Merits and Demerits of Tree Crop Combinations

C. J. ITNAL
Former Director of Research, UAS, Dharwad

Introduction
A proverb in India says, “Farming without tree culture is incomplete”. There has been a practice of
growing one or the other tree species with agricultural crop for multipurpose uses. Farmers from time
immemorial are in the habit of planting various economic tree species on the field bunds, corners of
field or sporadically or zonally or sequentially for fuel, fodder, fruits, fertilizers (manure), finance and
timber. A rigorous selection has been imposed by the farmers in the past as regards to their suitability
in respect of supplementary / complimentary efforts or competitive nature. The goal was to realies
higher economic returns from these combinations. Along with tree-crop combinations some drought
tolerant grass species were also introduced with an objective of arresting soil loss, enhancing soil
moisture and to harvest fodder for the cattle. In olden days each village had its own Gauthana (grazing
area) which is fast disappearing and pressure is being built (on forest areas as cattle graze in the forest.
As a result, forests are getting degraded and the ecosystem is being disturbed coupled with this kind
interference, man in his zest to cultivate more and more area to produce required food, fodder, fuel
etc. is causing further degradation. The increased and continuous deforestation has resulted in serious
scarcity of fuel for the rural households. Consequently village women have to trek long distances
under harsh conditions for final collection. All most half to three fourth day is spent by human in the
collection of fuel every day. It is sheer waste of human resources.

Concomitantly the practices of burning crop residues and other organic wastes are increasing
to meet out the daily needs of fuel for cooking, heating water and other purposes. This has resulted in
the non-availability of organic matter to cultivable land considering the various faces of the problems,
therefore, and absolute need to incorporate one or other tree species along with cultivated crops,
which may help to meet the human, animal and land needs.

Possible Tree, Crop combinations

Over a period of time, the farming community are identified a number of economic tree species which
have a complimentary effects on field crop and similarly there are examples of trees suited for
planting on field bunds and in the non-accessible areas such evidences are found in various states of
India. Eg. Cultivation of Prosopis cineraria in Rajasthan and in black soils of Maharashtra and
Karnataka. This tree species is considered as a holy plant and being worshipped and also an indicator
of the soil fertility status. This is kind of growing economic trees zonally or sequentially is termed as
“Agro-forestry”. Agro-forestry is a collective word for land use systems and practice in which woody
perennials are deliberately mixed on the same piece of land with crops and/or animals. In recent past
there system is proving to be an important alternative land use system in the face of increasing
population, poverty, land and environmental degradations.

System approach in Agro-forestry

From the foregoing paragraph it is clear that Agro-forestry provides an insurance cover to the farming
system. Even in the worst possible years of drought, the tree species grow and yield the economic
returns. The various agroforestry systems differ from state to state under based on land capability
classes.

315
 Agro-climatic conditions and the possible systems are indicated below.

i) Random planting of economic trees

ii) Hedge row planting to commonly cultivated crops
iii) Coverage on the field bunds
iv) Planting to serve as shelter belt and wind breaks
v) Planting in gullies for control measures.
vi) Block plantation
vii) Offshore plantation
viii) Multipurpose system
ix) Planting in the irrigation channels, roadside under social forestry system.

In the words of alternative land system, the above approaches could be grouped into following
agroforestry system.

a) Agri-silvi system
b) Agri-Horti system
c) Agri-Pastoral system
d) Agri-Silvi pastoral system
e) Agri- Silvi- Horti. System
f) Agri –Horti- pastural system
g) Agri –Horti- silvi- pastoral system

These above combinations may be with or without animal component and agricultural crops
are the major component. Alternatively if a system emphasizes on fodder, fuel etc. these
became the major component and the field crops are subsidiary components. A list of suitable
agro system in different phase of the country is indicated in Table 1.

Table-1 Trees in Agrosilviculture

Zone Tree species

Himalayas Existing Alnus nepalensis (Alder)

Grewia optiva (Bhimal)
Parkia roxburghii
Prunus Persica
Morus arba
Poplar
Salix alba

Recent Robinia pseudoacacia (Robinia)

Acacia auriculiformis

316
 Upcoming Pawlonia Sp.
Populus deltoids (Poplar)

Indo-Gangetic Existing Acacia nilotica

Albizia lebbeck
Butea grandosa
Anogcissus latifolia
Azadirachta indica
Cordia myxa
Dalbergia sissoo
Madhuca latifolia
Terminalia arjuna
Tarmarind
Syzygium cumini (Jamun)

Recent Populus deltoides (Popular)

Leucaena leucocephala
Eucalyptus
Upcoming Paulonia

Humid & Sub Existing Pongamia pinnata, Mangifera indica

humid Psidium guajava (Amrud)

Recent Acacia auriculiformis

(Sub-humid) Leucaena leucocephala

Upcoming Edible bamboo

Arid & semiarid Existing Prosopis cinereria

Ailanthus excelsa
Lawsonia inermis (Mehandi)
Madhuca indica
Hardwickia binata (Anjan)
A. lebbeck (Siris)
Acacia nilotica (Babul)
Prosopis juliflora

Recent Acacia tereticornis (Israel babool)

Eucalyptus
Acacia albida
Leucaena leucocephala
Upcoming Pawlonia sps.

