POLYGRAPHY • Ordeal by Balance

• Ordeal of Rice Chewing

• POLYGRAPH – is an instrument for the recording of changes in blood pressure; pulse • Donkey’s Tall Ordeal
rate, respiration and skin resistance as indication of emotional disturbances especially of
Polygraph
lying when questioned.
• The polygraph is used to test or question individuals for the purpose of detecting
The word was derived from the word POLY means “many” and GRAPHS means “writing chart”.
deception or verifying truth of statements through a visual, permanent and
• POLYGRAPHY – it is the scientific method of detecting deception, using a polygraph simultaneous recording of a person’s cardiovascular and respiratory pattern as a
machine. minimum instrumentation requirement.
• FEAR – is emotional response to specific danger that appears to beyond a persons • A polygraph (commonly referred to as a lie detector) is an instrument that measures
defensive power. and records several physiological responses such as:
• STIMULUS – is a force or motion reaching the organism and excites the receptors. • blood pressure,
• REACTION – it is an action in mental attitude evokes by external influence. • pulse,
• DECEPTION – is an act of deceiving or misleading usually accompanied by lying. • respiration and
• DETECTION – It is an act of discovery of existence, presence of fact or something hidden • skin conductivity
or obscure.
• LYING – the uttering or conveying of falsehood or creating a false or misleading
while the subject is asked and answers a series of questions, on the basis that false
information with the intention of affecting wrongfully the acts and opinion of other.
answers will produce distinctive measurements. The polygraph measures physiological
• RESPONSE – is any activity or inhibition of the previous activity of an organism resulting changes caused by the sympathetic nervous system during questioning.
from stimulation.
Within the U.S. federal government, a polygraph examination is also referred to as a
• SPECIFIC RESPONSE – is any deviation from the normal tracing of the subject. PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DETECTION OF DECEPTION (PDD) examination. Several other
technologies are also used in the field of lie detection, but the polygraph is the most
• NORMAL TRACING – is a tracing on the chart wherein the subject answered in the
famous.
irrelevant question.
HISTORY
• POLYGRAPH EXAMINER – is one who conducts and administer the test.
• The idea that lying produces physical side-effects has long been claimed. 1917 If a
• CHART OR POLYGRAMS – refers to the composite records of pneumograph,
person broke the egg, then he or she was considered guilty, based on the idea that their
Galvanograph and cardiosphygmograph tracings recorded from series of questions.
nervousness was to blame. In ancient China the suspect held a handful of rice in his or
• Subject – refers to the person being examined. her mouth during a prosecutor's speech. Since salivation was believed to cease at times
of emotional anxiety, the person was considered guilty if by the end of that speech the
EARLY METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION
rice was dry.
• Trial by Combat
1895
• Trial by Ordeal
• Trial by Iron Hot Ordeal
• Cesare Lombroso, an Italian scientist, employed the first scientific instrument to detect company claiming that the polygraph showed Gillette razors were better than the
deception – HYDROSPHYMOGRAPH, measured changes in pulse and blood pressure competition.
when suspects were questioned about their involvement of a specific offense.
1914
• VITTORIO BENUSSI successfully detected deception with a PNEUMOGRAPH – an
CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH
instrument that graphically measures an examinee’s inhalation and exhalation. Benussi
thus demonstrated that changes in breathing patterns accompany deception. • CESARE LOMBROSO – accorded as the first person that utilizes instrument in detecting
deception.
1917
His basis in detecting deception is by measuring the blood pressure and pulse rate.
• Further research by WILLIAM MARSTON in 1917 dealt with the SPHYGMOMANOMETER,
which was used to obtain periodic discontinuous blood pressure readings during the This is known as HYDROSPHYGMOGRAPH
course of an examination.
• ANGELO MOSSO – he stated that FEAR influenced the heart and could be use as a basis
1920 for detecting deception. He uses sphygmanometer and scientific radio to study fear
• A device recording both blood-pressure and galvanic skin response was invented in 1920 • DR. WILLIAM MARSTON – he conducted numerous tests for detecting deception and
by Dr. John A. Larson of the University of California and first applied in law enforcement utilizes the change in systolic pressure to determine deception.
work by the Berkeley Police Department under its nationally renowned police chief
• He also developed his own method of reading systolic blood pressure.
