TABLE OF CONTENT

 ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................2
 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................3
 TRADITIONAL METHODS..........................................................................................4
 HVAC SYSTEM...........................................................................................................5
 HVAC OPERATION....................................................................................................7
 PROPAGATION MODEL............................................................................................8
 HVAC MAINTENANCE.............................................................................................10
 ENERGY SAVING MODES......................................................................................11
 ANALYSIS.................................................................................................................13
 RESEARCH ISSUE...................................................................................................15
 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP .........................................................................................17
 EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION............................................................................19
 RESULT&DISCUSSION...........................................................................................22
 ADVANTAGES..........................................................................................................28
 DISADVANTAGES....................................................................................................29
 CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................30
 REFERENCE............................................................................................................31

1
 ABSTRACT

The hottest technology in personal networking is wireless networking, which allows

users to share a high-speed internet connection among multiple computers without
being tethered to wires or wall jacks. Traditional indoor wireless uses a network of
transmitters receiver and antennas for communication in the interior of a building. Such
a placements is more a matter of trial & error and may many a times lead to ineffective
communication. An easy solution to this problem using the already existing
infrastructures is the HVAC duct. Heating ventilation and air conditioning ducts in
building are typically hollow metal pipes which can be used as waveguides to carry
signals and provide the network access to offices. Knowledge about channel properties
is crucial to design such a communication system. At high frequencies this duct
behaves as a multimode wave guide with a transmitting antenna coupling in and a
receiving antenna coupling out. This model represents a step towards the development
of a tool for planning a wireless distribution system using building HVAC ducts.

2
 INTRODUCTION

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) ducts in buildings are typically hollow
metal pipes which can be used as waveguides to carry signals and provide the network
access to offices. Knowledge of channel properties is crucial tode signing such a
communication system. This paper presents propagation model for a straight HVAC
duct terminated at both ends. At high frequencies this duct behaves as a multimode
waveguide with a transmitting antenna coupling in and a receiving antenna coupling out.
We derive a simple analytical expression for the frequency response of this channel
using conventional techniques. Experimental data taken on real circular ducts excited
by monopole probe antennas confirm theoretical results. This model represents an
initial step toward the development of a tool for planning a wireless distribution system
using building HVAC ducts .Index Terms—Indoor radio communication, monopole
antennas multimode waveguides, radio propagation, wireless increased demand for
broad band communications in buildings is bringing fundamental changes to indoor
wireless networks. Future indoor wireless networks will provide not only voice
communications, but also data, video, and high speed Internet access. However,
traditional indoor wireless communication systems are unable to keep up with the
increased demand for bandwidth. In addition, the design of an indoor wireless network
is still a complex task due to the nature of indoor propagation. An alternative approach
to providing the communication infrastructure in buildings is to recognize that most
buildings are already equipped with a microwave distribution system: the heating and
ventilation ducts. These ducts are designed to carry air to and from all parts of the
building, but can also function as hollow waveguides for microwave signals .The
concept and preliminary results on this approach have been reported. In theoretical
estimates of duct channel capacity based on multi-carrier transmission with adaptive
power loading that uses M-QAM modulation and measured channel responses in the
2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical(ISM) band were reported. It was shown that
data transmission rates in excess of 1 Gbps are possible over distances up to500 m in
“matched” straight ducts.

3
 TRADITIONAL METHODS
Traditional indoor wireless communication systems transmit and receive signals through
the use of a network of transmitters, receivers and antennas that are placed through out
the interior of a building. Devices must be located such that signals must not be lost or
signal strength may not get attenuated. Again a change in the existing architecture also
affects the wireless transmission. Another challenge related to installation of wireless
networks in buildings is the need to predict the RF propagation and coverage in the
presence of complex combinations of shapes and materials in the buildings.

To design a traditional wireless HVAC distribution system, a knowledge about the

channel is needed. It is highly desirable to have a simple analytical model for the
channel. In this paper, we presented an approximate, closed-form, propagation model
for the straight HVAC duct channel in the form of a multimode waveguide excited by
probe antennas.
We performed experimental measurements to validate our model and found that they
confirmed our theoretical results. While in this paper we considered an HVAC channel
in the form of a straight duct, the real HVAC duct system is much more complicated, as
it may contain tapers, bends, T-junctions, etc. Efficient modeling of RF propagation in
such a system is a challenging task. Our model should be perceived as a first step
toward predicting the radio coverage in ducts when designing an HVAC wireless
distribution system.

