How We Make A Call

How we make a call for this purpose we must know GSM work?
The GSM network architecture is defined in the GSM specifications and it

can be grouped into four main areas:
 Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)
 Base-Station Subsystem (BSS)
 Mobile station (MS)
 Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)
Within this diagram the different network areas can be seen - they are
grouped into the four areas that provide different functionality, but all
operate to enable reliable mobile communications to be achieved.
The overall network architecture provided to be very successful and was
developed further to enable 2G evolution to carry data and then with further
evolutions to allow 3G to be established.
Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

The GSM system architecture contains a variety of different elements, and
is often termed the core network. It is essentially a data network with a
various entities that provide the main control and interfacing for the whole
mobile network. The major elements within the core network include:
 Mobile Services Switching Centre (MSC): The main element within
the core network area of the overall GSM network architecture is the
Mobile switching Services Centre (MSC). The MSC acts like a normal
switching node within a PSTN or ISDN, but also provides additional
functionality to enable the requirements of a mobile user to be supported.
These include registration, authentication, call location, inter-MSC
handovers and call routing to a mobile subscriber. It also provides an
interface to the PSTN so that calls can be routed from the mobile
network to a phone connected to a landline. Interfaces to other MSCs
are provided to enable calls to be made to mobiles on different networks.
 Home Location Register (HLR): This database contains all the
administrative information about each subscriber along with their last
known location. In this way, the GSM network is able to route calls to the
relevant base station for the MS. When a user switches on their phone,
the phone registers with the network and from this it is possible to
determine which BTS it communicates with so that incoming calls can be
routed appropriately. Even when the phone is not active (but switched
on) it re-registers periodically to ensure that the network (HLR) is aware
of its latest position. There is one HLR per network, although it may be
distributed across various sub-centres to for operational reasons.
 Visitor Location Register (VLR): This contains selected information
from the HLR that enables the selected services for the individual
subscriber to be provided. The VLR can be implemented as a separate
entity, but it is commonly realised as an integral part of the MSC, rather
than a separate entity. In this way access is made faster and more
convenient.
 Equipment Identity Register (EIR): The EIR is the entity that decides
whether a given mobile equipment may be allowed onto the network.
Each mobile equipment has a number known as the International Mobile
Equipment Identity. This number, as mentioned above, is installed in the
equipment and is checked by the network during registration. Dependent
upon the information held in the EIR, the mobile may be allocated one of
three states - allowed onto the network, barred access, or monitored in
case its problems.
 Authentication Centre (AuC): The AuC is a protected database that
contains the secret key also contained in the user's SIM card. It is used
for authentication and for ciphering on the radio channel.
 Gateway Mobile Switching Centre (GMSC): The GMSC is the point to
which a ME terminating call is initially routed, without any knowledge of
the MS's location. The GMSC is thus in charge of obtaining the MSRN
(Mobile Station Roaming Number) from the HLR based on the MSISDN
(Mobile Station ISDN number, the "directory number" of a MS) and
routing the call to the correct visited MSC. The "MSC" part of the term
GMSC is misleading, since the gateway operation does not require any
linking to an MSC.
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) section of the 2G GSM network
architecture that is fundamentally associated with communicating with the
mobiles on the network.
It consists of two elements:
 Base Transceiver Station (BTS): The BTS used in a GSM network
comprises the radio transmitter receivers, and their associated antennas
that transmit and receive to directly communicate with the mobiles. The
BTS is the defining element for each cell. The BTS communicates with
the mobiles and the interface between the two is known as the Um
interface with its associated protocols.
 Base Station Controller (BSC): The BSC forms the next stage back
into the GSM network. It controls a group of BTSs, and is often co-
located with one of the BTSs in its group. It manages the radio resources
and controls items such as handover within the group of BTSs, allocates
channels and the like. It communicates with the BTSs over what is
termed the Abis interface.
The base station subsystem element of the GSM network utilised the radio
access technology to enable a number of users to access the system
concurrently. Each channel supported up to eight users and by enabling a
base station to have several channels, a large number of subscribers could
be accommodated by each base station.
Base stations are carefully located by the network provider to enable
complete coverage of an area. The area being covered bay a base station
often being referred to as a cell.
Mobile station
Mobile stations (MS), mobile equipment (ME) or as they are most widely
known, cell or mobile phones are the section of a GSM cellular network that
the user sees and operates. In recent years their size has fallen
dramatically while the level of functionality has greatly increased. A further
advantage is that the time between charges has significantly increased.
There are a number of elements to the cell phone, although the two main
elements are the main hardware and the SIM.
The hardware itself contains the main elements of the mobile phone
including the display, case, battery, and the electronics used to generate
the signal, and process the data receiver and to be transmitted.
The mobile station, or ME also contains a number known as the
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). This is installed in the
phone at manufacture and "cannot" be changed. It is accessed by the
network during registration to check whether the equipment has been
reported as stolen
Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

The OSS or operation support subsystem is an element within the overall
GSM network architecture that is connected to components of the NSS and
the BSC. It is used to control and monitor the overall GSM network and it is
also used to control the traffic load of the BSS. It must be noted that as the
number of BS increases with the scaling of the subscriber population some
of the maintenance tasks are transferred to the BTS, allowing savings in
the cost of ownership of the system

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How we make a call for this purpose we must know GSM work?

The GSM network architecture is defined in the GSM specifications and it

Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

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