ASCE 10-97

If
American Society of Civil Engineers

I Design of Latticed Steel

I

Transmission Structures

This document uses both Système International(SI)units and customary units.

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ASCE 10-97

American Society of Civil Engineers

Design of Latticed Steel

Transmission Structures
This document uses both Système International (SI} units and customary units.

Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers

1801 Alexander Bell Drive
Reston, Virginia 20191-4400

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ABSTRACT
This standard provides requirements for the design of guyed
and self-supporting latticed steel electricaltransmission struc-
tures. They are applicable for hot-rolledand cold-formed steel
shapes. Analysis techniques are outlined for the geometrical
configurations presently in use. Procedures for the design of
individualmembers reflect extensive experience and test data
on steels with yield points up to 65 ksi. Connection design
procedures allow the en ineer to match connection capability
to the most suitable en3 and edge distances for detailing. If
full-scale structure testing is required, proceduresare outlined
to assist in obtainin critical information. Design procedures
cover structural steefrnembersa d connections used in foun-
dations. The commentary provides supporting background
data.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Design of latticed steel transmission structures I American
Society of Civil En ineers.
p. cm. - (A&E standard)
“ASCE 10-97.”
ISBN 0-7844-0324-4
1. Electric lines-Poles and towers-Design and con-
struction. 2. Electric lines-Poles and towers-Testing.
3. Steel, Structural-Testing. I. American Society of
Civil Engineers. II. Series: American Society of Civil En-
ineers. ASCE standard.
BH3242.De 1998
621.319‘22-dc21 9841267
CIP

Photocopies. Authorization to photocopy material for internal

or personal use under circumstances not falling within the fair
use provisions of the Copyright Act is granted by ASCE to
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ance Center (CCC Transactional Repoiiing Service, pro-
vided that the base ee of $8.00 per article plus $ S O per pa e
is paid directl to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, J A
01923. The idéntifcation for ASCE Books is 0-7844-03244
OO/$û + 50. Requests for s acial permissionor bulk co ying
should be addressed to Ifemissions & Copyright g e p ,
ASCE.

Cop ri ht O 2000 b the American Society of Civil Engineers,

All &alts Reservd
Libra6 of Congress Catalog Card No: 98-41267
ISBN 0-7844-03244
Manufactured in the United States of America.

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In April 1980, the Board of Direction approved ANSUASCE 9-91 listed with ASCE 3-91
ASCE Rules for Standards Committees to govern the ASCE 10-97 Design of Latticed Steel Transmission
writing and maintenance of standards developed by Structures
the Society. All such standards are developed by a ANSVASCE 11-90 Guideline for Structural Condi-
consensus standards process managed by the Man- tion Assessment of Existing Buildings
agement Group F (MGF), Codes and Standards. The ANSVASCE 12-91 Guideline for the Design of
consensus process includes balloting by the balanced Urban Subsurface Drainage
standards committee made up of Society members ASCE 13-93 Standard Guidelines for Installation of
and nonmembers, balloting by the membership of Urban Subsurface Drainage
ASCE as a whole, and balloting by the public. All ASCE 14-93 Standard Guidelines for Operation and
standards are updated or reaffirmed by the same pro- Maintenance of Urban Subsurface Drainage
cess at intervals not exceeding 5 years. ANSVASCE 15-93 Standard Practice for Direct
The following Standards have been issued. Design of Buried Precast Concrete Pipe Using
Standard Installations (SIDD)
ASCE 16-95 Standard for Load and Resistance
ANSVASCE 1-82 N-725 Guideline for Design and Factor Design (LRFD) of Engineered Wood
Analysis of Nuclear Safety Related Earth Construction
Structures ASCE 17-96 Air-Supported Structures
ANSUASCE 2-91 Measurement of Oxygen Transfer ASCE 18-96 Standard Guidelines for In-Process
in Clean Water Oxygen Transfer Testing
ANSVASCE 3-91 Standard for the Structural Design ASCE 19-96 Structural Applications of Steel Cables
of Composite Slabs and ANSVASCE 9-91 Stan- for Buildings