4
 THE HVAC SYSTEM

Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning ducts are used in buildings designed to carry
air to and from all parts of the building. In most parts of the USA and Europe almost
every building is equipped with these HVAC ducts which can also function as hollow
wave guides for microwave and RF signals. Therefore, all forms of wireless
transmission can in principle can be done through these waveguides. Since most of the
offices and other places in buildings where people work, sit or reside are reached by
this HVAC duct work, it is also possible to provide communications between building
occupants and rest of the world. The HVAC system includes a device usually a coupler
for introducing electromagnetic radiation into the duct work such that the duct acts as a
wave guide. System also includes devices for enabling the electromagnetic radiation to
propagate beyond the duct. In most cases ducts are largest near the central air handling
equipment and become smaller as they branch out to various rooms. Branches in the
duct behaves as wave guide power splitters. Eventually RF would be radiated into the
rooms through specially designed louvers.

Fig:1

5
The key idea behind this distribution is that low loss electromagnetic waves can
propagate in hollow metallic pipes if the dimensions of the ducts are sufficiently large
compared to the wavelength. Since the HVAC ducts are made of sheet metal, they are
excellent waveguide candidates. the lowest frequency that can propagate in a duct
depend upon the size and cross section shape of the duct. For rectangular wave guides
or ducts, the cut off frequency fco for the lowest propagating mode is given by

Fco = c/2a

Where:- c = 3x108 m/s, the velocity of light in free space and

a=the largest dimension of the duct.

For circular ducts, the cut off frequency fco

Fco = 1.841c / 2πr

where r is the radius of the duct. Minimum duct dimensions for several wireless bands
are given in the table below.

6
 The basic principle of operation of HVAC system

Fig. 2

The operation is described as follows. For the down link, RF signals sent from a base
station propagate through the ductwork and a small portion of electromagnetic energy is
radiated by a simple antenna inserted into the HVAC duct passing from each room. In
the uplink, the RF signal of the end-user transmitted by the laptop, handset etc. reaches
the passive antenna located in each office and propagates towards the base station.

7
 PROPAGATION MODEL

It is a linear channel and therefore can be completely characterised by its frequency

response or transfer function. To design a wireless HVAC system, an analytic model is
necessary. This model must be valid for the ducts of different cross sections and allow
to investigate easily the frequency response dependence on such parameters as
antenna geometry, transmitter receiver separation distance, duct cross section size,
conductivity of duct material, reflection coefficients of terminated duct ends etc. Such a
model for the HVAC duct channel in the case of a straight multimode duct terminated at
both ends is given below in Fig.3

This is a straight HVAC duct of circular cross-section, made of metal and terminated at
each end as shown. Two monopole probe antennas provide the propagating modes N
determined by the operating frequency and waveguide dimensions. Let the termination
loads 1&2 ie load1 and load2, have respective reflection coefficients '1n & '2n for wave
guide of mode n which can be frequency dependent. Let ‘L’ be the distance between the

8
two antennas and respective distances to the terminated ends be L1 and L2.then
theoretically the frequency response can be derived as

where :- ‘Ro’ is the internal impedance of transmitter or receiver;

‘Za’ the antenna impedance;

’Zn’ the impedance due to mode n; ‘¡n’ the propagation constant,

‘'1n’ & ‘'2n’ the reflection coefficients of termination loads load1 and load2.

9
 HVAC MAINTENANCE-HOW TO GET RID OF HVAC FAILURES

Many homeowners neglect their HVAC maintenance until something goes wrong. The
result is that the small problems, which could be fixed easily, end up as costly,
catastrophic failures requiring expensive professional help to repair. However, that
doesn't have to happen. If you maintain your system with these tips, then you can catch
those problems and save yourself money.

Something to keep in mind is that if you aren't comfortable doing the maintenance
yourself, then hire a contractor. Don't risk injuring yourself or your expensive HVAC
system. However, one bit of maintenance that everyone can do is changing the air filter
in the air conditioning unit when necessary. When the filter needs to be replaced varies,
but you should inspect the air filter every month and make sure it doesn't appear
clogged.

If you are more confident in your ability to do HVAC maintenance, then there are a
number of things you should check once or twice a year. You should make sure the
thermostat and other control systems are functioning properly, lubricate anything that
needs it, which is basically all moving parts, check for tightness on the electrical
connections, and make sure the condensation drain isn't clogged.

