Excellent 1
Excellent 1
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ThERmodynamics
CHAPTER 3
Volumetric Properties of Pure
Fluids
For
Formost
mostsubstances,
substances,thetherelationships
relationshipsamong
amongthermodynamics
thermodynamics
properties
propertiesare
aretoo
toocomplex
complexto toexpressed
expressedby bysimple
simpleequations.
equations.
Therefore
Thereforeproperties
propertiesarearepresented
presentedin inthe
theform
formof oftables
tables
(Property
(PropertyTables).[
Tables).[Smith
Smithet etal.
al.(2005);
(2005);Cengel
Cengel& &Boles
Boles
(2002)]
(2002)]
Property
Propertytables
tablesare
aregiven
givenininthe
theAppendix
Appendixin inboth
bothSISIand
andEnglish
English
units.
units.
The
Thetables
tablesin
inEnglish
Englishunits
unitscarry
carrythe
thesame
samenumber
numberas asthe
the
corresponding
correspondingtables
tablesin
inSI,
SI,followed
followedby byananidentifier
identifierE.E.
For
Forexample:
example:Tables
TablesA-6A-6and
andA6-E
A6-Elist
listproperties
propertiesof ofsuperheated
superheated
water
watervapor.[Tables
vapor.[TablesF-2 F-2in
inSmith
Smithet etal.]
al.]
Table
TableA-4
A-4until
untilA-8:
A-8:show
showinternal
internalenergy
energy(u),
(u),enthalpy
enthalpy(h)(h)and
and
entropy
entropy(s).
(s).
4(a).
4(a).Saturated
SaturatedLiquid
Liquidand andSaturated
SaturatedVapor
VaporStates
States
The
Theproperties
propertiesof
ofsaturated
saturatedliquid
liquidand
andsaturated
saturatedvapor
vaporfor
forwater
water
are
arelisted
listedin
inTables
TablesA-4
A-4and andA-5.
A-5.
Table
TableA-4
A-4properties
propertiesisislisted
listedunder
undertemperature,
temperature,and
andTable
TableA-5
A-5
under
underpressure.
pressure.
Subscript:
Subscript:
ff ==properties
propertiesof
ofsaturated
saturatedliquid
liquid
gg ==properties
propertiesof
ofsaturated
saturatedvapor
vapor
fgfg ==difference
differencebetween
betweenproperties
propertiesof
ofsaturated
saturatedvapor
vaporand
andliquid
liquid
For
Forexample:
example:
vvf ==specific
specificvolume
volumeof
ofsaturated
saturatedliquid
liquid
f
vvg ==specific
specificvolume
volumeof
ofsaturated
saturatedvapor
vapor
g
vvfg ==vvg --vvf
fg g f
Saturated
Saturated pressure
pressure(P
(Psatsat):):
--The
Thepressure
pressurewhen
whenliquid
liquidand andvapor
vaporphases
phasesare
areininequilibrium
equilibriumatataagiven
given
temperature
temperaturevalue.
value.
Saturated
Saturated temperature
temperature(T
(Tsatsat):):
-- The
Thetemperature
temperaturewhen
whenliquid
liquidand
andvapor
vaporphases
phasesare
areininequilibrium
equilibriumatataagiven
given
A rigid tank contains 50 kg of saturated liquid water at 90 oC. Determine the
pressure in the tank and the volume of the tank.
Solution
The state of the saturated liquid water is shown on a T-v diagram. Since
saturation conditions exist in the tank, the pressure must be the saturation
pressure at 90 oC.
P = Psat@90oC = 70.14 kPa (Table A-4)
Solution
The state of the saturated water vapor is shown on a P-v diagram. Since the
cylinder contains saturated vapor at 50 psia, the temperature inside must be
the saturation temperature at this pressure.
T = Tsat@90oC = 281.03 oF (Table A-5E)
Thus,
∆V = mvfg = (0.2 kg) (1.6930 m3/kg) = 0.3386 m3
Consider
Consideraatank
tankthat
thatcontains
containsaasaturated
saturatedliquid-vapor
liquid-vapormixture.
mixture.
The
Thevolume
volumeoccupied
occupiedby bysaturated
saturatedliquid
liquidisisVVf,f,and
andthe
thevolume
volume
occupied
occupiedbybysaturated
saturatedvapor
vaporisisVVgg..The
Thetotal
totalvolume
volumeVVisisthethesum
sum
of
ofthe
thetwo;
two; V = V f + Vg
m = m f + mg
V = mv, V f = m f v f , Vg = mg v g
4(b).
4(b).Saturated
SaturatedLiquid-Vapor
Liquid-VaporMixture-cont’
Mixture-cont’
Therefore,
Therefore,
mv =m f v f +m g v g
mf vf mg v g
v= +
m m
mg mg
since x= =
m m f +mg
mf m −m g
⇒ = =1 −x
m m
∴ v =(1 −x )v f +xv g
or v =v f +x (v g −v f )
with v fg =v g −v f
v −v f
x=
v fg
This analysis can be repeated for internal energy and enthalpy;
u =u f +xu fg
h =h f +xh fg
A rigid tank contains 10 kg of water at 90 oC. If 8 kg of the water is in the
liquid form and the rest is in the vapor form, determine (a) the pressure in the
tank and (b) the volume of the tank.