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dard Practice for the Construction and Inspection ASCE 20-96 Standard Guidelines for the Design and
of Composite Slabs Installation of Pile Foundations
ANSE 4-86 Seismic Analysis of Safety-Related ASCE 2 1-96 Automated People Mover Standards-
Nuclear Structures Part 1
Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures ASCE 21-98 Automated People Mover Standards-
(AC1530-99/ASCE5-99/S402-99) and Specifi- Part 2
cations for Masonry Structures (AC1530.1-99/ ASCE 22-97 Independent Project Peer Review
ASCE6-99iTh4S602-99) ASCE 23-97 Specification for Structural Steel Beams
ANSVASCE 7-98 Minimum Design Loads for Build- with Web Openings
ings and Other Structures ASCE 24-98 Flood Resistant Design and
ANSVASCE 8-9ûStandard Specification for the De- Construction
sign of Cold-Formed Stainless Steel Structural ASCE 25-97 Earthquake-Actuated Automatic Gas
Members Shut-Off Devices

...
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 The material presented in this Standard has been part of the American Society of Civil Engineers, or
prepared in accordance with recognized engineering of any other person named herein, that this informa-
principles. This Standard and Commentary should not tion is suitable for any general or particular use or
be used without first securing competent advice with promises freedom from infringement of any patent or
respect to their suitability for any given application. patents. Anyone making use of this information as-
The publication of the material contained herein is sumes all liability from such use.
not intended as a representation or warranty on the

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In 1971, the American Society of Civil Engineers appreciated. The first edition of ANSUASCE 10 was
(ASCE) published the Guide for Design of Steel approved by ANSI on December 9, 1991.
Transmission Towers, Manuals, und Reports on Engi- In 1992 the committee began considering revi-
neering Pructice-Nu. 52. Manual 52 has been used sions to the first edition. At that time it was deter-
extensively in the United States and abroad as the mined that the Standard had not been in use long
basis for design specifications. In 1984, an ASCE enough to warrant substantial changes to the design
task committee was established for updating Manual requirements; however, it was decided that all rele-
52 to reflect new design procedures, availability of vant illustrations and examples from previous edi-
new shapes and materials, changes in loading criteria, tions of Manual 52 required for the proper imple-
and results of new test data. The second edition was mentation of the standard would be incorporated into
published in 1988. In 1986, it was proposed that this revision.
ASCE form a committee to develop a standard. The This Standard was prepared through the consen-
committee was established in 1987 and was chaired sus standards process by balloting in compliance with
by Gene M. Wilhoite. The second edition of Manual procedures of ASCE’s Management Group F on
52 served as a resource in developing this Standard, Codes and Standards. Those individuals who serve
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although some of the formulas and examples differ on the Design of Steel Transmission Towers Stan-
slightly from those in the Manual. The previous work dards Committee are:
of the ASCE task committee on Manual 52 is greatly

Abolhassan Astaneh-As1 Massoud Khavari, Vice Chair

Edward P. Becker William A. Klenk
David G. Brinker Jacob Kramer
Donald D. Cannon, Jr. Richard A. Kravitz
Bing C. Chan Walter P. Moore, Jr.
Clayton L. Clem, Chair Robert E. Nickerson
Dana R. Cnssey Robert L. Patterson
Martin L. De la Rosa Alain H. Peyrot
George E. Fortney Ronald E. Randle
Charles Garcia David Tennent
Edwin H. Gaylord Harold N. Wentzel
Jerome G. Hanson Leslie H. Williams
Leon Kempner, Jr., Secretary Adolfo Zavelani-Rossi

The Committee thanks Ms. Rhonda L. Raty for her secretarial support and patience during the development and
revision of this Standard.

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CONTENTS
Page
...
........................................................... 111
FOREWORD ....................................................................................................................................... v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................................................................................................................... vii

1 .o General ._.. ...... .................. ....................................................

1.1 Scope.......................................................................................................................... I
1.2 Applicable Documents..................... ..........

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1.3 Definitions .................. ............................................................................................ 1

2.0 Loading, Geometry, and Analysis ....

2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 2
2.2 Loads................................................... ......................... 2
2.3 Geometric Configurations............................................................................................... 2
2.4 Methods o f Analysis ..................................................................................................... 2

3.0 Design of Members ................................................................................................................... 2