Further maintenance includes heating and cooling specific items. There are three things
that need to be done for cooling systems. Check the evaporator and condenser air
conditioning coils, and clean them thoroughly. Inspect the refrigerant level in your air
conditioning system. Readjust and clean the blower components to ensure they are
functioning optimally.

There is only two heating system specific check that needs to be done. You should
check all of the connections as well as the gas pressure to ensure that there are no
leaks which make your system less efficient and potentially dangerous. Also make sure
the burner and heat exchanger are functioning properly. Your heating and air
conditioning systems are great additions to your house. They increase quality of life by
a lot, but they can't be neglected without risk. Perform regular HVAC maintenance to
ensure your systems continue working and don't end up costing you a lot in repairs.
10
 HVAC SYSTEM WITH ENERGY SAVING MODES

1.An energy-conserving HVAC system for an occupancy, said system comprising an

HVAC system including at least one HVAC actuator, at least one sensor configured to
sense temperature and humidity in at least one zone of the occupancy, and an HVAC
controller in communication with said at least one HVAC actuator and said at least one
sensor, said HVAC controller being configured to include a plurality of HVAC modes,
each of said HVAC modes specifying that each of said at least one HVAC actuator is
actuatable and deactuatable in response to particular HVAC sensor readings in said at
least one zone of the occupancy; and a security system configured to provide security
to the occupancy, said security system including a security control panel that is in direct
communication with said HVAC controller, wherein said security system includes a
plurality of security modes that are actuatable by an occupant via said security control
panel, actuation of each of said plurality of security modes by said occupant resulting in
an automatic actuation of at least one of said HVAC modes, said automatic actuation
occurring without any action by said occupant beyond said actuation of one of said
plurality of security modes, wherein said security control panel includes actuators
dedicated solely to control of said security system and said HVAC system, control of
said HVAC system being accomplished via communication between said security
control panel and said HVAC controller, wherein said actuators are at least one of a
plurality of buttons, switches, dials, and knobs, and wherein said HVAC system and said
security system are retrofit table onto previously existing security and HVAC systems of
the occupancy.

2. The system of claim , wherein said at least one HVAC actuator is at least one of a
water heater, an electric radiator, an air-conditioning compressor, a fan, and a valve,
used to heat, ventilate, or air-condition said at least one zone of the occupancy.

3. The system of claim , wherein said security modes include at least a mode for use
when said occupants are present and active in the occupancy, a mode for use when
said occupants are sleeping in the occupancy, and a for use when said occupants are
not present in the occupancy.

11
Disclosed is an energy-conserving HVAC system for an occupancy, the system
including an HVAC system including HVAC actuators, sensors configured to sense
temperature and humidity in zones of the occupancy, and an HVAC controller in
communication with the HVAC actuators and the sensors, said HVAC controller being
configured to include HVAC modes that specify that each of the HVAC actuators to be
actuatable and deactuatable in response to particular HVAC sensor readings in the
zones, and a security system configured to provide security, the security system
including a security control panel in communication with the HVAC controller, wherein
the security system includes security modes that are actuatable via the security control
panel, actuation of each of the plurality of security modes resulting in an automatic
actuation of the HVAC modes, the automatic actuation occurring without any action
beyond the actuation of one of the plurality of security modes.

12
 ANALYSIS

Signal transmission via HVAC duct channels suffers from inter-symbol interference
(ISI), which is caused by multi-mode propagation and reflections of the signal in the
ducts. To overcome this, it has been reported that one should use multi-carrier
transmission as the transmission technology in HVAC ducts. Since the details of the
analysis for channel capacity of HVAC ducts based on adaptive multicarrier
transmission is summarize in the calculation of channel capacity using multicarrier
modulation with uniform power distribution among the carriers. In our analysis, we
calculate the attainable bit rate of the HVAC duct channel at a given symbol error
probability and under the restriction that the total transmitted power P be limited. We
consider the use of multi-carrier transmission with MQAM modulation used for each
carrier. Since each carrier could transmit a different number of bits per symbol, say ni,
and assuming that carrier bandwidth is Δf, then the total bit rate R transmitted via the
HVAC duct channel is

carrier Psei is given as

where Mi is the M-QAM modulation in the i-th carrier, Eav is the average energy per
symbol, Q(・) is the error function and N0 = 2N(f), where N(f) is the double-sided power
spectral density of the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). Kni is a constant that
depends on the number of bits per symbol such that 2 ≤ Kni ≤ 4. In case of single carrier
transmission over a linear distorted channel with a channel frequency response of H(f),
the total bit rate is given as

13
where P is the transmitted signal power and W is the channel bandwidth. In case of
multi-carrier transmission, approximating the channel transfer function H(f) by a
staircase function and summing over all tones/carriers, one finds that the total bit

where R is the total transmission rate, P carrier is the power allocated to each carrier
and Δf is the carrier bandwith such that W=S.Δf. Assuming uniform power distribution P
carrier = P/S. Next, we briefly describe the experimental setup used for measurements
of HVAC duct channel capacity.