Solution
(a) Since the two phases coexist in equilibrium, we have a saturated mixture
and the pressure must be the saturation pressure at the given temperature;
(b) At 90 oC, we have vf = 0.001036 m3/kg and vg = 2.361 m3/kg (Table A-4)
One way of finding the volume tank is to determine the volume occupied by
each phase and then add them:
V = V f + Vg = m f v f + m g v g
= (8 kg)(0.001036 m 3 /kg) + (2kg)(2.361m 3 /kg)
= 4.73m 3
(b) Another way is to first determine the quality x, then the average specific
volume v, and finally the total volume:
mg 2 kg
x= = = 0. 2
mf 10 kg
v = v f + xv fg
= 0.001036 m 3 /kg + [(2.361 − 0.001036)m 3 /kg]
= 0.473 m 3 /kg
and
V = mv = (10 kg)(0.473 m 3 /kg) = 4.73 m 3
A 80-L vessel contains 4 kg of refrigerant-134a at a pressure of 160 kPa.
Determine (a) the temperature of the refrigerant, (b) the quality, the enthalpy
of the refrigerant, and (d) the volume occupied by the vapor phase.
Solution
(a) Basically, we do not know whether the refrigerant is in the compressed
liquid, superheated vapor, or saturated mixture region.
This can be determined by comparing a suitable property to the saturated
liquid and saturated vapor values. From the given information, we can
determine the specific volume;
V 0.080 m 3
v= = = 0.02 m 3 /kg
m 4 kg
At 160 kPa, we read
v f = 0.0007435 m 3 /kg
v g = 0.1229 m 3 /kg ( Table A - 12)
Obviously, vf ˂ v ˃ vg, and, the refrigerant is in the saturated mixture region.
Thus, the temperature must be the saturation temperature at the specified
pressure:
T = Tsat@ 160 kPa = -15.62 oC (Table A-12)
(b) Quality can be determined from;
v − vf 0.02 - 0.007435
x= = = 0.158
v fg 0.1229 - 0.0007435
(c) At 160 kPa, we also read from Table A-12 that hf = 29.78 kJ/kg and
hfg = 208.18 kJ/kg. Then;
h = h f + xh fg
= 29.78 kJ/kg + (0.158)(208.18 kJ/kg)
= 62.7 kJ/kg
(d) The mass of the vapor is;
mg = xmt = (0.158)(4 kg) = 0.632 kg
In
In the
the region
region to
to the
the right
right of
of the
the saturated
saturated vapor
vapor line
line and
and atat
temperatures
temperatures above
above thethe critical
critical point
point temperature,
temperature, aa substance
substance
exists
existsas
assuperheated
superheatedvapor.
vapor.
Superheated
Superheatedvapor
vaporisischaracterized
characterizedby;by;
Lowerpressures
Lower pressures(P
(P<<PPsatsatatataagiven
givenT)T)
Highertemperatures
Higher temperatures(T(T>>TTsatsatatataagiven
givenP)
P)
Higherspecific
Higher specificvolumes
volumes(v(v>>vvggatataagiven
givenPPor
orT)
T)
Higherinternal
Higher internalenergies
energies(u
(u>>uug atataagiven
g givenPPor
orT)
T)
Higherenthalpies
Higher enthalpies(h
(h>>hhggatataagiven
givenPPor
orT)
T)
Determine the temperature of water at a state of P = 0.5 MPa and
h = 2890 kJ/kg.
Solution
At 0.5 Mpa, the enthalpy of saturated water vapor is hg = 2748.7 kJ/kg. Since
h > hg, now we have superheated vapor.
Obviously, the temperature is between 200 and 250 oC. By linear interpolation
it is determined to be:
T = 216.4 oC.
4(d).
4(d).Compressed
CompressedLiquid
Liquid
In
Ingeneral,
general,aacompressed
compressedliquid
liquidisischaracterized
characterizedby;
by;
Higherpressures
Higher pressures(P
(P>>PPsatsatatataagiven
givenT)
T)
Lowertemperatures
Lower temperatures(T(T<<TTsatsatatataagiven
givenP)
P)
Lowerspecific
Lower specificvolumes
volumes(v(v<<vvggatataagiven
givenPPor
orT)
T)
Lowerinternal
Lower internalenergies
energies(u
(u<<uuggatataagiven
givenPPor
orT)
T)
Lowerenthalpies
Lower enthalpies(h
(h<<hhggatataagiven
givenPPor
orT)
T)
In
In the
the absence
absence of of compressed
compressed liquid
liquid data,
data, aa general
general
approximation
approximation isis to
to treat
treat compressed
compressed liquid
liquid as
as saturated
saturated liquid
liquid atat
the
thegiven
giventemperature.
temperature.
