Analog Electronics Project

ECE2002 – ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
TWO TONE CONTROLLER
Work Type: project(j-component)

Sem: Fall Semester 2019-2020
Slot: D2
Faculty Incharge: Prof . Manikandan P(Alumni IIT BOMBAY)
GROUP DESCRIPTION:
1. ASHUTOSH MOHAPATRA-18BLC1035
2. UTKARSH JAISWAL-18BLC1019
3. SHIKHAR GUPTA-18BEC1121
4. ASHISH KUMAR-18BEC1294
TWO TRANSISTOR TONE CONTROLLER
-BASS TREBLE CONTROLLER
The audio spectrum is the audible frequency range at which humans can hear.
The audio spectrum range spans from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz and can be

effectively broken down into seven different frequency bands, with each
having a different impact on the total sound.
The seven frequency bands are:
Sub-bass > Bass > Low midrange > Midrange > Upper midrange > Presence >
Brilliance
Bass (dB)
Bass is characterized by a very low-pitched sound and is the lowest tone

that is registered in musical instruments and the lowest singing voice
range.
The amount of gain (amplification above 0 dB or attenuation below 0 dB)

to bass (low) frequencies. Set this to a positive amount to boost the bass,
or to a negative amount to reduce the bass. Bass gain is applied to
frequencies lower than 1000 Hz, with the most gain being applied to
frequencies about 100 Hz or lower.
Treble (dB)
Treble means the highest part in a composition that has three parts
which came from the Latin “triplus.” It is characterized by a very high
pitched sound or tone and is the higher part in a recording.
The amount of gain (amplification above 0 dB or attenuation below 0 dB)

to treble (high) frequencies. Set this to a positive amount to boost the
treble, or to a negative amount to reduce the treble. Treble gain is
applied to frequencies higher than 1000 Hz, with the most gain being
applied to frequencies above 10000 Hz.
Some more categories

Bass(Approximately 20hz-140hz)
The 60hz-90hz range is where we notice the greatest perceptible changes in

"bass response." Try a test tone and see just how well you hear 20hz or even
32hz, compared with the same volume of 60hz or 90hz.
Mid-Bass(Approximately 140hz-400hz)
Mid bass has lots of instruments included in its frequency range. Cello,
Bassoon, and Male Voice are samples of "mid-bass" sounds. This is also
where most 'bass' controls can make a mess of your music. Too much mid-
bass gives a muddy and "boomy" quality. Too little and it sounds hollow and
thin.
Midrange(Approximately 400hz-2.6khz)
Since our ears are most sensitive to midrange frequencies, midrange has the
greatest effect on the overall sound of your stereo system. The "proper"
settings are the ones most pleasing to you the listener. Female vocals and
Bass Tuba are examples of midrange sounds.
Upper Midrange(Approximately 2.6khz-5.2khz)
Pipe organ and piano are examples of this sound range. Speaker designers
often boost output in this range to increase "presence" of the music. Too
much gives a sound that is overbearingly harsh and fatigues the ears. A
balance between this frequency range and the midrange frequencies gives the
most pleasing sound.
High End(Approximately 5.2khz-20khz - Two Regions)
5.2khz up to about 12khz is the realm of dreaded treble control. This is where
harmonics can really enhance your musical enjoyment. It's this range that
affects the brilliance of music. Too much gives an unpleasant, harsh and
"piercing" (painful) quality to your music.
Tone Control:
Tone Control, shown in its most basic form in Fig. 4.2.1 provides a
simple means of regulating the amount of higher frequencies present
in the output signal fed to the loudspeakers. a simple method of
achieving this is to place a variable CR network between the voltage
amplifier and the power amplifier stages, The value of C1 is chosen
to pass the higher audio frequencies, this has the effect of
progressively reducing the higher frequencies as the variable resistor
slider is adjusted towards the bottom end of the tone control, The
minimum level of attenuation of the higher (treble) frequencies is
limited by R1, which prevents C1 being connected directly to ground.
As the circuit only reduces the high frequency content of the signal it
could be called a simple Treble Cut control. The use of these simple
circuits is normally restricted to guitar applications or inexpensive
radios.
In hi-fi amplifiers, tone control refers to the boosting or reduction of