August Vollmer
• Self proclaim father of polygraph
• . Further work on this device was done by Leonarde Keeler.[2] The first time the term
"polygraph" was used was in 1906 by James MacKenzie in his invention the "ink • JOHN A. LARSON – the real “Father of lie detection”.
polygraph," which was used for medical reasons.
• The present polygraph machine is attributed to him. He is the en who develop and study
• Makenzie wrote a second paper on the concept in 1915, when finishing his to record at the same time the responses of the blood pressure, pulse rate and
undergraduate studies. He entered Harvard Law School and graduated in 1918, re- respiration
publishing his earlier work in 1917.[3] According to their son, Marston's wife, Elizabeth
GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT
Holloway Marston, was also involved in the development of the systolic blood-pressure
test: "According to Marston’s son, it was his mother Elizabeth, Marston’s wife, who • STICKER – he introduced the method of detecting deception from the galvanic
suggested to him that 'When she got mad or excited, her blood pressure seemed to impression on the chart tracing.
climb' (Lamb, 2001). Although Elizabeth is not listed as Marston’s collaborator in his
• VERGUTH – he used the word PSYCHOGALVANIC reflex. He believed that electrical
early work, Lamb, Matte (1996), and others refer directly and indirectly to Elizabeth’s
phenomena are due to the activity of sweat glands, and such activity is known as
work on her husband’s deception research. She also appears in a picture taken in his
“psychogalvanic”.
polygraph laboratory in the 1920s (reproduced in Marston, 1938)."[4][5] The comic
book character, Wonder Woman by William Marston (and influenced by Elizabeth PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT
Marston[6][7] ) carries a magic lasso which was modelled upon the systolic blood-
• VITTORIO BENUSSI – he noted changes in inhalation ratio during indications of
pressure test.[8][6]
deceptions.
• Marston was the self proclaimed “father of the polygraph” despite his predecessor's
LEONARD KEELER
contributions. Marston remained the device's primary advocate, lobbying for its use in
the courts. In 1938 he published a book, The Lie Detector Test, wherein he documented • he device a metal recording bellows; rolled chart paper.
the theory and use of the device.[9] In 1938 he appeared in advertising by the Gillette
 • In 1949, he incorporated Galvanograph with measurement of blood pressure and • When a person is under the influence of physical (exertion) or emotional (anger,
respiration into a portable case. excitement, fear, lie detection, etc.) stimuli, the sympathetic will dominate and over-
ride the parasympathetic, thus there will be a changes in the heart rate, pulse rate,
THE FOUR MAJOR COMPONENTS
blood pressure, respiratory tracing, psycho galvanic reflexes, time of response to
• PNEUMOGRAPH question, voice tracing, etc.
• CARDIOSPHYGMOGRAPH COMPONENT • The parasympathetic nervous system works to restore things to normal when the
conditions of stress have been removed. It is the dominant branch when the condition is
• GALVANOGRAPH COMPONENT
normal and the subject is calm, contented and relaxed.
• KEYMOGRAPH COMPONENT
• The recording of some of the psycho-physiological reaction of a subject when he is
• Today, polygraph examiners use two types of instrumentation: subjected to a series of questions, and the scientific interpretation by trained experts
are the basis of the tests.
analog
Word Association Test
computerized
• A list of stimulus and non-stimulus words are read to the subject who is instructed to
In the United States, most examiners now use computerized instrumentation.
answer as quickly as possible.
Methods of deception detection
• The answer to the questions may be a “yes” or a “no”.
1. Devices which record the psycho-physiological response.
• Unlike the lie detector , the time interval between the words uttered by the examiner
2. Use of drugs that try to inhibit the inhibitor and the answer of the subject is recorded.

3. Hypnotism • When the subject is asked questions with reference to his name, address, civil status,
nationality, ect. Which has no relation to the subject-matter of the investigation, the
4. By observation
tendency is to answer quickly.
5. Scientific Interrogation
• But when the questions bear some words which have to do with the criminal acts the
6. Confession subject allegedly committed, like knife, gun, or hammer which was used in the killing,
the tendency is to delay the answer.
• The test is not concerned with the answer, be it a ‘yes” or a “no”. The important factor
Recording the Psycho physiological Response:
is the time of response in relation to stimulus or non-stimulus words.