3.1 Introduction ........ ................ 2
3.2 Material ............. ................................................................ 2
3.3 Minimum S i x s ................................................... ..... 3
3.4 Slenderness Ratios ........................................................................................................ 3
3.5 Properties of Sections.................................................................................................... 3
3.6 Design Cornpression Stress ..... ........................... .......... 3
3.7 Compression Members: Angles ....................................................................................... 3
3.7.1 Maximum wlt Ratio. ..................... 3
3.7.2 Design Compressive .......................................................... 3
3.7.3 Dctcrmination of F, . ..................................................................... 4
3.7.4 Effective Lengths.. ... .......................................................... 4
3.7.4.1 Leg Members ................................................................................. 4
3.7.4.2 Other Compression Members.. ............ .........................
3.7.4.3 Redundant Members.......... ............................... 5
3.7.4.4 Unsupported Length with Varying Forces ............................... 6
3.7.4.5 Joint Restraint .................................. ............................... 6
3.7.4.6 Test Verification ....................................................................
3.8 Compression Members: Symmetrical Lipped Angles .......................................................... 6
3.8.1 Maximum w/t Ratio .......................................... ......................................... 6
3.8.2 Design Compressive Stress............... .......................................................... 6
3.8.3 Equivalent Radius of Gyration .......................................................................... 6
3.8.4 Minimum Lip Depth ................................. ... 7
3.9 Compression Members Not Covered in Sections 3.7 and 3.8 ............................................... 7
3.9.1 Design Compressive Stress... .............................. ................................ .. 7
3.9.2 Maximum w/t Ratio ...... ...................... 7
3.9.3 Effective Widths of Elements in Compression ..................................................... 7
3.9.3.1 Uniformly Compressed Elements.......................
3.9.3.2 Elements with Stress Gradient ..........................
3.9.4 Doubly Symmetric Open Cross-Sections............................................................. 8
3.9.5 Singly Symmetric Open Cross-sections.. .......... ...................... 8
3.9.6 Point-Symmetric Open Cross-sections.. ............ .............................................. 9
3.9.7 Closed Cross-Scctions ..................................................................................... 9
3.9.8 Nonsymmetnc Cross-Sections ........ .............................................. 9
3.9.9 Lips. ................................ .......................................... 9
3.9.10 Eccentric Connections ........ ......................................................... 9

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 3.10 Tension Members.......................................................................................................... 9
3.10.1 Design Tensile Stress....................................................................................... 9
3.10.2 Angle Members .............................................................................................. 9
3.10.3 Eccentric Connections ..................................................................................... 9
3.10.4 Threaded Rods and Anchor Bolts ...................................................................... 9
3.10.5 Guys ............................................................................................................ 10
3.11 Stitch Bolts ................................................................................................................. 10
3.12 Axial Compression and Bending .................................................................................... 10
3.13 Axial Tension and Bending ........................................................................................... 11
3.14 Beams ........................................................................................................................ 11
3.14.1 Properties of Sections ..................................................................................... 11
3.14.2 Design Tension .............................................................................................. 11
3.14.3 Laterally Supported Beams .............................................................................. 11
3.14.4 I, Channel, and Cruciform Sections .................................................................. 11
3.14.5 Other Doubly Symmetric Open Sections ........................................................... 12
3.14.6 Singly Symmetric I and T Sections................................................................... 12
3.14.7 Other Singly Symmetric Open Sections ............................................................. 12
3.14.8 Equal Leg Angles .......................................................................................... 12
3.15 Design Shear............................................................................................................... 14
3.15.1 Beam Webs................................................................................................... 14
3.15.2 Angles ......................................................................................................... 14
3.16 Test Verification........................................................................................................... 14

4.0 Design of Connections.............................................................................................................. 15

4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 15
4.2 General Requirements................................................................................................... 15
4.3 Fasteners .................................................................................................................... 15
4.3.1 Materials ...................................................................................................... 15
4.3.2 Bolt Shear Capacity ....................................................................................... 15
4.3.3 Bolt Tension Capacity .................................................................................... 15
4.3.4 Bolts Subject to Combined Shear and Tension.................................................... 15
4.4 Design Bearing Stress................................................................................................... 15
4.5 Minimum Distances ..................................................................................................... 15
4.5.1 End Distance................................................................................................. 15
4.5.2 Center-to-Center Bolt Hole Spacing .................................................................. 16
4.5.3 Edge Distance ............................................................................................... 16
4.6 Attachment Holes ........................................................................................................ 16
4.7 Test Verification........................................................................................................... 16
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5.0 Detailing and Fabrication .......................................................................................................... 16

