Written Report of Group 1

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WRITTEN REPORT OF GROUP 1 - 21st Century Literature

THE CLASSICAL PERIOD - THE EARLY PERIOD OF LITERATURE


 Running from roughly 1200 BCE to 455 CE, the classical period was home to the great
works of ancient Greece and Rome. You'll sometimes see the words Greco-Roman or
antiquity used to refer to this millennia-old period. The classical period was a
golden age for literature and the arts.

Homeric or Heroic Period (1200 - 800 BCE)


The Homeric Age which extended from approximately 1200 to 800 BC. It was the that the Greek
nation was formed and the foundations laid for many of the social and political developments of
subsequent centuries.
 Homer is the legendary author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are the
central works of ancient Greek literature.
 The poems are in Homeric Greek, also known as Epic Greek, a literary language which
shows a mixture of features of the Ionic and Aeolic dialects from different centuries.
 The Iliad is set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition
of Greek kingdoms. It focuses on a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior
Achilles lasting a few weeks during the last year of the war.
 The Odyssey focuses on the ten-year journey home of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, after the
fall of Troy. Many accounts of Homer's life circulated in classical antiquity, the most
widespread being that he was a blind bard from Ionia, a region of central coastal Anatolia
in present-day Turkey. Modern scholars consider these accounts legendary.

Classical Greek Period (800 – 200 BCE)


 Greek literature dates back from the ancient Greek literature, beginning in 800 BC.
 This literature ranges from the oldest surviving written works until works from
approximately the fifth century AD.
 This time period is divided into:
 The Pre-Classical Period (Homeric Period)
 The Classical Period (The Golden Age of Greece)
 The Hellenistic Period
 The Roman Period (The Roman Republic)
THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (The Golden Age of Greece)
The Classical Period or Golden Age of Greece, from around 500 to 300 BC, has given us the great
monuments, art, philosophy, architecture and literature which are the building blocks of our own
civilization.
This is the sophisticated period of the polis, or individual City-State, and early democracy. Some
of the world’s finest art poetry, drama, architecture, and philosophy originating in Athens.

 Plato was an Athenian philosopher during the Classical period in Ancient Greece, founder
of the Platonist school of thought, and the Academy, the first institution of higher learning
in the Western world. In his Cratylus referred to an age of golden men and also at some
length on Ages of Man from Hesiod's Works and Days.

Classical Roman Period (200 BCE – 455 CE)


THE ROMAN PERIOD (The Roman Republic)
The history of Roman literature begins around the 3rd century BC. Under the dictatorship of
Julius Caesar came to an end, the monarchical empire of Caesar Augustus in 27 CE. It reached its
"Golden Age" during the rule of Augustus and the early part of the Roman Empire.
The Romans wrote a lot of poetry and history. They also wrote letters and made a lot of formal
speeches. Roman writers at that time where Ovid, Horace, and Virgil.

 Ovid in the English-speaking world and Publius Ovidius Naso as his true name. He is the
first major Roman poet to begin his career during the reign of Augustus, Ovid is today best
known for the Metamorphoses, a 15-book continuous mythological narrative written in
the meter of epic, and for works in elegiac couplets such as Ars Amatoria ("The Art of
Love") and Fasti.

 Horace is known in the English-speaking world, but his real name is Quintus Horatius
Flaccus. He was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as
Octavian). One of his famous works is "Ars Poetica", or "The Art of Poetry" created in c.
19 BC, in which he advises poets on the art of writing poetry and drama. The Ars Poetica
has "exercised a great influence in later ages on European literature, notably on French
drama" and has inspired poets and authors since it was written.

 Virgil or Vergil in English, he was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. Publius
Vergilius Maro his real name wrote three of the most famous poems in Latin literature:
The Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid. A number of minor poems,
collected in the Appendix Vergiliana, are sometimes attributed to him.
India’s Classical Age
The Classical Age of India is also called its Golden Age and refers to a time that most of the
subcontinent was under the influential Gupta Empire. This extended from about 320 BCE (Before
our Common Era) to approximately 550 CE (Common Era).

 This was a time that was characterized by large-scale development and achievements in
various areas. These fields included engineering, art, science, technology, literature,
mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy.
 This massive development on such a broad scale essentially led to the establishment of
the Hindu culture and its main identity, which exists to this day.

The Development of the Sanskrit


In the early 1st millennium CE, along with Buddhism and Hinduism, Sanskrit migrated to
Southeast Asia, parts of East Asia and Central Asia, emerging as a language of high culture and of
local ruling elites in these regions.
 Sanskrit is a language of ancient India with a 3,500-year history. It is the primary liturgical
language of Hinduism and the predominant language of most works of Hindu philosophy
as well as some of the principal texts of Buddhism and Jainism. Sanskrit, in its variants and
numerous dialects, was the lingua franca of ancient and medieval India.
 Kāvya refers to the Sanskrit literary style used by Indian court poets flourishing from the
first half of the seventh century AD. This literary style is characterized by abundant usage
of figures of speech, metaphors, similes, and hyperbole to create its emotional effects.
The result is a short lyrical work, court epic, narrative or dramatic work. "Kavya" can refer
to the style or the completed body of literature. Asvaghosa (c. 80-150 AD), a philosopher
and poet considered the father of Sanskrit drama, is attributed with first using the word.

The two important collection of tales that have influenced tales around the world are:

 The Panchatantra "Five Treatises" - is an ancient Indian collection of interrelated animal


fables in Sanskrit verse and prose, arranged within a frame story. The surviving work is
dated to roughly 200 BCE, based on older oral tradition.
 The Kathāsaritsāgara "Ocean of the Streams of Stories" - is a famous 11th-century
collection of Indian legends, fairy tales and folk tales as retold in Sanskrit by a Shaiva
named Somadeva. The work is no longer extant but several later adaptations still exist
the Kathasaritsagara, Brihatkathamanjari and Bṛhatkathāślokasaṃgraha.
Patristic period (c. 70 CE – 455 CE)
Patristics or patrology is the study of the early Christian writers who are designated Church
Fathers. The names derive from the combined forms of Latin pater and Greek patḗr (father). It
was a time of great flux, persecution, and theological development.

The contribution of patristic Patriotism may be strengthened by adherence to a national religion


(a civil religion or even a theocracy). The abiding purpose of every nationalist is to secure more
power and more prestige, not for himself but for the nation or other unit in which he has chosen
to sink his own individuality."
 St. Augustine of Hippo was a Roman African and was the bishop of Hippo Regius
in North Africa and is viewed as one of the most important Church Fathers of the
Latin Church for his writings in the Patristic Period.
St. Augustine Augustine’s adaptation of classical thought to Christian teaching
created a theological system of great power and lasting influence. His numerous
written works, the most important of which are Confessions (c. 400) and The City
of God (c. 413–426).

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