14
 RESEARCH ISSUES
Although the preliminary experiments described in this paper support the feasibility of
the HVAC RF distribution system, detailed research in a number of areas is needed to
develop systematic design procedures. In the following we briefly comment on several
of these.

Characterization of the RF channel

Unlike conventional waveguide circuits, in most cases multiple waveguide modes will be
above cutoff in ducts. This multimode environment will lead to delay spread much like
multi path in open propagation environments. Other sources of delay spread will be
reflections from the bends, junctions and end plates. In any event, delay spread and
coherence band width of such channel needs to be explored both theoretically and
experimentally.

Coupling into multimode ducts

The existence of multiple propagating modes is a complication usually avoided in

conventional waveguide circuits. Design and design rules are needed for realizing
efficient couplers in the various sizes and shapes of ducts that are commonly used, for
each frequency bands of interest.

Mode conversion and cross polarization in multimode ducts

In the presence of multiple propagating modes, it is likely that the preferred strategy is
to optimize coupling into the lowest-order, or dominant, wave guide mode. However,
since HVAC ducts are not constructed with them same precision as the actual wave
guide circuits, mode conversion is likely at joints and other imperfections. In addition to

15
creating delay spread as discussed above, this mode conversion could lead to signal
loss owing to excitation to orthogonally-polarized modes, as well.

Power division at branches and tees

To obtain satisfactory power distribution throughout a large building, it will be necessary

to be able to determine and control the power division at branches and tees. This power
division is also complicated by the existence of multiple propagating modes. The use of
irises made using wire screens and grids should allow independent control of power
division and air flow.

Coupling around obstructions

Techniques are needed to couple around unavoidable obstructions in the ducts. Design
for both active and passive coupling needed to be explored. The simplicity of passive
probe couplers on either side of the obstruction connected by low loss coax is attractive,
but bidirectional amplifiers may be needed in some instances as well. Such techniques
could also be used to couple two otherwise unconnected duct systems.

16
 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Two sets of experiments were made with the configuration shown in Fig.6 the first
experiment, we configured a test duct network that included tees and straight sections .
The path between transmitter and receiver is 9 m. The duct components had a diameter
of 0.3 m and are made of galvanized steel with conductivity σ = 106S/m. Both ends are
closed with caps lined with matched absorbers, resulting in a relatively flat channel
frequency response. In contrast, the exploration of the signal propagation
characteristics through existing HVAC duct systems in buildings gives useful information
as to whether legacy HVAC duct systems can be used for high-speed data
transmission. For that purpose, various communication signals were transmitted
through the building HVAC system of the second floor of Roberts Engineering Hall (The
path between the transmitter and receiver was 16 meters and the duct system included
cylindrical and rectangular ducts along with other common duct components. Thus, this
system represented

Fig.4

17
a realistic HVAC duct network that could be encountered in buildings. First, wideband
channel measurements were made in the 2.4- 2.5 GHz ISM band using an Agilent
E8358A vector network analyzer (VNA). The antennas were monopole probe antennas
3.1 cm long. For the modulation experiments, a carrier separation of 300 kHz was
chosen to approximate the conditions encountered by the IEEE 802.11a standard. 50
carriers were used in all the experiments corresponding to a 15 MHz channel. The
transmitted data rate depends on the modulation type and the pulse-shaping filter. In
our experiments, M-PSK and MQAM modulation schemes were used along with an α =
0.35 raised cosine filter. The symbol rate Rs that can be passed through a pass band
raised cosine filter with absolute bandwidth B is Rs = B/(1+α). With a carrier spacing of
300 kHz, Rs is therefore limited to 220 ksps. Multi-carrier signals were generated with
an Agilent E4433B digital signal generator and demodulated with an Agilent 89610A
vector signal analyzer. The signals were transmitted at 2.45 GHz, then down-converted
to 8 MHz using a Wilmanco crystal oscillator that has an oscillation frequency of 2.442
GHz and a Narda 8825 double balanced mixer as shown in fig.5. The output power of
the transmitter was varied for different SNR values

Fig.5

18
 EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION

To validate the propagation model already described, verification of the frequency

response has to be done experimentally. Measurements were performed on a straight
section of a circular HVAC duct 30.5 cm in diameter made of galvanized steel.