317
Cold Arid Existing Juriperus macropoders
Hippophone rhamnoides
(seabuck thorn)
Ephidra geradiana
Hyoscyarurs niger
Capparis spinosa
Rosa arbhiana
Rheum mooncorfiaun
Recent Poplar
Willow

Tree species for Agricultural fields and field boundaries

Table 2 Provides a series of trees suited for agriculture field and field boundaries for the different
conditions in India.

Table 2: Agro-silviculture System

System Location Tree (s)

Trees in Agriculture Arid Rajasthan Prospects cineraria (Khejri)

Fields
J&K; HP; NW,UP Grewia optiva (Bhindi)
Celtis austilis
Morus serrata

Arid tracts of Acacia nilotica

Punjab, Haryana A. Leurcophloa
& Rajasthan, A. planiforus
Tamil Nadu Borasus flabellifera

South India Tamarind indica

Custard apple

Trees on-farm All over Eucalyptus SP

Boundaries Leucaena leucocephala
Prosopis juliflora
Palmyrah

J&K, HP Willow
Populus deltoides (Poplar)
Bambusa arundinacea

NW India Poplar, Eucalyptus

Coastal belt Casurina equisetifolia

318
Similarly, combination of horticulture species with trees is presented in Table-3.
Table 3: Silviculture systems
System Location Tree(s)

Plantation crops (i) Tea-NE India Albizia Sp

Under shade trees Acacia lenticularis
Deris robusta
Dalbergia sissoo
South India Grevillea robusta

(ii) Coffee S. India Temporary shade

Erythrina lithosperma
Permanent shade
Ficus gromerata
Albizia spp

(iii) Papper S.India Erythrina Indica

Garuga pinnata
Spondica mangifera

(iv) Betel vine coastal Sesbenia spp

Agril. Crops with I) Coconut Cassiva

Commercial trees Elephant foot
Greater yam

ii) Arecanut Banana

Cocoa
Black pepper
Pine apple
Betle vine
Cassava
Elephant foot yam
Paddy
Sorghum, Turmeric
Ginger
ii) Mango Rainy seasons vegetables
Winter vegetables
Grain legumes

iv) Orange Monsoon-Green Manure crop

Post Monsoon – Vegetables
Grain legumes
v) Apple Grasses & grain legumes
vi) Poplar Soybean, Maize, Grain legumes
Mustard, Wheat, Potato

319
4. Postoral- silvi system

This kind of alternate land use system consists of grazing grasses, with tree component and may differ
on the basis of agro-climatic regions such examples are indicated in table 4.

Table 4: The pastoral- silvi systems that would sustain based on rainfall.

Rainfall (mm) Grass component Tree-component

150-250 Lasiurus sindica Prosopis juliflora, Caligonum

polynoids, ziziphus nummularia, Salvadora
olcoides, S. persica

250-400 Cenchrus ciliaris Acacia senegal

Panicum antidotale Prosopis juliflora

Lasirsus sindicus P. cineraria, Tecomella,

Calligonum polygonoids

Cenchurs ciliaris Prosopis cineraria

C. setigerus Acacia senegal
Panicum Acacia nilotica
Dicanthium Tecomilla undulata

Sehima nervosum Ailanthus excelsa,

Albizia lebbeck

Alley cropping

Food crops are grown in alleys formed by hedgerow or by the shrubs in arable lands. It also known as
hedgerow intercropping. These hedgerows are pruned at certain height, preferably at 30-.45 cm from
the ground level as frequently as possible so that these hedgerows do not shade the companion crop
and also do not compete with arable crops. The leaf material harvested from the hedgerows is either
utilized as a fodder for the mulch animals or as a mulch material between the crop rows in seeder to
check the soil moisture evaporation.

Advantages

1. Provides green fodder even during the lean period of the year
2. Yields high total biomass production pee unit area than arable crops alone.
3. Efficient use of off-season precipitation in the absence of arable crops.
4. Creates additional employment opportunities during off season and
5. Serves as a barricade to surface runoff, resulting in soil and water conservation

320
 Based on the objectives, there are three types of alley cropping:

A) Forage- Alley cropping: eg. Leucaena or gliricidia based

B) Forage-cum-Mulch system; eg. Leucaena / gliricidia
C) Forage- cum -Pole system: eg. Leucaena / agave

In very shallow soils where arable cropping is not possible, system of growing Subabul for
timber purpose and agave for fibre as resulted in better economic returns compared to sole arable
crop. This system is called as TIM – FIB System.

