INDEX

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ANTACIDS
ACTION MECHANISM
INDICATIONS
SIDE EFFECTS
SOME MORE SIDE EFFECTS
HYPERACIDITY
SOME FAMOUS ANTACID BRANDS
DRUG NAMES
SOME COMMONLY USED ANTACIDS
ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
CALCIUM CARBONATE
SODIUM BICARBONATE
BISMUTH SUBSALICYLATE
INVESTIGATORY EXPERIMENT
BIBLOGRAPHY
ANTACIDS
An Antacid is any substance, generally a base or basic salt, which neutralizes stomach acidity. They are
used to relieve acid indigestion, upset stomach, sour stomach, and heartburn.

ACTION MECHANISM
Antacids perform a neutralization reaction, i.e. they buffer gastric acid, raising the pH to reduce acidity in
the stomach. When gastric hydrochloric acid reaches the nerves in the gastrointestinal mucosa, they signal
pain to the central nervous system. This happens when these nerves are exposed, as in peptic ulcers. The
gastric acid may also reach ulcers in the esophagus or the duodenum.

Other mechanisms may contribute, such as the effect of aluminium ions inhibiting smooth muscle cell
contraction and delaying gastric emptying.

INDICATIONS

Antacids are taken by mouth to relieve heartburn, the major symptom of gastro esophageal reflux disease,
or acid indigestion. Treatment with antacids alone is symptomatic and only justified for minor symptoms.
Peptic ulcers may require H2-receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors.

The utility of many combinations of antacids is not clear, although the combination of magnesium and
aluminium salts may prevent alteration of bowel habits.

SIDE EFFECTS
Excess calcium from supplements, fortified food and high-calcium diets, can cause the milk-alkali
syndrome, which has serious toxicity and can be fatal. In 1915, Bertram Sippy introduced the “Sippy
regimen” of hourly ingestion of milk and cream, the gradual addition of eggs and cooked cereal, for 10
days, combined with alkaline powders, which provided symptomatic relief for peptic ulcer disease. Over
the next several decades, the Sippy regimen resulted in renal failure, alkalosis, and hypercalemia, mostly in
men with peptic ulcer disease. These adverse effects were reversed when the regimen stopped, but it was
fatal in some patients with protracted vomiting. Milk alkali syndrome declined in men after effective
treatments were developed for peptic ulcer disease. But during the past 15 years, it has been reported in
women taking calcium supplements above the recommended range of 1200 to 1500 mg daily, for
prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, and is exacerbated by dehydration. Calcium has been added to
over-the-counter products, which contributes to inadvertent excessive intake.

The New England Journal of Medicine reported a typical case of a woman who arrived in the emergency
department vomiting and altered mental status, writhing in pain. She had consumed large quantities of
chewable antacid tablets containing calcium carbonate (Tums). She gradually recovered.[1]
Compounds containing calcium may also increase calcium output in the urine, which might be associated
with kidney stones. Calcium salts may cause constipation.

Other adverse effects from antacids include

1. Carbonate : Regular high doses may cause alkalosis, which in turn may result in altered excretion of
other drugs, and kidney stones. A chemical reaction between the carbonate and hydrochloric acid may
produce carbon dioxide gas. This causes gastric distension which may not be well tolerated. Carbon
dioxide formation can also lead to headaches and decreased muscle flexibility.

2. Aluminum hydroxide : May lead to the formation of insoluble aluminium-phosphate-complexes, with

a risk for hypophosphatemia and osteomalacia. Although aluminium has a low gastrointestinal absorption,
accumulation may occur in the presence of renal insufficiency. Aluminium-containing drugs may cause
constipation.

3. Magnesium hydroxide : Has laxative properties. Magnesium may accumulate in patients with renal
failure leading to hypermagnesemia, with cardiovascular and neurological complications. See Milk of
magnesia.

4. Sodium : Increased intake of sodium may be deleterious for arterial hypertension, heart failure and many
renal diseases.

SOME MORE SIDE EFFECTS

Fortunately, because acid reflux is such a common problem, antacids are among the medicines available
and free of side effects for most people. Side effects from antacids vary depending on individual and other
medications they may be taking at the time. Those who experience side effects most commonly suffer from
changes in bowel functions, such as diarrhea, constipation, or flatulence.