particular audio frequencies. This may be done to suit the preferences
of the listener, not everyone perceives sound in exactly the same
way, for example the frequency response of the human ear changes
with age. The room or hall in which the sound is reproduced will also
affect the nature of the sound. many techniques are used to alter the
sound, and in particular the frequency response of the amplifiers
producing the sound. These range from simple RC filters, through
passive and active frequency control networks to complex digital
signal processing.
The Baxandall Tone Control Circuit

Fig. 4.2.2 Baxandall Tone Control Circuit
The circuit discussed here is an example of the Baxandall tone control

circuit, illustrated in Fig. 4.2.2, which is an analogue circuit providing
independent control of bass and treble frequencies; both bass and
treble can be boosted or cut and with both controls at their mid
positions, provides a relatively flat frequency response, as illustrated
by the blue ‘Level response’ graph line in Fig. 4.2.5. The original
design, proposed by P. J. Baxandall in 1952, used a valve (tube)
amplifier and feedback as part of the circuit to reduce the
considerable attenuation (about −20dB) introduced by the passive
network, and to provide true bass and treble boost. There are still
many variants of the circuit in use, both as active circuits (with
amplification as originally proposed), and as passive networks without
an incorporated amplifier. In passive variants of the Baxandall circuit,
extra stages of amplification may be used to make up for the
approximately −20bB attenuation caused by the circuit.
Read the original 1952 paper "Negative-Feedback Tone Control" by

P. J. Baxandall B.Sc.(Eng.) published in "Wireless World"
(Now Electronics World)
How the Baxandall Circuit Works.

Fig. 4.2.3 Maximum Bass & Treble Boost
With bass and treble controls set to maximum boost (both wipers at
the top of resistors VR1 and VR2), and the inactive components
greyed out, the circuit will look like Fig. 4.2.3. Both bass and
treble potentiometers that may have either linear or logarithmic
tracks depending on the circuit design, are much higher values than
other components in the circuit, and so with the VR1 and VR2 wipers
set to maximum resistance both potentiometers can be considered to
be open circuit. Nor does C4 contribute to the operation of the circuit
because of the high resistance of VR2, and C1 is effectively shorted
out by the wiper of VR1 being at the top end of its resistance track.
The full bandwidth of signal frequencies is applied to the input from

an amplifier having low output impedance, and the higher frequency
components of the signal are fed directly to the output of the tone
control circuit via the 2.2nF capacitor C3, which has a reactance of
about 3.6KΩ at 20kHz but over 3.6MΩ at 20Hz, so blocks the lower
frequencies.
The full band of frequencies also appear at the junction of R1 and C2,
which together form a low pass filter with a corner frequency of
around 70 to 75 Hz and so frequencies appreciably higher than this
(the mid and high frequencies) are conducted to ground via R2.
Having R2 in series with C2 prevents the attenuation of the mid band

frequencies exceeding about -20dB. The lower frequencies are fed to
the output via R3. Because R3 has quite a large value (to effectively
isolate the effects of the two variable controls from each other, the
input impedance (Zin) of the circuit following the tone control must be
very high to avoid excessive signal loss due to the potential divider
effect of R3 and the Zin of the following stage.
Bass and Treble Cut.
Fig. 4.2.4 The Circuit with VR1 and VR2 at Minimum
With the bass and treble controls both set to maximum cut (Fig. 4.2.4),
the full bandwidth signal passes through R1 but with the slider of VR1
at the bottom end of its resistance track, C1/R2 now form a high pass
filter having a corner frequency of around 7 to 7.5kHz so only
frequencies appreciably higher than this are allowed to pass un-
attenuated. The mid and higher frequencies are therefore fed to R3
and C4, which now form a low pass filter to progressively attenuate
frequencies above about 70 Hz, the mid-band frequencies (about
600Hz) are reduced by approximately −20dB, and at 20kHz by as
much as −43dB, as can be seen from the response curve in Fig 4.2.5.
Fig. 4.2.5 The Baxandall Modified Response Curve
Notice that although the circuit provides what is called bass boost and
treble boost, with the passive version of the Baxandall circuit (with no
amplification), all frequencies are in fact reduced.
The attenuation of the circuit at mid-band is typically around −20dB