• The nervous control of the human body includes the central nervous system (the brain
• Like the use of the lie detector, the subject cannot be compelled to be subjected to the
and the spinal cord) and the autonomic or regulating nervous system (sympathetic and
test without his consent.
parasympathetic). The central nervous system primarily controls the motor and sensory
functions that occur at or above the threshold. It maybe voluntary. Psychological Stress Evaluator

• The autonomic nervous system acts as a self-regulating autonomic response of the • When a person speaks, there are audible voice frequencies and superimposed on these
body. are the inaudible frequency modulations which are products of minute oscillation of the
muscles of the voice mechanism. Such oscillations of the muscles micro tremor occur at
• The autonomic nervous system is composed of two complimentary branches: the
the rate of 8 to 14 cycles per second and controlled by the central nervous system.
sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system, acting opposite each other.
• When the person is under stress as when he is lying, the micro tremor in the voice
• The fibers of both enervate all organs where self-regulation is essential
utterance in moderately or completely suppressed.
• The degree of suppression caries inversely to the degree of psychologic stress in the • The drug acts as depressant in the nervous system. Clinical evidence indicates the
speaker. various segments of the brain particularly the cortex.
• The psychological stress evaluator (PSE) detects, measures, and graphically displays the • Statements taken from the subjects while under the influence of truth serum are
voice modulations that we cannot hear. evolutionary obtained hence they are not admissible as evidence.
• When a person is relaxed and responding honestly to the questions, those inaudible Narcoanalysis/Narcosynthesis
frequencies are registered clearly on the instrument. But when a person is under stress,
• This method of deception detection is practically the same as that of administration of
as when he is lying, these frequencies tend to disappear.
truth serum. The only difference is the drug used. Psychiatric sodium amytal or sodium
Procedure: penthotal is administered by the subject.
• The examiner meets the requesting party to determine the specific purpose of the • When the effects appear , questioning starts.
examination and to begin formulation of relevant questions.
• It is claimed that the drug causes depression of the inhibitory mechanism of the brain
• A pre-test interview is conducted with the subject to help him or her feel at ease with and the subjects talk freely.
the examiner, to provide an opportunity to specify matters, to eliminate outside issues,
• The administration of the drug and subsequent interrogation must be done by a
and to review questions that will be asked.
psychiatrist with along experience on the line.
• An roal test of about 12 to 15 “yes” or “no” questions or given which is recorded on a
• Like the administration of the truth serum, the result of the test is not admissible.
tape recorder. The questions are a mixture of relevant and irrelevant questions.
INTOXICATION
• Immediately following the test or at a later time, the tape is processed through the
Psychological Stress Evaluator for analysis of the answers. • The apparent stimulation effect of alcohol is really the result of the control mechanism
of the brain. The apparent stimulation effect of alcohol is really the result of the control
• If stress is indicated, the subject is given opportunity to provide additional clarification.
mechanism of the brain, so alcohol, like truth serum and narcoanalysis drugs “inhibit the
A retest is given to verify correction and clarification.
inhibitor”.
Use of Drugs that “Inhibit the Inhibitor”
• The ability of alcohol to reveal the real person behind the mask which all of us are said
• Administration of the TRUTH SERUM to wear (“mask of sanity’) is reflected in the age-old maxim, IN VINO VERITAS (“in wine
there is truth”).
• Narcoanalysis/Narcosysthesis
• The person whose statement is to be taken is allowed to take alcoholic beverages to
• Intoxication with Alcohol
almost intoxication.
TRUTH SERUM
• Confessions made by the subjects while under the influence of alcohol may be
• The term “ truth serum” is a misnomer. The procedure does not make someone tell the admissible if he is physically capable to recollect the facts that he has uttered after the
truth and the thing administered is not serum but actually a drug. effects of alcohol have disappeared.

• In the test, HYOSCINE HYDROBROMIDE is given hypodermically in repeated doses until a • But in most intances, the subjects cannot recall everything that he had mentioned or he
state of delirium is induced. may refuse to admit the truth of the statement given.

• When the proper point is reached, the questioning begins and the subject fells a • The knowledge of the truth is an essential requirement for the administration of
compulsion to answer the questions truthfully. criminal justice. The success or failure in making decisions may rest solely on the ability
to evaluate the truth or falsity of the statement given by the suspects or witness. The
• He forgets his alibi which he may have built up to cover his guilt. He may give details of
task for its determination initially lies on the hand of the investigator.
his acts or may even implicate others.