Although reactions to any drug may vary from person to person, generally those medications that contain
aluminum or calcium are the likeliest to cause constipation, those that contain magnesium are the likeliest
to cause diarrhea. Some products combine these ingredients, which essentially cancels them out, to
forestall unpleasant side effects.

In general, people with kidney problems should probably not take antacids as this can sometimes cause a
condition known as alkalosis. In other people, side effects may occur if substances such as salt, sugar, or
aspirin, are added to a particular medication. As with all medications, always carefully read the product
label on the package and check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any question about potential
drug interactions or side effects.

If your symptoms persist for more than 10 days to two weeks while you are using the medication, you
should stop taking it and consult your doctor. Persistent symptoms may indicate that you have more a
serious problem than occasional acid reflux. Pregnant or nursing baby should always consult your doctor
before taking this medication. Generally, you should not give these medications to children under the age
of 12 unless under the advice and supervision of your doctor or the package label has indicated that the
product is safe for young children. Constant use of antacids leads to a condition called acid rebound where
the stomach begins to over secrete acid in order to make up for the quantity that is being neutralized.
HYPERACIDITY, CAUSE FOR INTAKE OF ANTACIDS
Hyperacidity or acid dyspepsia simply means increase of acidity in the stomach. The human stomach
secretes hydrochloric acid which is necessary for the digestion of food. When the stomach contains an
excessive amount of hydrochloric acid, then the condition is called as hyperacidity or acid dyspepsia.

Sometimes, hyperacidity is confused for a simple bellyache. This is because people with hyperacidity
usually generally get pains in their stomachs with similar symptoms as bellyaches. This confusion is more
rampant in children who cannot differentiate between different kinds of stomach ailments. However,
hyperacidity can be found out with the sour belching and aftertaste of the already eaten food in the mouth.

The prime medical factors of hyperacidity or acid dyspepsia are as follows

(i) Stomach Ulcers: Ulcers in the stomach are one of the prime causes of hyperacidity. Once this is
diagnosed, the treatment will be done by the surgical removal of the stomach ulcers.

(ii) Acid Reflux Disease: Some people have a gastric disorder called as the acid reflux disease. In this
condition, the acids of the stomach, i.e. gastric acids or hydrochloric acid, get refluxed up to the food pipe,
which is biologically called as the esophagus. When this happens, it builds up the level of acidity in the
stomach.

(iii) Stomach Cancers: Stomach cancers can also cause hyperacidity as one of their symptoms. This is a
very rare case, but the mortality rate is quite high. Hence, a hyperacidity that lasts more than two weeks
must be immediately shown to the doctor and got checked for any cancer. A timely diagnosis can enable
complete treatment of the disease.

SYMPTOMS OF HYPERACIDITY
Hyperacidity symptoms are observed a couple of hours after eating, when the food has been digested and
still excess acids are left within the stomach. At this stage, the following symptoms are seen:-

1. A typical feeling of restlessness

2. Feeling of nausea (wanting to throw up) and actual vomiting

3. Sour belching with an aftertaste of the already-eaten food

4. Stiffness in the stomach, which is called as atonic dyspepsia

5. Lack of desire for any other type of food

6. Indigestion

7. Constipation
SOME FAMOUS ANTACID BRANDS
1. Alka-Seltzer – NaHCO3 and/or KHCO3

2. Equate – Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2

3. Gaviscon – Al(OH)3

4. Maalox (liquid) – Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2

5. Maalox (tablet) – CaCO3

6. Milk of Magnesia – Mg(OH)2

7. Pepto-Bismol – HOC6H4COO

8. Pepto-Bismol Children’s – CaCO3

9. Rolaids – CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2

10. Tums – CaCO3

11. Mylanta

DRUG NAMES
Some drugs used as antacids are :

