Lab 4 Line Coding Techniques

Data Communication and Networking Lab Manual CPE314
Lab 4: Line Coding Techniques

Objective:
The objective of this lab is implementation of line coding techniques using Matlab.
Introduction:
A line code is the code used for data transmission of a digital signal over a transmission line.
Types of Line Coding

There are 3 types of Line Coding
1. Unipolar
2. Polar
3. Bi-polar
1. UnipolarSignaling
Unipolar signaling is also called as On-Off Keying or simply OOK.
The presence of pulse represents a 1 and the absence of pulse represents a 0.
There are two variations in Unipolar signaling −
 Non Return to Zero (NRZ)

 Return to Zero (RZ)
Unipolar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)
In this type of unipolar signaling, a High in data is represented by a positive pulse called as Mark,
which has a duration T0 equal to the symbol bit duration. A Low in data input has no pulse.
The following figure clearly depicts this.
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Advantages
The advantages of Unipolar NRZ are −
 It is simple.
 A lesser bandwidth is required.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of Unipolar NRZ are −
 No error correction done.
 Presence of low frequency components may cause the signal droop.
 No clock is present.
 Loss of synchronization is likely to occur (especially for long strings of 1s and 0s).
Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ)

In this type of unipolar signaling, a High in data, though represented by a Mark pulse, its
duration T0 is less than the symbol bit duration. Half of the bit duration remains high but it
immediately returns to zero and shows the absence of pulse during the remaining half of the bit
duration.
It is clearly understood with the help of the following figure.

Advantages
The advantages of Unipolar RZ are −
 It is simple.
 The spectral line present at the symbol rate can be used as a clock.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of Unipolar RZ are −
 No error correction.
 Occupies twice the bandwidth as unipolar NRZ.
 The signal droop is caused at the places where signal is non-zero at 0 Hz.
2. PolarSignaling
There are two methods of Polar Signaling. They are −
 Polar NRZ
 Polar RZ
Polar NRZ
In this type of Polar signaling, a High in data is represented by a positive pulse, while a Low in data
is represented by a negative pulse. The following figure depicts this well.

Advantages
The advantages of Polar NRZ are −
 It is simple.
 No low-frequency components are present.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of Polar NRZ are −
 The signal droop is caused at the places where the signal is non-zero at 0 Hz.
Polar RZ
In this type of Polar signaling, a High in data, though represented by a Mark pulse, its duration T0 is
less than the symbol bit duration. Half of the bit duration remains high but it immediately returns
to zero and shows the absence of pulse during the remaining half of the bit duration.
However, for a Low input, a negative pulse represents the data, and the zero level remains same for
the other half of the bit duration. The following figure depicts this clearly.

Advantages
The advantages of Polar RZ are −
 It is simple.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of Polar RZ are −
 Occupies twice the bandwidth of Polar NRZ.
 The signal droop is caused at places where the signal is non-zero at 0 Hz.
3. BipolarSignaling
This is an encoding technique which has three voltage levels namely +, - and 0. Such a signal is
called as duo-binary signal.
An example of this type is Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI). For a 1, the voltage level gets a
transition from + to – or from – to +, having alternate 1sto be of equal polarity. A 0 will have a zero
voltage level.
Even in this method, we have two types.

 Bipolar NRZ
 Bipolar RZ
From the models so far discussed, we have learnt the difference between NRZ and RZ. It just goes in
the same way here too. The following figure clearly depicts this.
The above figure has both the Bipolar NRZ and RZ waveforms. The pulse duration and symbol bit
duration are equal in NRZ type, while the pulse duration is half of the symbol bit duration in RZ
type.
Advantages
Following are the advantages −
 It is simple.
 Occupies low bandwidth than unipolar and polar NRZ schemes.
 This technique is suitable for transmission over AC coupled lines, as signal drooping doesn’t
occur here.
 A single error detection capability is present in this.

Disadvantages
Following are the disadvantages −
 Long strings of data cause loss of synchronization.
Programming:
close all;
clear all;
clc;
% Title: Implementation of various Line Coding Schemes

% Unipolar RZ, Polar RZ.
%
% INPUT:
% inbits = input bits row vector
% Tb = Bit time period
% A = Amplitude of the coding
% Ts = Sampling time
% OUTPUT:
% x = Output line coding row vector
% T = time vector
A = 1;
Tb = 1;
inbits = [1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0];
%---Implementation starts here

Rb = 1/Tb; %---Bit rate
Fs = 4*Rb; %---Sampled frequency
N = length(inbits); %---Bit Length of input bits
tTb = linspace(0,Tb) %---interval of bit time period
% Unipolar NRZ
x=[];
for k = 1:N
x = [x A*inbits(k)*ones(1,length(tTb))];
end
T = linspace(0,N*Tb,length(x)); %---Time vector for n bits
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(T,x);
title('Unipolar NRZ');
axis([0 10 -0.25 1.25]);
% Polar RZ
x2=[];

for k2 = 1:N
c = ones(1,length(tTb)/2);
b = zeros(1,length(tTb)/2);
p = [c b];
x2 = [x2 ((-1)^(inbits(k2)+1))*(A/2)*p];
end
T2 = linspace(0,N*Tb,length(x2)); %---Time vector for n bits
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(T2,x2);
title('Polar RZ');
axis([0 10 -0.75 0.75]);

Lab Tasks
In-Lab Task 1:
Implement Polar NRZ-L for bit stream [1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0]

.
Post-Lab Task 1:
Implement Polar Biphase Manchester for bit stream [0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0]
Objective:
In this lab we learn that
 We learn that biphase Manchester.
 We learn that polar NZ.
Result and Discussions:
Task 1:

Task 2:

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Data Communication and Networking Lab Manual CPE314

Lab 4: Line Coding Techniques

Types of Line Coding

The presence of pulse represents a 1 and the absence of pulse represents a 0.

There are two variations in Unipolar signaling −

 Non Return to Zero (NRZ)

The following figure clearly depicts this.

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The advantages of Unipolar NRZ are −

The disadvantages of Unipolar NRZ are −

 No error correction done.

 Presence of low frequency components may cause the signal droop.

Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ)

It is clearly understood with the help of the following figure.

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The advantages of Unipolar RZ are −

The disadvantages of Unipolar RZ are −

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The advantages of Polar NRZ are −

The disadvantages of Polar NRZ are −

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The advantages of Polar RZ are −

The disadvantages of Polar RZ are −

 Occupies twice the bandwidth of Polar NRZ.

Even in this method, we have two types.

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 No low-frequency components are present.

 Occupies low bandwidth than unipolar and polar NRZ schemes.

 A single error detection capability is present in this.

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% Title: Implementation of various Line Coding Schemes

%---Implementation starts here

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Implement Polar NRZ-L for bit stream [1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0]

Implement Polar Biphase Manchester for bit stream [0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0]

Result and Discussions:

9 CIIT Attock Campus

10 CIIT Attock Campus

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