 HYPNOSIS • Peculiar Feeling Inside – there is a sensation of lightness of the head and the subject is
confused. This is the result of his troubled conscience.
• It is the alteration of consciousness and concentration in which the subject manifests a
heightened of suggestibility while awareness is maintained. • Swearing to the truthfulness of his assertion – usually a guilty subject frequently utters
such expression. “I swear to God I am telling the truth” or “ I hope my mother drops
• Not all persons are susceptible to hypnotic induction. Subjects who are compulsive-
dead if I am lying”, “I swear to Go”…etc. Such expressions are make to make forceful
depressive type, strong-willed like lawyers, accountants, physicians and other
and convincing his assertion of innocence.
professionals are usually non-hypnotizable.
• Spotless past record - “Religious man” – the subject may assert that it is not possible for
REASONS: (why it is not admissible in court)
him to do “anything like that” inasmuch as he is a religious man and that he has a
• It lacks the general scientific acceptance of the reliability of hypnosis per se in spotless record.
ascertaining the truth from falsity.
• Inability to look at the investigator “straight in the eye” – the subject does not like to
• The fear that the Trier of fact will give uncritical and absolute reliability to a scientific look at the investigator for fear that his guilt may seen in his eyes. He will rather look at
device without consideration of its flaw in ascertaining veracity. the floor or ceiling.
• The possibility that the hypnotized subject will deliberately fabricate. • “Not that I remember” expression – the subject will resort to the use of “Not that I
Remember” expression when answering to be evasive or to avoid committing
• The prospect that the state of heightened suggestibility in which the hypnotized subject
something prejudicial to him.
is suspected will produce distortion of the fact rather than the truth.
LIE
• The state of the mind, skill and professionalism of the examiner are too subjective to
permit admissibility of the expert testimony. • Is also called PREVARICATION
• A type of deception in the form of an untruthful statement with the intention to
Physiological and Psychological of Guilt deceive, often with further intention to maintain a secret of reputation, to protect
someone’s feelings from getting hurt, or to avoid punishment.
• SWEATING- sweating accompanied with a flushed face indicate anger, embarrassment
or extreme nervousness. Sweating with a palled face may indicate shock of fear. Classification of Lies
Sweating hands indicate tension.
Bald-Faced lie
• COLOR CHANGE – if the face is flushed, it may indicate anger, embarrassment or shame.
A bald-faced ( or barefaced) lie is a lie that is told when it is obvious to all concerned
A pale face is a more common sign of guilt.
that is it a lie.
• DRYNESS OF THE MOUTH – nervous tension causes reflex inhibition of salivary secretion
Example: a child who has chocolate all over his face and denies that he has eaten the
and consequently dryness of the mouth. This causes continuous swallowing and licking
last piece of chocolate cake, is a bald-face liar.
of the lips.
Lying by omission
• Excessive activity of the Adam’s apple - on account of the dryness of the throat aside
from the mouth, the subject will swallow saliva from the mouth and this causes the • One lies by omission by omitting an important fact, deliberately leaving another person
frequent upward and downward movement of the Adam’s apple. with a misconception. Lying by omission includes failures to correct pre-existing
misconceptions.
• Fidgeting – subject is constantly moving about in the chair, pulling his ears, rubbing his
face, picking and tweaking the nose, crossing or uncrossing the legs, rubbing the hair, Lie-to-children
eyes, eyebrows, biting or snapping of fingernails. These are indicators of nervous
A lie-to-children is a lie, often a platitude that may use euphemism, that is told to make an adult
tension. subject acceptable to children. A common example is “ The stork brought you”.
White lie DISSEMBLING
• A white lie would cause no discord if it were uncovered and offers some benefit to the • A polite term for lying, though some might consider it to refer to being merely
liar, the hearer, or both. misleading.
• White lies are often used to avoid offense, such as telling someone that you think that • It is merely considered to be a euphemism for lying.
their new outfit looks good when you actually think that it is a horrible excuse for an
EXAGGERATION
outfit.
• An exaggeration occurs when the most fundamental aspect of a statement is true, but
• The lie is told to avoid the harmful implications and realistic implications of the truth.
the degree to which it is true is not correct.
NOBLE LIE
JOCOSE LIE
• A noble lie is one that would normally cause discord it if were uncovered, but that offers
• Are lies that are meant in jest and are usually understood as such by all present parties.
some benefit to the liar and perhaps assist in an orderly society and thus potentially
gives some benefit to others also. • Sarcasm can be an example.