1. Aluminium hydroxide

2. Magnesium hydroxide

3. Calcium carbonate

4. Sodium bicarbonate

5. Bismuth subsalicylate

6. Histamine

7. Cimetidine

8. Ranitidine

9. Omeprazole

10. Lansoprazole
SOME COMMONLY USED ANTACIDS

ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE
Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3, Alum, is the most stable form of aluminium in normal conditions. It is
found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as hydrargillite) and its three, much more rare,
polymorphs: bayerite, doyleite and nordstrandite. Closely related are aluminium oxide hydroxide,
AlO(OH), and aluminium oxide, Al2O3, differing only by loss of water. These compounds together are the
major components of the aluminium ore bauxite. Freshly precipitated aluminium hydroxide forms gels,
which is the basis for application of aluminium salts as flocculants in water purification. This gel
crystallizes with time. Aluminium hydroxide gels can be dehydrated (e.g., with the utility of water-miscible
non-aqueous solvents like ethanol) to form an amorphous aluminium hydroxide powder, which is readily
soluble in acids. Heat-dried aluminium hydroxide powder is known as activated alumina and is used in gas
purification, as a catalyst support and an abrasive.

PRODUCTION
Bauxites are heated in pressure vessels with sodium hydroxide solution at 150–200 °C through which
aluminium is dissolved as aluminate (Bayer process). After separation of ferruginous residue (red mud) by
filtering, pure gibbsite is precipitated when the liquid is cooled and seeded with fine grained aluminium
hydroxide. The aluminium hydroxide is further calcined to give alumina, which may be smelted in the
Hall-Héroult process in order to produce aluminium.

CHEMISTRY
Gibbsite has a typical metal hydroxide structure with hydrogen bonds. It is built up of double layers of
hydroxyl groups with aluminium ions occupying two-thirds of the octahedral holes between the two layers.

Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric. It dissolves in acid, forming Al(H2O)63+ (hexaaquaaluminate) or its

hydrolysis products. It also dissolves in strong alkali, forming Al(OH)4- (tetrahydroxoaluminate).

PHARMACOLOGY
Pharmacologically, this compound is used as an antacid under names such as Alu-Cap, Aludrox or
Pepsamar. The hydroxide reacts with excess acid in the stomach, reducing its acidity. This decrease of
acidity of the contents of the stomach may in turn help to relieve the symptoms of ulcers, heartburn or
dyspepsia. It can also cause constipation and is therefore often used with magnesium hydroxide or
magnesium carbonate, which have counterbalancing laxative effects. This compound is also used to control
phosphate (phosphorus) levels in the blood of people suffering from kidney failure.

Aluminium hydroxide, alum, is included as an adjuvant in some vaccines (e.g., Alhydrogel, Anthrax
Vaccine), since it appears to contribute to induction of a good antibody (Th2) response. Its
pharmacological action is not known. However, it has little capacity to stimulate cellular (Th1) immune
responses, important for protection against many pathogens.
USE AS A FIRE RETARDANT
Aluminium hydroxide also finds use as a fire retardant filler for polymer applications in a similar way to
magnesium hydroxide and hydromagnesite. It decomposes at about 180 °C giving off water vapour.

MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2. As a suspension in
water, it is often called milk of magnesia because of its milk-like appearance. The solid mineral form of
magnesium hydroxide is known as brucite.

Magnesium hydroxide is common component of antacids and laxatives; it interferes with the absorption of
folic acid and iron. Magnesium hydroxide has low solubility in water, with a Ksp of 1.5×10−11; all of
magnesium hydroxide that does dissolve does dissociate. Since the dissociation of this small amount of
dissolved magnesium hydroxide is complete, magnesium hydroxide is considered a strong base.

HISTORY
In 1829, Sir James Murray used a fluid magnesia preparation of his own design to treat the Lord Lieutenant
of Ireland, the Marquis of Anglesey. This was so successful (advertised in Australia and approved by the
Royal College of Surgeons in 1838) that he was appointed resident physician to Anglesey and two
subsequent Lords Lieutenants, and knighted. His fluid magnesia product was patented two years after his
death in 1873.

Although the name may at some point have been owned by GlaxoSmithKline, USPTO registrations show
“Milk of Magnesia” to be registered to Bayer, and “Phillips’ Milk of Magnesia” to Sterling Drug. In the
UK, the non-brand (generic) name of “Milk of Magnesia” and “Phillips’ Milk of Magnesia” is “Cream of
Magnesia” (Magnesium Hydroxide Mixture, BP).

