tree Algorithm?

Ans) A decision tree is a tree in which every node is either a leaf node or a decision node.
This tree takes an input as an object and outputs some decision.

9. What is Naive Baye’s Algorithm?

Ans) Naive Baye’s Algorithm is used to generate mining models. The algorithm calculates
the probability of every state of each input column given predictable columns and possible
states.

10. What is the process of taking operational data from one or more sources and
mapping it,field by field ,onto a new data structure in the datawarehouse?

Ans) Data integration

11.What is data discretization?

Ans) It is the process where the raw values of a numeric attribute are replaced by interval
labels and conceptual labels.

12.What is market basket analysis?

Ans This process analyzes customer buying habits by finding associations between the
different items that customers place in their shopping baskets.

13.What is data smoothing?

Ans Data smoothing removes error or noise from the data.

14.What is data characterization?

Ans) It is the summarization of the general features or characteristics of a target class of data.
15.What is training data?

Ans) It is the data objects for which the class labels are known.

16.When is a pattern said to be interesting?

Ans If it is 1) valid 2) easily understandable to the user 3) useful.

17. what is an outlier?

Ans) An outlier is an object whose general behavior or features does not matches with the
other objects present in the data set.

18. why do we use load and refresh operations ?

Ans) To update the data warehouse.

19. Apriori algorithm is used for?

Ans) Mining frequent itemsets in the transactional database.

20. What are the three types of normalization methods?

Ans) 1)Min-Max normalization 2) Z-Score normalization. 3) Decimal Scaling.