• It is often told to maintain law, order and safety. • Storytelling traditions that are present in some places, where the humor comes form
the storyteller’s insistence that he or she is telling that absolute truth despite all
• A noble lie usually has the effect of helping an elite maintain power.
evidence to the contrary.
EMERGENCY LIE
PROMOTION LIES
• An emergency lie is a strategic lie told when the truth may not be told because, for
• Advertisements often contain statements that are not credible, such as “we are always
example, harm to a third party would come of it.
happy to give a refund.”
• Example: a neighbor might lie to an engaged husband about the whereabouts of his
BELIEF SYSTEMS
unfaithful wife, because said husband might reasonably be expected to inflict physical
injury to his husband. • It is alleged that some belief systems may find lying to be justified.
PERJURY • Example: Religious lies
• It is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on an material matter under Augustine’s Taxonomy of Lies
oath or affirmation in a court of law or in any of various sworn statements in writing.
• Lies in religious teaching.
• Perjury is a crime because the witness has sworn to tell the truth and, for the credibility
• Lies that harm others and help no one.
of the court, witness testimony must be relied on an being truthful.
• Lies that harm others and help someone.
BLUFFING
• Lies told for the pleasure of lying
• Pretending to have capability or intention one doesn’t. Bluffing is an act of deception
that is not usually seen as immoral because it takes place in the context of a game • Lies told “please others in smooth discourse”.
where this kind of deception is consented to in advance by the players.
• Lies that harm no one and that help someone.
MISLEADING
• Lies that harm no one and that save someone’s life.
• A misleading statement is one where there isn’t an outright lie, but still has the purpose
• Lies that harm no one and that save someone’s purity.
of making someone believe in an untruth.
Lying in the bible
The Hebrew midwives lied to the king of Egypt rather than carry out his order to kill all male • Blood pressure and heart rate are measured by the cardio-sphygmograph component of
Hebrew babies; the midwives did this because they “feared God” . (Exodus 1:15-20) the polygraph, which consists of a blood pressure cuff that is wrapped around the
subject's arm.
Rehab lied to the king of Jericho about hiding the Hebrew spies (Joshua 2:4-5) and was not
killed with those were disobedient because of her faith (Hebrews 11:13) • During the questioning the cuff remains inflated.
Delilah repeatedly accused Samson of lying to her (Jg. 16:10-13) as she interrogated him about • The movement of blood through the subject's veins generates a sound that is
the source of his strength. transmitted through the air in the cuff to a bellows that amplifies the sound. The
magnitude of the sound relates to the blood pressure and the frequency of the changes
Abaraham instructs his wife, Sarai, to lie to the Egyptians and say that she is his sister (Gen
in the sound relates to the heart rate.
12:10), which leads to the Lord punishing the Egyptians (Gen 12:17-19).
PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT
Consequences of Lying
• The pneumograph component of the polygraph records the subject's respiratory rate.
• Discovered – discovery of lie tends to discredit other statements by the same speaker
One tube is placed around the subject's chest and a second is placed around his or her
and can lead to social and legal sanctions againsts the speaker.
abdomen. These tubes are filled with air. When the subject breaths, changes in the air
• Remain Undiscovered – undiscovered lie is a latent danger to the liar who us probably pressure in the tubes are recorded on the polygraph.
aware that it may be discovered.
GALVANOGRAPH
Representations of Lying
• The galvanograph section records the amount of perspiration produced.
• Carlo Collodi’s PINOCCHIO is a wooden puppet often led into trouble by his propensity
• It consists of electrical sensors called galvanometers that are attached to the subject's
to lie. His nose grows with every lie. A long nose has thus become a caricature of liars.
fingertips. The skin of the fingertips contains a high density of sweat glands, making
• In the film LIAR LIAR, the lawyer Fletcher Reed (Jim Carrey) cannot lie for 24 hours due them a good location to measure perspiration.
to a wish of his son which magically came true.
• As the amount of sweat touching the galvanometers increases, the resistance of the
• In 1985 MAX HEADROOM, the title character comments that one can always tell when a electrical current measured decreases and these changes are recorded by the
politician lies because ‘their lips move”. The joke has been widely repeated and polygraph.
rephrased.
