Saint Luke's College Of: Nursing

TRINITY UNIVERSITY OF ASIA
Saint Luke’s College of Nursing

E. Rodriguez Sr. Ave., Cathedral Heights
Quezon City, Philippines
“Blood Disorders”
(Assignment #4)
Presented to the Faculty of St. Luke’s College of Nursing
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

In Related Learning Experience for the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing
Submitted by:
APRIL MAE M. LABRADOR
Batch Savere Vita
4NU01- GROUP #4
Submitted to:
EDNA U. ROBLES, RN, MAN
Clinical Instructor
September 26, 2019

A. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited disorder of the hemoglobin in blood. Sickle cell
anemia requires the inheritance of two sickle cell genes. The major symptoms of sickle
cell anemia are the direct result of the abnormally shaped sickled red blood cells
blocking the flow of blood.
Causes of Anemia:
 A mutation in the gene that tells your body to make the red, iron-rich compound
that gives blood its red color (hemoglobin). In sickle cell anemia, the abnormal
hemoglobin causes red blood cells to become rigid, sticky and misshapen.
 The sickle cell gene is passed from generation to generation in a pattern of
inheritance called autosomal recessive inheritance. This means that both the
mother and the father must pass on the defective form of the gene for a child to
be affected.
Signs and Symptoms:

 Fatigue and anemia  Lung and heart injury
 Pain crises/ Painful swelling of  Leg ulcers
hands and feet  Aseptic necrosis and bone
 Dactylitis (swelling and infarcts (death of portions of
inflammation of the hands and/or bone)
feet) and arthritis  Delayed growth
 Bacterial infections  Vision problems
 Sudden pooling of blood in the
spleen and liver congestion
Diagnostic Laboratories:
 Blood test can check for hemoglobin S (screening test)
 Mother's womb (amniotic fluid) sampling test
Treatment  Blood transfusion, Nitric Oxide,
 Bone marrow transplant, also Gene therapy
known as stem cell transplant
 Hydroxyurea (Droxia, Hydrea) Nursing Problems
 Antibiotic and Pain relief  Organ damage
medication  Acute chest syndrome
 Pneumococcal vaccine and  Stroke
annual Flu vaccine  Pulmonary hypertension
 Blindness
Nursing Interventions
 Advise client to avoid temperature extremes.
 Encourage client to take folic acid supplements daily, and choose a healthy diet.
 Advise client to take an early screening test as possible.
 Teach client in exploring ways to cope with the pain. Work with your doctor to
find ways to control your pain.
B. THALASSEMIA
Thalassemia is a blood disorder that is caused by DNA mutations in cells that are
responsible for producing hemoglobin. Thalassemia is inherited, meaning that at least
one of your parents must be a carrier of the disorder. It’s caused by either a genetic
mutation or a deletion of certain key gene fragments.
Thalassemia minor is a less serious form of the disorder. There are two main forms
of thalassemia that are more serious. In alpha thalassemia, at least one of the alpha
globin genes has a mutation or abnormality. In beta thalassemia, the beta globin genes
are affected.
Causes of Anemia
 Occurs when there’s an abnormality or mutation in one of the genes involved in
hemoglobin production.
 If only one or both of your parents is a carrier for thalassemia.
Signs and Symptoms:

 Bone deformities, especially in  Delayed growth and development
the face  Excessive tiredness and fatigue
 Dark urine, poor appetite  Yellow or pale skin
 Test for hemoglobin electrophoresis
 Physical examination
Pathophysiology:
Treatment: Nursing Problems:

 Blood transfusions  Higher risk for infections
 Bone marrow transplant  Gestational diabetes, fertility
 Medications and supplements difficulty
 Possible surgery to remove the  Heart problems
spleen or gallbladder  Hypothyroidism, or low thyroid
 Gene therapy, Amniocentesis  Increased number of blood
 Haemophilus influenza type B transfusions
Vaccine  Low bone density
Nursing Interventions:
 Evaluate client’s hemoglobin level and assist client personal information, major
stress and conditions.
 Encourage client to avoid excess intake of iron.
 Advise client to avoid infections, cuts and encourage client to eat a healthy diet.
C. PAROXYMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare acquired, life-threatening

disease of the blood. The disease is characterized by destruction of red blood cells
(hemolytic anemia), blood clots (thrombosis), and impaired bone marrow function (not
making enough of the three blood components). "Paroxysmal" means "sudden,"
"nocturnal" means "at night," and "hemoglobinuria" means "blood in the urine."
Causes of Anemia:
 A change in a gene, called a mutation, causes your body to make abnormal red
blood cells. These cells don’t have proteins that shield them from your immune
system. People with a certain type of anemia, called aplastic anemia, are more
likely to get PNH.
 People who have cardiovascular problem (congestive heart failure), and
edematous patient.
Pathophysiology
 Usually caused by congestive heart failure, most commonly (but not always) in
people who also have had episodes of dyspnea with exertion, or of orthopnea
(shortness of breath when lying down). In early left ventricular failure, the cardiac
output does not increase sufficiently in response to moderate exercise; tissue
and cerebral acidosis occurs, and the patient experiences dyspnea on exertion.
The shortness of breath may be accompanied by fatigue or a sensation of
smothering or sternal compression. In the later stages of left ventricular failure,
the pulmonary circulation remains congested, and dyspnea occurs with mild
exertion.
Signs and Symptoms:  Feel short of breath

 Broken red blood cells  Have an irregular heartbeat
 Too few red blood cells (which  Seizures
can cause anemia)  Trouble moving, talking, or
 Blood clots in your veins seeing
 Have headaches
 CBC test  Urine test  BMA
Treatment:
 Folic acid to help your bone marrow make more normal blood cells
 Iron supplements to make more red blood cells
 Blood transfusion, Bone marrow stem cell transplant.
 Blood thinners
 Eculizumab (Soliris)  This drug prevents the breakdown of red blood cells.
Nursing Problems:
 Sleep apnea  Diastolic heart failure
 Asthma  Acute cardiac ischemia
 Pulmonary embolus.
Nursing Interventions:
 The most important dietary change that people suffering from congestive heart
failure and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea need is to reduce their salt intake.
 Suggestions for altering the way the client sleep; she/he might suggest to sleep
propped up with several pillows to help alleviate lung congestion at night.
 Encourage client to avoid processed food, canned or frozen food, and fast food.
D. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ISO AND AUTO ANTIBODY?
Iso Antibody
 An antibody that occurs only in some individuals of a species and reacts specifically with
a particular foreign isoantigen. For specific isoantibodies of blood groups, also known as
alloantibody. Isoantibodies are produced against an epitope that is expressed by all
normal individuals and is not polymorphic. In the area of human platelet immunology, a
classic example of isoimmunization occurs when a patient with an inherited deficiency of
a membrane glycoprotein has been subjected to multiple platelet transfusions to correct
a bleeding diathesis.
Auto Antibody
 Autoantibodies are the result of a failure of the immune system to discriminate between
“self” and “nonself,” which target a person’s own antigen.
 Changes in antibody quantity may be used to monitor successful therapy or disease
exacerbation. They may be used as indicators of individuals at risk for future diseases in
disorders that are familial. Autoantibody tests are never used by themselves for
diagnosis of disease.

Saint Luke's College Of: Nursing

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Saint Luke's College Of: Nursing

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Saint Luke's College Of: Nursing

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRINITY UNIVERSITY OF ASIA

Saint Luke’s College of Nursing

Presented to the Faculty of St. Luke’s College of Nursing

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

September 26, 2019

Signs and Symptoms:

Signs and Symptoms:

Treatment: Nursing Problems:

C. PAROXYMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare acquired, life-threatening

Signs and Symptoms:  Feel short of breath

D. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ISO AND AUTO ANTIBODY?

You might also like