Multi purpose tree species for social forestry

Trees are not common and uniform for the entire country. The adaptation of trees where is based on
agro-ecological conditions and also the purpose for which they are grown. The multipurpose trees
have considerable usages such as fodder, fuel, finance, fruits, timber, gum, medicine and manure. The
leaf litter falling on the ground adds large quantity of organic matter, which gets connected into
humus after decomposition, which alternately helps to build the organic content of the soils. The trees
are also used as natural drains to ameliorate the water logged soils eg. Eucalyptus has the capacity of
draining considerable amount of water which acts as natural drainage.

7) Potential benefits of trees on soils

Trees help to improve the soils through various processes. They provide huge biomass, atmospheric
nitrogen, protect against water and wind erosions, addition of plant nutrient enriches the soil improves
the physical soil conditions and also biological activities. The Table 5 provides the most potential
beneficial efforts of trees in soils.

Table-5: Potential beneficial efforts of trees on soils

Nature of processes Processes Main effect on soil

Input Processes Biomass production Addition of web on and its

(augment additions to transformation
the soil)

Output process Protection against Reduce loss of soil as well

(reduce losses from soils) water and wind erosion as nutrients

Improvement processes Nutrient retrieval/ Uptake from deeper layers and

cycling / release “deposition” on withholding
surface via litter nutrients that can be lost by
leaching. Timing of nutrient
release. This can be regulated by
management interventions.

321
Catalytic processes Physical processes Improvement of physical pro-
(indirect influences) perties (water holding capacity
permeability drainage etc) at the
microsite as well as at water-
shed (macrosite)

Root growth and Addition of (more) root biomass,

Proliferation growth promising substance;
enhanced. Microbial associations.

Litter quality and Improvement of litter quality

Dynamics; plant through diversity of method of
species; better timing application of litter possible
of quantity and micro-
climatic processes creation of more favorable
microclimate processes, shelter
belt and windbreak effect,
moderating effect on extreme
conditions soil acidity, alkalinity,
water logging etc.

Table-6: Microbial population (surface soil) under MPTS in arid sandy soil.

Species Number of dry soil

Bacteria (x105) Fungi (x 103 ) Actinomycetes Bacteria
(x 105) (MPN)
P. cineraria 32 29 16 1.430
A. lebbeck 22 18 11 1.630
T. undulata 25 20 12 1.430
P. juliflora 20 16 10 1.030
Open field 15 10 7 450
(without trees)
* most probable numbers

Adverse effect of trees on crops

Dryland farmers are reluctant to grow trees in cultivated field mainly for the region that tree
adversely effect the crop by way of their extensive and exhaustive rooting habitat, shading and also
allelopathy certain toxic substance are revised from the leaf litter falling on the ground which may
some times improve the germination of seeds. The roots compete for moisture with that of agricultural
crop. This is quite evident from a study undulated in black soils of Bellary and Bijapur.

322
Table-7: Grain yield of safflower as influenced by the border effect of different tree species at the end
of 10th year.

S.No. Trees & species Grain yield of Border effect (m)

safflower (kg/ha)
1 Dalbergia sissoo 635 7.0
2 Teak 497 7.2
3 Casuarina 366 10.5
4 Acacia auriculiformis 299 15.1
5 Albizia lebbeck 278 15.1
6 Eucalyptus 277 15.5
7 Acacia nilotica 243 15.9
8 Acacia catechu 248 16.1
9 Subabul 245 7.1
10 Control 840 0

9) Economic benefits

The summary of various economic benefits are indicated in table 8.

Table 8: Economic viability of Tim-Fib system (subabul + Agave) in marginal systm.

Timb-Fib Timber Cost of Gross Net benefit Benefit Organic

Equivalent Cultivation Income (Rs/ha) cost ratio carbon
Yield (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) (Rs/ha) content (%)
(m3/ha)
Subabul + 62.8 25.25 37680 55155 13.92 0.73
Agave
(1:2)

Economic analysis over12-year period

Treatment Av. cost Average Av. net Av. NPV IRR

of culti- income Return compounded At (%)
vation (Rs/ha/yr) (Rs/ha/y Income at 20%
(R/ha/yr) r) 10% interest interest
(Rs/ha/yr) (Rs/ ha/yr)
1. FC 5362 10590 5228 19934 - -
2. FC+T+P 6176 20703 14527 28334 26754 113.46
3. FC+T+P+G 6366 18102 117236 26473 23020 106.82
4.FC+T+P+S 6303 17850 11547 25436 21025 105.90

FC: Field Crop; T-Teak; P-Papaya; G-Guinea grass; S-subabul

323
Benefit cost ratio (BCR) and pay back period (PBP) after 12 years

Treatment At 15% discount rates

BCR PBP (Yrs) BCR PBP (yrs)
At present costs At 10% increase in costs
(Sensitivity analysis)
1.Only Agril. Crops 9.26 0.62 7.43 0.37
2.Agril crops + 9.46 1.32 8.60 1.42
T+P
3.Agril.crops+T+P+G 8.06 1.26 7.23 1.36
4.Agril.crop+T+P+S 7.61 1.22 6.88 1.16

T – Teak, P-Papaya, G-Guinea grass, S- subabul

324