• Most forensic psychophysiologists (FPs) consider the cardiosphygomgraph and the
• In the film BIG FAT LIAR, the story which producer Marty Wolf, a notorious and proud pneumograph components more informative than the galvanograph.
liar himself. Each lie he tells causes him to grow in size.
KEYMOGRAPH
• Keymograph component is a motor that pulls or drives the chart paper under the
The polygraph instrument usually measures four to six physiological reactions recorded by recording pen simultaneously at the rate of 6 or 12 inches per minute.
three different medical instruments that are combined in one machine. Older polygraph
The Examination Room
machines were equipped with long strips of paper that moved slowly beneath pens that
recorded the various physiological responses. Newer equipment uses transducers to convert • It must be private and free from all outside noise and detracting influences.
the information to digital signals that can be stored on computers and analyzed using
• Adequately lighted and well ventilated
sophisticated mathematical algorithms.
• Devoid of pictures, paintings, decors or other ornaments.
CARDIO-SPHYGMOGRAPH
• Preferably sound-proof
• Without any furniture other than a polygraph desk.
 • Subjects chair with arm rest and an examiner’s stool. Initial Interview with the Investigator
• With one-way mirror and remote sound system for monitoring the test proceedings to • Test question are formulated by the polygraph examiner based from information
an authorized audience. obtained from the investigator. General facts, theories and suspicions are not enough
basis for a polygraph test. Question formulation depends greatly upon detailed and
The polygraph examiner
accurate information regarding all the available facts.
• TECHNICALLY, he must have a complete knowledge of the instrument and its capabilities
and limitations.
The investigator on case should personally inform the examiner of such facts as:
• MORALLY – maintain a high personal integrity and increasing personal proficiency
through constant study and research. • Unpublicized facts of the offense known only to the victim, the investigator and the
• He constantly bears in mind his primary obligation to his subjects is to afford them all • Specific articles or exact amounts of money stolen.
possible safeguards against error and must not accept any subjects whose physical or
• Exact time and place the offense occurred.
mental health or state makes him unfit.
• Peculiar aspects of the offense or any strange or obscene acts committed at the scene.
• He is an impartial seeker of truth.
• Known facts about a suspects action or movements immediately preceding of after the
• Never allow his personal feelings, sympathies, or prejudice influence the results of the
incidents.
examination.
• Facts indicating a connection between suspects, victims and witnesses, especially when
Selection of Test Subject
they deny any connection.
• Permanent physical illness such as mental derangement, certain heart condition,
• Exact type of firearm, weapon or tool used.
breathing disorder, and addiction to narcotic drugs are definite causes that makes a
person unfit for a polygraph test. • Results of laboratory test if any.
• Temporary illness and conditions such as sickness, injury, pain, physical discomfort, • Background information particularly previous police records or verifies facts which
external physical or mental fatigue, colds, coughs, fever, allergies, and influences of subjects denies.
sedatives and liquor are causes for deferment of the test until such time that the
PRE-TEST INTERVIEW
subjects regains his ordinary physical condition.
• Before the actual testing is done, the examiner must first make an informal interview of
• Treatment of the subjects before being asked to make or while awaiting test affects
the subject which may last from 20 to 30 minutes.
the success of the examination.
• To condition the subject psychologically for the test.
• Prolonged interrogation with constant accusation directed against the subjects may
condition him to react falsely to the test, or may result to a flat emotionless chart. • The subject is appraised of his constitutional rights.
• A person’s daily habit should not be upset more than necessary. Long delay should be • A written consent which must be freely and voluntary given is taken.
avoided.
Purpose of the Pre-Test Interview
PHASES of EXAMINATION
• To determine whether the subject has any medical or psychiatric condition or has used
• PRE-TEST INTERVIEW drugs that will prevent the testing.
• ACTUAL interrogation and recording through the instrument • To explain to the subject the purpose of the examination.
• POST-TEST INTERVIEW • To develop the test questions, particularly those of the types to be asked.
 • To relieve the truthful subject of any apprehension as well as to satisfy the deceptive General Peak Tension Test
subject as to the efficiency of the technique.
• The general question test consist of a series of relevant and irrelevant questioned asked
• To know any anti-social activity or criminal record of the subject. in a planned order.
• Question FormulationQuestions formulated are short, simple and direct answerable by either • Example:
‘Yes” or “No” only, phrased in the language easily understood by the subjects.