PREPARATION
Magnesium hydroxide can be precipitated by the metathesis reaction between magnesium salts and sodium,
potassium, or ammonium hydroxide:

Mg2+ (aq.) + 2 OH− (aq.) → Mg(OH)2 (s)

USES
Suspensions of magnesium hydroxide in water (milk of magnesia) are used as an antacid to neutralize
stomach acid, and a laxative. The diarrhea caused by magnesium hydroxide carries away much of the
body’s supply of potassium, and failure to take extra potassium may lead to muscle cramps. Magnesium
hydroxide is also used as an antiperspirant armpit deodorant. Milk of magnesia is useful against canker
sores (aphthous ulcer) when used topically.
Milk of magnesia is sold for medical use as chewable tablets, capsules, and as liquids having various added
flavors. It is used as an antacid, though more modern formulations combine the antimotility effects of equal
concentrations of aluminum hydroxide to avoid unwanted laxative effects.

BIOLOGICAL METABOLISM
When the patient drinks the milk of magnesia, the suspension enters the stomach. Depending on how much
was taken, one of two possible outcomes will occur.

CALCIUM CARBONATE
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CaCO3. It is a common substance
found in rock in all parts of the world, and is the main component of shells of marine organisms, snails,
pearls, and eggshells. Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime, and is usually the
principal cause of hard water. It is commonly used medicinally as a calcium supplement or as an antacid,
but excessive consumption can be hazardous.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Calcium carbonate shares the typical properties of other carbonates. Notably:

it reacts with strong acids, releasing carbon dioxide:

CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

it releases carbon dioxide on heating (to above 840 °C in the case of CaCO3), to form calcium oxide,
commonly called quicklime, with reaction enthalpy 178 kJ / mole:

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

Calcium carbonate will react with water that is saturated with carbon dioxide to form the soluble calcium
bicarbonate.

CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O → Ca(HCO3)2

This reaction is important in the erosion of carbonate rocks, forming caverns, and leads to hard water in
many regions.

PREPARATION

The vast majority of calcium carbonate used in industry is extracted by mining or quarrying. Pure calcium
carbonate (e.g. for food or pharmaceutical use), can be produced from a pure quarried source (usually
marble).

Alternatively, calcium oxide is prepared by calcining crude calcium carbonate. Water is added to give
calcium hydroxide, and carbon dioxide is passed through this solution to precipitate the desired calcium
carbonate, referred to in the industry as precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC):

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2

CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O

GEOLOGY
Carbonate is found frequently in geologic settings. It is found as a polymorph. A polymorph is a mineral
with the same chemical formula but different chemical structure. Aragonite, calcite, limestone, chalk,
marble, travertine, tufa, and others all have CaCO3 as their formula but each has a slightly different
chemical structure. Calcite, as calcium carbonate is commonly referred to in geology is commonly talked
about in marine settings. Calcite is typically found around the warm tropic environments. This is due to its
chemistry and properties. Calcite is able to precipitate in warmer shallow environments than it does under
colder environments because warmer environments do not favour the dissolution of CO2. This is analogous
to CO2 being dissolved in soda. When you take the cap off of a soda bottle, the CO2 rushes out. As the
soda warms up, carbon dioxide is released. This same principle can be applied to calcite in the ocean. Cold
water carbonates do exist at higher latitudes but have a very slow growth rate.

In tropic settings, the waters are warm and clear. Consequently, you will see many more coral in this
environment than you would towards the poles where the waters are cold. Calcium carbonate contributors
such as corals, algae, and microorganisms are typically found in shallow water environments because as
filter feeders they require sunlight to produce calcium carbonate.

USES
Industrial applications
The main use of calcium carbonate is in the construction industry, either as a building material in its own
right (e.g. marble) or limestone aggregate for roadbuilding or as an ingredient of cement or as the starting
material for the preparation of builder’s lime by burning in a kiln.

Calcium carbonate is also used in the purification of iron from iron ore in a blast furnace. Calcium
carbonate is calcined in situ to give calcium oxide, which forms a slag with various impurities present, and
separates from the purified iron.