The experimental setup is as shown below.

Fig.6

The antennas were thin copper monopole probes 3.5cm long and 1mm in diameter, set
on a straight line along the duct length. A network analyzer (Agilent E8358A) with an
internal impedance of 50 ohms to measure the frequency response between the probes
in the 2.4 to 2.5GHz is used.

The theoretical frequency response was computed for the case of a duct with matched
load on both the ends i.e.'= 0. The frequency response shape (number of nulls, their
depth and position) depends on the excited mode distribution, the distance between the
antennas and the distance between the terminations if any. Three most significant
excited modes in this geometry are TE61(R=16.5ohm), TE51(R=8.6ohm),
TE41(R=3.5ohm). It is mostly the interference between these three modes that

19
determines the specific locations of peaks and nulls. Adding more modes increases the
accuracy of the theoretical curve.

Fig.7

It can be seen that the experimental frequency response curve (dashed line) and the
theoretical frequency response curve (solid line) are in good agreement as shown in
fig.7. Small-scale variations observed on the experimental curve are due partially to
surface and shape imperfections of the circular HVAC duct used for measurements.

It can be seen that the experimental frequency response curve (dashed line) and the
theoretical frequency response curve (solid line) are in good agreement. Small-scale
variations observed on the experimental curve are due partially to surface and shape
imperfections of the circular HVAC duct used for measurements.

20
The theoretical frequency response was computed for the case of a duct with matched
load on one end and a short-circuit load on the other end . Again, the specific locations
of nulls and peaks can be reproduced by considering only three most excited modes
and their reflections from the short-circuited end. It can be seen that the experimental
and theoretical curves are in good agreement. The theoretical curve reproduces al
major maxima and minima observed in the experiment. Small scale variations observed
on the experimental curve are due partially to mode reflections from open ends and
partially to surface and shape imperfections of the circular HVAC duct used for
measurements.

21
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In our experiments, the synthesized signals occupied a 15 MHz band centered at 2.45
GHz. There were 50 carriers in the band, each 300 kHz wide with a symbol rate of 220
ksps. The symbol error probability was taken to be 10−5. As indicated in multipath
effects are significant in HVAC duct systems. Experiments with duct networks
configured with straight sections, tees, wyes and bends showed that the maximum
delay spread is about 250 ns. This indicates that in terms of delay spread
characteristics, the HVAC channel is between typical indoor and outdoor wireless
channels. The reflections can be minimized by placing RF absorbing materials on the
ends. The test duct network configured in the lab (see Fig. 8) had matched terminations,
resulting in a reasonably flat channel. Fig. shows the frequency response of this
channel in the 2.4-2.5 GHz band. The RMS delay spread of this channel is 60 ns, which
corresponds to a 3.3 MHz coherence bandwidth with 50 % signal correlation. The
average path loss of this HVAC duct channel within the 2.4-2.5 GHz frequency interval
is 38.3 dB. This includes the coaxial cable loss that is approximately 8.8 dB total. Fig
shows the frequency correlation function of the frequency response shown in Fig. The
correlation curve indicates that with 0.5 correlation, the coherence bandwidth is 4.7
MHz, which is close to the value obtained via RMS delay spread.

Fig.8

22
MULTI-CARRIER TRANSMISSION PERFORMANCE OF TEST DUCT NETWORK .
WITH SNR=30 DB

Table shows the performance of multi-carrier communication signals through the test
duct system for SNR of 30 dB as determined from the VSA measurement of error vector
magnitude

Fig.9

23
The available throughput through the HVAC duct network given in Fig. 9 is 81.4 Mbps if
we use the adaptive loading approach. 35 carriers can be successfully demodulated
with 256- QAM, and 15 more carriers with 64-QAM. The corresponding spectral
efficiency is 5.42 bps/Hz. The symbol error probability was taken to be 10−5. The
analytical approach outlined in Eqn.(1) to (5) predicts a maximum data rate of 100 Mbps
for the same frequency band. This corresponds to a spectral efficiency of 6.7 bps/Hz
(see Fig. 5). Thus the experimental results are within 80 % of the maximum achieved
capacity for the 15 MHz channel. Fig. 10 shows the experimental and analytical spectral
efficiencies as a function of SNR. In our analytical results, the SNR, the symbol error
probability, and carrier separation have the same values as the ones in the
experiments. In the experiments the most aggressive modulation scheme used was
256- QAM, but the analysis assumes the best available modulation possible for the
carriers, and perfect matched receiver operation.