1. Have you ever been called by the name Fred? (Irrelevant)
• The questions must be clear and must have reference to only one element of an offense
2. Is today Friday? (Irrelevant)
of fact.
Types of question
• Do you have anything to do with the robbery at Goodwill Grocery last night? (relevant)
• IRRELEVANT
• Did you robbed the Goodwill Grocery last night? (relevant)
• RELEVANT
• Are you over twenty years of age? (irrelevant)
• CONTROL
• Do you know is any of the fingerprints found at goodwill Grocery is yours? (relevant)
IRRELEVANT QUESTIONS
• Do you drink water? (Irrelevant)
• These are questions which have no bearing to the case under investigation.
• Do you know of anyone involved in the robbery of Goodwill Grocery last night?
• The question may refer to the subject’s age, educational attainment, marital status,
(Relevant)
citizenship, occupation, etc.
Peak of Tension Test
• The examiner asks these types of questions to ascertain the subject’s normal pattern of
response by eliminating the feeling of apprehension. • This valid test is only made when there is no widespread publicity about the crime.
RELEVANT QUESTIONS • Example:
• These are questions pertaining to the issue under investigation. They must be 1. Do you know whether the stolen watch from Fred is Boluva?
unambiguous, unequivocal and understandable to the subject.
2. It is an Elgin?
• They must be related to one issue or one criminal act.
3. Is it a Colorado?
• It is equally important to limit the number of relevant questions to avoid discomfort to
4. Is it a Rolex?
the subject.
POST-TEST INTERROGATION
Control Questions
• To clarify the findings
• These are questions which are unrelated to the matter under investigation but are of
similar nature although less serious as compared to those relevant questions under • To learn if there are any other reasons for the subject’s responding to a relevant
investigation. question, other than the knowledge of the crime.
Test Construction applied are of two main types. • To obtain additional information and an admission for law enforcement purposes, if he
results suggest deception.
• General Peak Tension Test
• Peak of Tension Test
There are three basic approaches to the polygraph test:
 • The Control Question Test (CQT). • The underlying theory of the polygraph is that when people lie they also get measurably
nervous about lying. The heartbeat increases, blood pressure goes up, breathing
• The Directed Lie Test (DLT).
rhythms change, perspiration increases, etc. A baseline for these physiological
• The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT). characteristics is established by asking the subject questions whose answers the
investigator knows. Deviation from the baseline for truthfulness is taken as sign of lying
The Control Question Test (CQT)
• This test compares the physiological response to relevant questions about the crime
with the response to questions relating to possible prior misdeeds. "This test is often Test Procedure
used to determine whether certain criminal suspects should be prosecuted or classified
• Not more than 12 questions
as uninvolved in the crime" (American Psychological Association).
• At least three (3) charts are taken, each lasting not more than four (4) minutes,
The Directed Lie Test (DLT)
• 5 to ten minutes between charts.
• This test tries to detect lying by comparing physiological responses when the subject is
told to deliberately lie to responses when they tell the truth. • Chart MarkingBeginning X

The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) • Stimulus “

• This test compares physiological responses to multiple-choice type questions about the • Yes +
crime, one choice of which contains information only the crime investigators and the
• No -
criminal would know about.
• Subject fail to answer No sign
Objectiaves
• Subject Talk T
• Ascertain if a person is telling the truth by verifying statement and/or comparing
conflicting statements. • Talking Instruction TI
• Obtain additional investigative leads to the facts of an offense. • Coughing C
• Locate fruits or roots of crime or whereabouts of wanted persons. • Mechanical Adjustment Arrow
• Identify other persons involved. • Tearing of throat CT
• Obtain valuable information from reluctant witnesses. • Outside Noise OSN
• Most important is the elimination of innocent suspects. • Sigh S
Limitations • Sniff SN
• It is an invaluable investigation aid, but never a substitute for investigation. • Sneeze SZ
• It is a lie detector, it is not a scientific diagnostic instrument. • BURP B
• It does not determine facts, it records responses to that which the subject knows to be • YAWN Y
true.
• Deep breathing DB
• It is only as accurate as the examiner is competent.
• Subject Laugh L
 • Breathing Instruction BI
• Repeat Question R
• Paper Jump PJ
• Ending XX
Rule in Interpretation
• There must be specific response hat deviates from the subjects’ normal tracing.
• It must appear in at least two or more chart.