This
This isis because
because the
the compressed
compressed liquid
liquid properties
properties depend
depend on on
temperature
temperaturemuch
muchmore
morestrongly
stronglythan
thanthey
theydo doon
onpressure.
pressure.
Determine the internal energy of compressed liquid water at 80 oC and
5 MPa, using (a) data from the compressed liquid table and (b) saturated
liquid data. What is the error involved in the second case?
Solution
At 80 oC, the saturation pressure of water is 47.39 kPa, and since
5 MPa > Psat, we obviously have compressed liquid.
(a)From the compressed liquid table (Table A-7)
P = 5 MPa
u = 333.72 kJ/kg
T = 80 C
o
Answer:
where
wherePPRR==reduced
reducedpressure,
pressure,TTRR==reduced
reducedtemperature.
temperature.
When
When PP and
and v,v, or or TT and
and v,v, are
are given
given instead
instead of
of PP and
and T, T, the
the generalized
generalized
compressibility
compressibilitychart chartcancanstill
stillbe
beused
usedtotodetermine
determinethethethird
thirdproperty,
property,but
butitit
would
wouldinvolve
involvetedious
tedioustrial
trialand
anderror.
error.
Therefore,
Therefore, itit isis necessary
necessary toto define
define one
one more
more reduced
reduced property
property called
called the
the
pseudo-reduced
pseudo-reducedspecific specificvolume
volume, ,vvRRas:as: vactual
vR =
RTcr / Pcr
The
The Generalized
Generalized Compressibility
Compressibility Chart
Chart can
can be
be used
used for
for all
all gasses.
gasses.
[Figure
[FigureA-30a
A-30auntil
untilA-30c]
A-30c]
Determine the specific volume of refrigerant-134a at 1 MPa and 50 oC,
using (a) the ideal-gas equation of state and (b) the generalized
compressibility chart. Compare the values obtained to the actual value of
0.02171 m3/kg and determine the error involved in each case.
Solution
The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of
refrigerant-134a are determine from Table A-1 to be;
v=
RT
=
( )
0.0815 kPa. m 3 /kg. K ( 323 K )
= 0.02632m 3 /kg
P 1000 kPa
Therefore, treating the R-134a vapor as an ideal gas would result in an error of
(0.02632-0.02171)/0.02171=0.212, or 21.2 percent in this case.
(b) To determine the correction factor Z from the compressibility chart, we can
first need to calculate the reduced pressure and temperature:
P 1 MPa
PR = = = 0.246
Pcr 4.067 MPa
Z = 0.84
T 323 K
TR = = = 0.863
Tcr 374.3 K
Thus,
v = Zvideal = (0.84)(0.02632 m 3 /kg )
The error in this result is less than 2 percent. Therefore, in the absence of
tabulated data, the generalized compressibility chart can be used with
confidence.
Determine the pressure of water vapor at 600 oF and 0.514 ft3/lbm, using (a)
the steam tables (b) the ideal equation, and (c) the generalized
compressibility chart.
Solution
The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of
refrigerant-134a are determine from Table A-1E to be;
R = 0.05956 psia. ft 3 /lbm. R
Pcr = 3204 psia
Tcr = 1165.3 R
(a) The pressure at the specified state is determined from Table A-6E to be;
v = 0.0514 ft 3 /lbm
P = 1000 psia
T = 600 F
o
This is the experimentally determined value, and thus it is the most accurate.
(b) The pressure of steam under the ideal-gas assumption is determined from the
P=
RT
=
(
ideal-gas relation to be;
)
0.5956 psia. ft 3 /lbm. R (1060 R )
= 1228 psia
3
v 0.514 ft /lbm
Therefore, treating the steam as an ideal gas would result in an error of (1228-
1000)/1000 = 0.228, or 22.8 percent in this case.
(c) To determine the correction factor Z from the compressibility chart
(Fig A-30), we first need to calculate the pseudo-reduced specific volume
and the reduced temperature.
vactual 3
(0.514 ft /lbm)(3204 psia)
vR = = 3
= 2.373
RTcr / Pcr (0.5956 psia.ft /lbm. R)(1165.3 R)
PR = 0.33
T 1060 R
TR = = = 0.91
Tcr 1165.3 R
B C D
Z = 1 + + 2 + 3 + ... (3.12)
V V V
B
B' = (3.13a )
RT
C − B2 D − 3BC + 2 B 3
C' = (3.13b) D' = (3.13c)
( RT ) 2 ( RT ) 3
Equations
Equations of
of State
State Application
Application
Equation Application
Ideal-gas Pr < 0.05, Tr >1.5
or, P < 2 atm, T > 25 oC
Van der Waals Only for vapor.
Lower pressure.
Viral Equation Only for vapor.
(C = D =…0) Tr > 0.436 Pr +0.6
Redlich/Kwong Only for vapor.
Lower pressure.
Soave/Redlich/Kwong Saturated vapor and saturated liquid.
Higher pressure.
Peng Robingson Saturated vapor and saturated liquid.
Higher pressure.
Standard to hydrocarbon industry.
Thank you
Prepared by,
MISS RAHIMAH OTHMAN