Calcium carbonate is widely used as an extender in paints, in particular matte emulsion paint where
typically 30% by weight of the paint is either chalk or marble. Calcium carbonate is also widely used as a
filler in plastics. Some typical examples include around 15 to 20% loading of chalk in unplasticized
polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) drain pipe, 5 to 15% loading of stearate coated chalk or marble in uPVC
window profile. PVC cables can use calcium carbonate at loadings of up to 70 phr (parts per hundred parts
of resin) to improve mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation) and electrical properties
(volume resistivity). Polypropylene compounds are often filled with calcium carbonate to increase rigidity,
a requirement that becomes important at high use temperatures. It also routinely used as a filler in
thermosetting resins (Sheet and Bulk moulding compounds) and has also been mixed with ABS, and other

HEALTH AND DIETARY APPLICATIONS

Calcium carbonate is widely used medicinally as an inexpensive dietary calcium supplement or antacid. It
may be used as a phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia (primarily in patients with
chronic renal failure). It is also used in the pharmaceutical industry as an inert filler for tablets and other
pharmaceuticals.
Calcium carbonate is used in the production of toothpaste and is also used in homeopathy as one of the
constitutional remedies. Also, it has seen a resurgence as a food preservative and color retainer, when used
in or with products such as organic apples or food.

SODIUM BICARBONATE
Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3.
Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder. It can be used to
experiment and is not very dangerous. It has a slight alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium
carbonate). It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs. The
natural mineral form is known as nahcolite. It is found in its dissolved form in bile, where it serves to
neutralize the acidity of the hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach, and is excreted into the duodenum
of the small intestine via the bile duct. It is also produced artificially.

Since it has long been known and is widely used, the salt has many related names such as baking soda,
bread soda, cooking soda, bicarbonate of soda. Colloquially, its name is shortened to sodium bicarb, bicarb
soda, or simply bicarb. The word saleratus, from Latin sal æratus meaning “aerated salt”, was widely used
in the 19th century for both sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate. The term has now fallen out of
common usage.

HISTORY
The ancient Egyptians used natural deposits of natron, a mixture consisting mostly of sodium carbonate
decahydrate and sodium bicarbonate. The natron was used as a cleansing agent like soap.

In 1791, a French chemist, Nicolas Leblanc, produced sodium bicarbonate as we know it today. In 1846
two New York bakers, John Dwight and Austin Church, established the first factory to develop baking soda
from sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide.

PRODUCTION
NaHCO3 is mainly prepared by the Solvay process, which is the reaction of calcium carbonate, sodium
chloride, ammonia, and carbon dioxide in water. It is produced on the scale of about 100,000 ton/year (as
of 2001).

NaHCO3 may be obtained by the reaction of carbon dioxide with an aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide. The initial reaction produces sodium carbonate:

CO2 + 2 NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O

Further addition of carbon dioxide produces sodium bicarbonate, which at sufficiently high concentration
will precipitate out of solution:

Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O → 2 NaHCO3

Commercial quantities of baking soda are also produced by a similar method: soda ash, mined in the form
of the ore trona, is dissolved in water and treated with carbon dioxide. Sodium bicarbonate precipitates as a
solid from this method:

Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O → 2 NaHCO3

CHEMISTRY
Sodium bicarbonate is an amphoteric compound. Aqueous solutions are mildly alkaline due to the
formation of carbonic acid and hydroxide ion:

HCO−3 + H2O → H2CO3 + OH−

Sodium bicarbonate can be used as a wash to remove any acidic impurities from a “crude” liquid,
producing a purer sample. Reaction of sodium bicarbonate and an acid to give a salt and carbonic acid,
which readily decomposes to carbon dioxide and water:

NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2CO3

H2CO3 → H2O + CO2 (g)

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acetic acid (CH3COOH) to form sodium acetate:

NaHCO3 + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 (g)

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with bases such as sodium hydroxide to form carbonates:

NaHCO3 + NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with carboxyl groups in proteins to give a brisk effervescence from the
formation of CO2. This reaction is used to test for the presence of carboxylic groups in protein.