5.1 Detailing .................................................................................................................... 16
5.1.1 Drawings ...................................................................................................... 16
5.1.2 Approval of Shop Drawings ............................................................................ 16
5.1.3 Connections .................................................................................................. 17
5.1.4 Bolt Spacing ................................................................................................. 17
5.1.5 Detail Failures During Testing ......................................................................... 17
5.1.6 Material ....................................................................................................... 17
5.1.7 Weathering Steel............................................................................................ 17
5.1.8 Tension-Only Members ................................................................................... 17
5.1.9 Shop Check Assembly .................................................................................... 17
5.1.10 Other Considerations ...................................................................................... 17

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5.2 Fabrication.................................................................................................................. 17
5.2.1 Material ....................................................................................................... 17
5.2.2 Specifications................................................................................................ 17
5.2.3 Shop Operations ............................................................................................ 17
5.2.4 Piece Marks .................................................................................................. 18
5.2.5 Welding........................................................................................................ 18
. .
5.2.6 Galvanizing .................................................................................................. 18
. .
5.2.7 Shipping....................................................................................................... 18

6.0 Testing ................................................................................................................................... 18

6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 18
6.2 Foundations ................................................................................................................ 18
6.3 Material ..................................................................................................................... 18
6.4 Fabrication .................................................................................................................. 18
6.5 Strain Measurements .................................................................................................... 18
6.6 Assembly and Erection ...............................................................................
6.7 Test Loads .................................................................................................................. 19
6.8 Load Application ......................................... ............................................................ 19
6.9 Loading Procedure ....................................................................................................... 19
6.10 Load Measurement....................................................................................................... 19
6.11 Deflections.................................................................................................................. 19
6.12 Failures ................ ...................................................................... ........................ 19
6.13 Disposition of Prototype ............................................................................................... 19
6.14 Rep0rt........................................................................................................................ 20

7.0 Structural Members and Connections Used in Foundations ............................................................. 20

7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 20
7.2 General Considerations ................................................................................................. 20
7.2.1 Steel Grillages............................................................................................... 20
7.2.2 Pressed Plates ............................................................................................... 21
7.2.3 Stub Angles .................................................................................................. 21
7.2.4 Anchor Bolts................................................................................................. 21
7.2.4.1 Smooth Bars with Base Assembly in Contact with Concrete
or Grout ....................................................................................... 21
7.2.4.2 Deformed Bars with Base Assembly in Contact with Concrete
or Grout ....................................................................................... 21
7.2.4.3 Smooth or Deformed Bars with Base Assembly Not in Contact with
Concrete or Grout .......................................................................... 21
7.3 Deterioration Considerations .......................................................................
7.4 Design of Stub Angles and Anchor Bolts......................................................................... 22
7.4.1 Stub Angles in Concrete ................................................................................. 22
7.4.2 Anchor Bolts with Base Assembly in Contact with Concrete or Grout ................... 22
7.5 Design Requirements for Concrete and Reinforcing Steel ................................................... 23
7.5.1 Stub Angles .................................................................................................. 23
7.5.2 Smooth Bar Anchor Bolts ............................................................................... 23
7.5.2.1 Minimum Embedment for Anchor Bolts ............................................ 23
7.5.3 Deformed Bar Anchor Bolts ............................................................................ 23
7.6 Shear Connectors ........................................................................................................ 24
7.6.1 Stud Shear Connectors.................................................................................... 24
7.6.2 Angle Shear Connectors.................................................................................. 24
7.7 Test Verification........................................................................................................... 24

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8.0 Quality AssuranceIQuality Control.............................................................................................. 24

8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 24
8.2 Quality Assurance ........................................................................................................ 24
8.3 Quality Control ........................................................................................................... 24

Commentary
c2.0 Loading. Geometry. and Analysis ............................................................................................... 25
C2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 25
C2.2 Loads ......................................................................................................................... 25
C2.3 Geometric Configurations.............................................................................................. 25
C2.4 Methods of Analysis .................................................................................................... 26