and with full ‘boost’ applied at either the low or high end of the
bandwidth, attenuation at these frequencies would be around −1 to
−3dB.
REAL-TIME CIRCUIT:
Description.
This simple tone control circuit is designed based on the famous Baxendall tone
control circuitry. The circuit given here can give a maximum cut or boost of
around 12 dB at 10 KHz (treble) and 50Hz (bass). Also, both bass and treble can
be independently adjusted.
Transistor Q1 (BC109) and its associated components (R1, R2 and R3) form an
emitter follower which is the input stage. The voltage gain of this input stage is
around 1 and it has an input impedance of around 225K ohms. The output of the
input stage is coupled to the passive Baxendall circuitry using the capacitor C1.
POT R7 can be used to adjust the bass and POT R10 can be used to adjust the
treble. Transistor Q2 and associated components (R11, R12 and R13) forms the
final output stage which gives an overall voltage gain of three to the system.
Circuit diagram.
DATA SHEET:
Type Designator: BC109C
Material of Transistor: Si
Polarity: NPN
Maximum Collector Power Dissipation (Pc): 0.3 W
Maximum Collector-Base Voltage |Vcb|: 30 V
Maximum Collector-Emitter Voltage |Vce|: 20 V
Maximum Emitter-Base Voltage |Veb|: 5 V
Maximum Collector Current |Ic max|: 0.1 A
Max. Operating Junction Temperature (Tj): 175 °C
Transition Frequency (ft): 150 MHz
Collector Capacitance (Cc): 5 pF
Forward Current Transfer Ratio (hFE), MIN: 420

Noise Figure, dB: -
Package: TO18
 The circuit can be powered from 12V DC.

 The input and output must be connected with respect the ground.
 POT R7 can be used to control bass.
 POT R10 can be used to control treble.
 All electrolytic capacitors must be rated at least 12V.

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ECE2002 – ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

TWO TONE CONTROLLER

Work Type: project(j-component)

The audio spectrum range spans from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz and can be

The seven frequency bands are:

Bass is characterized by a very low-pitched sound and is the lowest tone

The amount of gain (amplification above 0 dB or attenuation below 0 dB)

The amount of gain (amplification above 0 dB or attenuation below 0 dB)

Some more categories

The 60hz-90hz range is where we notice the greatest perceptible changes in

Upper Midrange(Approximately 2.6khz-5.2khz)

High End(Approximately 5.2khz-20khz - Two Regions)

In hi-fi amplifiers, tone control refers to the boosting or reduction of

The Baxandall Tone Control Circuit

The circuit discussed here is an example of the Baxandall tone control

Read the original 1952 paper "Negative-Feedback Tone Control" by

How the Baxandall Circuit Works.

The full bandwidth of signal frequencies is applied to the input from

Having R2 in series with C2 prevents the attenuation of the mid band

Bass and Treble Cut.

Fig. 4.2.4 The Circuit with VR1 and VR2 at Minimum

The attenuation of the circuit at mid-band is typically around −20dB

Type Designator: BC109C

Maximum Collector Power Dissipation (Pc): 0.3 W

Maximum Collector-Base Voltage |Vcb|: 30 V

Maximum Collector-Emitter Voltage |Vce|: 20 V

Maximum Emitter-Base Voltage |Veb|: 5 V

Maximum Collector Current |Ic max|: 0.1 A

Max. Operating Junction Temperature (Tj): 175 °C

Transition Frequency (ft): 150 MHz

Collector Capacitance (Cc): 5 pF

Forward Current Transfer Ratio (hFE), MIN: 420

 The circuit can be powered from 12V DC.

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