APPLICATIONS
Sodium bicarbonate is primarily used in cooking (baking) where it reacts with other components to release
carbon dioxide, that helps dough “rise”. The acidic compounds that induce this reaction include
phosphates, cream of tartar, lemon juice, yogurt, buttermilk, cocoa, vinegar, etc. Sodium bicarbonate can
be substituted for baking powder provided sufficient acid reagent is also added to the recipe.[3] Many
forms of baking powder contain sodium bicarbonate combined with one or more acidic phosphates
(especially good) or cream of tartar. It can also be used for softening peas (⅛ tsp. per pint of water and
bring to boil for one hour)

Many laboratories keep a bottle of sodium bicarbonate powder within easy reach, because sodium
bicarbonate is amphoteric, reacting with acids and bases. Furthermore, as it is relatively innocuous in most
situations, there is no harm in using excess sodium bicarbonate. Lastly, sodium bicarbonate powder may be
used to smother a small fire.

BISMUTH SUBSALICYLATE
Bismuth subsalicylate, with a chemical formula C7H5BiO4, is a drug used to treat nausea, heartburn,
indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea, and other temporary discomforts of the stomach and gastrointestinal
tract. Commonly known as pink bismuth, it is the active ingredient in popular medications such as Pepto-
Bismol and modern (since 2003) Kaopectate.

PHARMACOLOGY
As a derivative of salicylic acid, bismuth salicylate displays anti-inflammatory action and also acts as an
antacid.

ADVERSE EFFECTS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS

There are some adverse effects. It can cause a black tongue and black stools in some users of the drug,
when it combines with trace amounts of sulfur in saliva and the gastrointestinal tract. This discoloration is
temporary and harmless.

Some of the risks of salicylism can apply to the use of bismuth subsalicylate.

Children should not take medication with bismuth subsalicylate while recovering from influenza or chicken
pox, as epidemiologic evidence points to an association between the use of salicylate-containing
medications during certain viral infections and the onset of Reye’s syndrome. For the same reason, it is
typically recommended that nursing mothers not use medication containing bismuth subsalicylate (such as
Pepto-Bismol) because small amounts of the medication are excreted in breast milk and pose a theoretical
risk of Reye’s syndrome to nursing children.

RADIOACTIVITY
While bismuth is technically radioactive, its half life is so long, on the order of hundreds of billions of
years, that its radioactivity presents absolutely no threat under all medical and other ordinary purposes.

DECOMPOSITION
Bismuth subsalicyclate is the only active ingredient in an over the counter medication that will actually
leave a shiny metal slag behind.

INVESTIGATORY EXPERIMENT
OBJECTIVE
To analyse the given samples of commercial antacids by determining the amount of hydrochloric acid they
can neutralize.

REQUIREMENTS
Burettes, pipettes, titration flasks, measuring flasks, beakers, weight box, fractional weights, sodium
hydroxide, sodium carbonate, hydrochloric acid, phenolphthalein.
PROCEDURE
1. Prepare 1 litre of approximately HCl solution by diluting 10 ml of the concentrated acid for one litre.

2. Similarly, make 1 litre of approximately NaOH solution by dissolving4.0g of NaOH to prepare one litre
of solution.

3. Prepare Na2CO3 solution by weighing exactly 1.325 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate and then
dissolving it in water to prepare exactly 0.25 litres (250 ml) of solution.

4. Standardize the HCl solution by titrating it against the standard Na2CO3 solution using methyl orange as
indicator.

5. Similarly, standardize NaOH solution by titrating it against standardized HCl solution using
phenolphthalein as indicator.

6. Powder the various samples of antacid tablets and weigh 1.0 g of each.

7. Add a specific volume of standardised HCl to each of the weighed sample is taken in conical flasks. The
acid should be in slight excess, so that it can neutralize all the alkaline component of the tablet.

8. Add 2 drops of phenolphthalein and warm the flask till most of powder dissolves. Filter off the insoluble
material.

9. Titrate this solution against the standardised NaOH solution, till a permanent pinkish tinge is obtained.
Repeat this experiment with different antacids.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Standardisation of HCl solution :

Volume of Na2CO3 solution taken = 20.0 ml

CONCLUSION
The antacid which has maximum volume of HCl is used for neutralizing i.e. OCID 20 is more effective.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.wikipedia.org

www.google.com

www.yahoo.com

www.pharmaceutical-drugmanufacturers.com
BOOKS
Comprehensive Practical Manual for class XII

Pradeep’s New Course Chemistry

NCERT Class XII Part II