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C3.0 Design of Members.................................................................................................................. 30
C3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 30
C3.2 Material ..................................................................................................................... 31
c3.3 Minimum Sizing.......................................................................................................... 31
c3.4 Slenderness Ratios ....................................................................................................... 31
c3.5 Properties of Sections................................................................................................... 31
C3.6 Design Compression..................................................................................................... 31
c3.7 Compression Members: Angles ...................................................................................... 31
C3.7.3 Determination of Fa ....................................................................................... 32
C3.7.4 Effective Lengths........................................................................................... 32
C3.7.4.4 Unsupported Length with Varying Forces .......................................... 32
C3.8 Compression Members: Symmetrical Lipped Angles ......................................................... 34
c3.9 Compression Members Not Covered in Sections 3.7 and 3.8 .............................................. 34
C3.9.2 Maximum wlt Ratio ....................................................................................... 34
C3.9.3 Effective Widths of Elements in Compression .................................................... 34
C3.9.8 Nonsymmetric Cross-Sections.......................................................................... 34
C3.10 Tension Members......................................................................................................... 36
C3.10.5 Guys............................................................................................................ 36
C3.12 Axial Compression and Bending .................................................................................... 36
C3.13 Axial Tension and Bending ........................................................................................... 36
C3.14 Beams........................................................................................................................ 36
C3.14.4 I, Channel, and Cruciform Sections .................................................................. 36
C3.14.6 Singly Symmetric I and T Sections................................................................... 37
C3.14.7 Other Singly Symmetric Open Sections............................................................. 37
C3.14.8 Equal Leg Angles .......................................................................................... 37
C3.15 Design Shear............................................................................................................... 37
C3.15.1 Beam Webs................................................................................................... 37

C4.0 Design of Connections.............................................................................................................. 37

C4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 37
C4.3 Fasteners .................................................................................................................... 37
C4.3.2 Bolt Shear Capacity ....................................................................................... 37
C4.3.3 Bolt Tension Capacity .................................................................................... 38
C4.3.4 Bolts Subject to Combined Shear and Tension.................................................... 38
C4.4 Design Bearing Stress................................................................................................... 38
C4.5 Minimum Distances ..................................................................................................... 38
C4.5.1 End Distance................................................................................................. 38
C4.5.2 Center-to-Center Bolt Hole Spacing.................................................................. 41

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C4.5.3 Edge Distance ............................................................................................... 41

C4.6 Attachment Holes ........................................................................................................ 41

C6.0 Testing ................................................................................................................................... 42

C6.1 ..............................................................
C6.2 Foundations ...................................................................
C6.2.1 General ...................
C6.2.2 Rigid Structures................................................
C6.2.3 Direct Embedded Structurcs ................................ ..................................... 43
C6.2.3.1 Embedded Portion .............................
C6.2.3.2 Above-Ground Portion.. ......................................
C6.2.4 Components .................................................................................................. 43
C6.3 Material ............ ......................................................................... 43
C6.4 Fabrication......................................................................................... ................ 43
C6.5 Strain Measurements ......................... .................................... 43
C6.6 Assembly and Erection ...................... ...............................................
C6.8 Load Application .................................... .................................... 44
C6.9 Loading Procedures............ ......................................................................... 44
C6.10 Load Measurement ............................................................ .................................... 45
C6.11 Deflccti on s. ............................ ................................................................................. 45
C6.13 Disposition of Prototype .................................................. ................................... 45

C7.0 Structural Members and Connections Used in Foundations ............................................................. 45

C7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 45
C7.2 General Considerations ................................................................................................. 45
C7.2.2 Pressed Plates ............................................................................................... 45
C7.3 Deterioration Considerations.. .............................................. ..................................... 45
C7.5 Design Requirements for Concrete and Reinforcing Steel ................................................... 45
C7.6 Shear Connectors ....................................................... .............................................. 46
C7.6.1 Stud Shear Connectors.................................................................................... 46
C7.6.2 Angle Shear Connectors.................................................................................. 46

8.0 Quality Assurance/Quality Control ................................ ....................................................... 46

C8.1 Introduction .............................................................................
C8.2 Quality Assurance ............................... ................................................................. 47
C8.3 Quality Control ................................................................................. .... 47

References ......................................................................................................................................... 48

Appendix A-Notation ....................................................................................................................... 50

Appendix B-Examples.. .. ....................... ........................................................................... 52

Example 1 metrical Bracing ...........................
Example 2 Effect of End Connections on Member Capacity .............................................. 53
Example 3 Concentric Loading, Two Angle Member ............................................
Example 4 K-Bracing, Two Angle Member ... ....................................... 54
Examplc 5 Effect of Subdivided Panels and End Connections ........................................... 56
Example 6 Concentric Loading, Two Angle Member, Subdivided Panels.. ....
Example 7 X-Brace Systems with No Intermediate Redundant Support ............................... 58
Example 8 X-Brace Systems with Intermediate Redundant Support-Case 1 ....................... 59
Example 9 X-Brace Systems with Intermediate Redundant Support-Case 2 ....................... 60