Fig.10

24
Fig.11

Fig.12

25
The frequency response of the building HVAC duct system is shown in Fig. 12. The
RMS delay spread of this channel is 112 ns, which corresponds to 1.8MHz coherence
bandwidth with 50 % signal correlation. The average path loss within the 2.4-2.5 GHz
frequency interval is 40.2 dB. Fig. 7 shows the frequency correlation function of the
building HVAC duct network. The figure indicates that with 50% correlation, the
coherence bandwidth is 2 MHz, which is close to the value obtained from the RMS
delay spread. Referring to Table II, we see that 38 carriers can be successfully
demodulated at 1.32 Mbps (64-QAM), 5 more carriers can be demodulated at 880 kbps
(16-QAM), 3 more can be demodulated at 440 kbps (QPSK), and 1 more can be
demodulated at 220 kbps (BPSK). Thus, the maximum capacity that can be achieved if
adaptive loading is used in our experiment is 56.1 Mbps corresponding to a spectral
efficiency of 3.74 bps/Hz. The SNR for demodulation was 30 dB. The symbol error
probability was taken to be 10−5. The analytical approach for the same frequency band
predicts a data rate of 98.2 Mbps.

Fig.13

. Fig.13 shows the experimental and theoretical spectral efficiencies as a function of

SNR. Based on the data rate values achieved in our experiments, it can be seen that
that there is a good agreement between the analytically predicted values and the

26
experimental values achieved in our laboratory. These results confirm that HVAC
system is a practical and viable option for broadband access in indoor wireless
networks.

27
 ADVANTAGES OF COMMUNICATION USING HVAC

1.Less cost: It reduces the expenditure to a considerable extent. This is because

except paying the SEO consultant and the service provider on the basis of PPC, no
other payment is involved. So, this is cost effective. These days, more and more people
are accessing the Internet. In fact, now many people prefer to buy online because they
are of the opinion that such purchases are hassle free. New portals have been created
by many service providers, which make the search faster.

2.Accessibility: With the increase in the number of searches over the Internet, the
popularity of the web also increases. The visitor can search depending on his
convenience because it is available 24/7. The visitor will have more information about
the product. An advertisement in the print media is lost the day after one gets the news
paper. In fact, many even forget about the advertisement. But it is not so in web
advertising. The information will be available on the internet 24/7. It is timeless and can
be accessed.

3.Quick communication: The communication on the Internet is quick.

Clarifications are given online. FAQs will answer routine queries. So, this saves cost
and time.

4.Assess the success: This is one of the greatest advantages of web advertising.
The number of persons who visited the site, repeat visitors, clarifications sought by
them, and the replies given to them are all recorded and can be viewed by the web site
creator (trader). This will give him necessary data to make the advertisement more
effective. At the same time, it saves the time lost in communication. This is because,
queries are answered immediately and such prompt action results in saving valuable
time.

28
 DISADVANTAGES OF HVAC SYSTEM

1.Difficult to attract customers: The list of traders is almost endless and the
presence of small business houses becomes insignificant. So, the small and medium
business houses will not get expected popularity. This may affect the sales.

2.Genuineness of the transaction: Now there are instances of debit and credit
cards being stolen. So, in online trading it is very difficult to assess the genuineness of
the transaction.

3.Isolation: In many cases, there is no alternative to direct communication. This will

be possible only in respect of sales made though sales personnel. This facility is not
available in sales through the Internet. Although both parties can talk over VOIP, it may
not replace direct contact.

CONCLUSION

29
This paper presents a new technique for high speed communication inside buildings
which seems to a viable inexpensive alternative to other existing “last mile”
technologies. Because existing infrastructure is used and the ducts exhibit losses that
are low compared with direct propagation and leaky coax, such a system has the
potential to be lower in cost and more efficient than either conventional method. An
approximate, closed-form, propagation model for the straight HVAC duct channel in the
form of a multimode wave guide is presented here. Experimental measurements are
performed to validate this model and they are found to confirm the theoretical results.
Efficient modelling of RF propagation in a real HVAC system is a challenging task.
However this model should be perceived as a first step toward predicting the radio
coverage in ducts when designing an HVAC wireless distribution system.

30
31