...
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Example 10 Cold-Formed Angle ..................................................................................... 61

Example 11 Colded-Formed Lipped Angle ....................................................................... 62
Example 12 M-Section as Column Member...................................................................... 63
Example 13 Channel as Column ..................................................................................... 64
Example 14 T-Section as Column ................................................................................... 65
Example 15 Schifflenzed Angle with Symmetrical Bracing ................................................. 67
Example 16 Schifflenzed Angle with Unsymmetrical Bracing ............................................. 68

Index ................................................................................................................................................. 70

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Design of Latticed Steel Transmission Structures

1.0 GENERAL A512iA572M REV C-94 Standard Spec$cation
for High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium- Vanadium
Structural Steel.
1.1 SCOPE A588tA588M-94 Standard Specification for
High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel with 50 ksi
Design of Latticed Steel Transmission Structures (345 MPa) Minimum YieLd Point to 4 in. (100 mm)
specifies requirements for the design, fabrication, and Thick.
testing of members and connections for electrical A606-96 Standard Spec$cation for Steel, Sheet
transmission structures. These requirements are appli- and Strip, High-Strength Low-Alloy Hot-Rolled ana'
cable to hot-rolled and cold-formed steel shapes. Cold-Rolled, with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion
Structure components (members, connections, guys) Resistanace.
are selected to resist design-factored loads at stresses A601-96 Standard Specif cation for Steel, Sheet
approaching yielding, buckling, fracture, or any other and Strip, High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium or
limiting condition specified in this Standard. Vánadium, or Both, Hot-Rolled and Cou-Rolled.
A715-96 Standard Specijication for Steel, Sheet
and Strip, High-Strength Low-Alloy Hot-Rolled and

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1.2 APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS CoLd-Rolled, and Steel Sheet, Cold-Rolled, High-
Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability.
The following standards are referred to in the
body of this document.
American Welding Society Standard:
American Society for Testing and Materials
AWS DI -1-96 Structural Welding Code Steel.
(ASTM) Standards:
A6lA6M REV A-96 Standard Specifcation for
General Requirements for Rolled Steel Plates,
Shapes, Sheet Piling, and Bars for Structural Use. 1.3 DEFINITIONS
A36tA36M REV E-96 Standard Specifications
for Structural Steel. Block shear: a combination of shear and tensile
A l 23 REV A-89 Standard Specification for Zinc failure through the end connection of a member
(Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel caused by high bolt forces acting on the material;
Products. also called rupture.
A143-74 Standard Practice for Safeguarding Deformed bars: steel bars meeting the require-
Against Embnttlement of Hot-Dip Galvanized Struc- ments of AC1 3 18 for reinforcing bars.
tural Steel Products und Procedure for Detecting Design-factored load: unfactored load multiplied
Ernbrittlement. by a specified load factor to establish the design load
A153lA153M-95 Standard Specijkation for Zinc on a structure.
Coating (Hot-Dip)on Iron and Steel Hardware. Downthrust: the downward vertical component
A2421A242M REV A-93 Standard Specifîcation of the loads on a foundation.
for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel. Leg member: a primary member that serves as
A394-93 Standard Specijication for Zinc-Coated the main comer support member of a structure;
Steel Transmission Tower Bolts, Zinc-Coated and sometimes called a post member.
Bare. Line security: criteria established to prevent a
A529lA529M-94 Standard Spec$cation for progressive (cascade) failure of structures.
High-Strength Carbon-Manganese Steel of Structural Load factor: a multiplier used with the assumed
Quality. loading condition, or unfactored load, to establish the
A563-94 Standard Specijication for Carbon and design-factored load.
Alloy Steel Nuts. Primary members: tension or compression
A563M-93 Standard Specifcation for Carbon members that carry the loads on the structure to the
and Alloy Steel Nuts (Metric). foundation.
A570/A510M-95 Standard Specifcation for Redundant members: members that reduce the
Steel, Sheet and Strip, Carbon, Hot-Rolled Structural unbraced length of primary members by providing
Quality. intermediate support.

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