DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)

Major Design of Experiment (DoE) Experience Information

CE 411 Hydraulics Engineering
1st Semester, SY 2019-2020

Cuizon, Raymond Q.
Daño, Ryan Steve Q.
Fermin, Chrismar G.
Group Members Frias, Gianne Carlo V.
Germar, Reynaldo Bonifacio R.
Godes, Kathleen Mae C.
Habitan, Jerico O.
Relationship Between Head Loss and Discharge of Sudden
DoE Title
Contraction and Enlargement
This DoE aims to:
1) Conduct an experiment that would determine the relationship
between head loss and discharge on sudden contraction and
enlargement through the Friction Fluid Apparatus (HM 150.11)
and Hydraulic Bench (HM 150), as well as to analyze and
Experimental interpret the data and results.
Design Objectives 2) Develop a result of head loss and discharge from the associated
factors such as volume, time, friction loss and total height for
the two type changes on pipes, as well as to make graphs for
comparisons.
3) Discuss the concepts used to determine the relationship on how
head loss and discharge complement each other.
Input Factors
Volume, V (m3) It is the amount of water passing in the Hydraulic Bench (HM 150)
Laboratory Apparatus.
Time, t (s) It is the timed numerical value when the Hydraulic Bench (HM 150) is
reaching the desired volume of the researchers.
Diameter, d (m) It is the circular size of the pipes to be used in the experiment.

i
 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)

Output Responses
Head Loss, hv (mm) It is measured through the available tubes for the head loss on the
Friction Fluid Apparatus (HM 150.11).
Discharge, Q (m3/s) It is the result of the amount of fluid over time.
Friction Loss, k It is the friction between the water and the inside surface of the hose
that causes turbulence.
Height, ∆h (m) It is the total height calculated with the friction loss (k) and discharge
(Q).
Design Statistics
ANOVA Test The ANOVA Test, Analysis of Variance, is a statistical technique that
assesses potential differences in a scale-level dependent variable by a
nominal-level variable having few categories. One -Way ANOVA (also
known as Factorial Analysis) will be used in the design of experiment
where there are two independent variables. This statistical treatment is
applied with the F-test from which the conclusion of this design of
experiment shall be based on.
Testing Standards
(If Applicable)
None

ii
 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)

Design of Experiment (DoE)

entitled

Relationship Between Head Loss and Discharge of Sudden Contraction and Enlargement

Cuizon, Raymond Q.
Daño, Ryan Steve Q.
Fermin, Chrismar G.
Frias, Gianne Carlo V.
Germar, Reynaldo Bonifacio R.
Godes, Kathleen Mae C.
Habitan, Jerico O.

Technological Institute of the Philippines

Cubao, Quezon City

October 2019

iii
 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEAD LOSS AND DISCHARGE OF SUDDEN

CONTRACTION AND ENLARGEMENT .....................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. IV
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... IV
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ IV
I. GENERAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................................. 1
II. DESIGN EXPERIMENTAL OBJECTIVES .......................................................................... 2
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM ............................................................................................. 3
IV. PROCEDURE (TESTING STANDARDS IF APPLICABLE) .............................................. 5
V. DESIGN STATISTICS ........................................................................................................... 6
VI. DISCUSSIONS ..................................................................................................................... 11
VII. CONCLUSION AND GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................. 15
VIII. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 16

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1.0. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK…………………………………………………..3
FIGURE 2.0. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK………………………………………………….4
FIGURE 3.0. F-DISTRIBUTION TABLE………………………………………………………10
FIGURE 4.0. SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT……………………………………………………...11
FIGURE 5.0. SUDDEN CONTRACTION………………………………………………………11

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1.0. SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT………………………………………………………..8
TABLE 2.0. SUDDEN CONTRACTION………………………………………………………...8
TABLE 3.0. DATA SUMMARY FOR SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT (ANOVA)……………….8
TABLE 4.0. ANOVA SUMMARY FOR SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT…………………………9
TABLE 5.0. DATA SUMMARY FOR SUDDEN CONTRACTION (ANOVA)………………...9
TABLE 6.0. ANOVA SUMMARY FOR SUDDEN CONTRACTION…………………………..9

iv
 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)
I. GENERAL BACKGROUND

Sudden Enlargement and Sudden Contraction were first used on Borda-Carnot

Equation where it is a mechanical loss energy of the fluid due to a sudden flow expansion.
Also, it describes the total head losses due to its expansion. On the other hand, this is only
used for the sudden enlargement because it if is used on sudden contraction, it will indicate
that the energy is just created (Ratzlaff, 2017).

𝟏
∆𝑬 = ∈ 𝝆(𝒗𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 )𝟐
𝟐
where,
∆𝑬 = fluid mechanical energy loss
∈ = empirical loss coefficient
𝝆 = fluid density
𝒗𝟏 = mean flow velocity before expansion
𝒗𝟐 = mean flow velocity after expansion

On the other hand, sudden contraction causes an increase in pressure loss. It also exists in
variety of processes and chemical plants where it is important to know the flow details of the
separations upstream and downstream of the contraction plane (Iudicello, 2011).
Through this, the researchers have an idea that could determine the relationship between
discharge and head loss on sudden enlargement and sudden contraction. The experiment was done
on a Friction Fluid Apparatus (HM 150.11) and Hydraulic Bench (HM 150). The first pipeline in
the HM 150.11 was used, the Discontinuous Enlarger and Discontinuous Reducer, where it has
the diameter of 32 mm. and 20 mm., respectively.
The main goal of this experiment is to find out the relationship between the discharge and
head loss on the daily lives of people who work often with this kind of hydraulic application. This
study has three purposes, to know the relevance of discharge and head loss for civil engineering,
to know if the experiment works, to know its limitations and to know if this can contribute to the
civil engineers.

1
 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)
II. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OBJECTIVES

This DoE aims to:

1) Conduct an experiment that would determine the relationship between head loss and
discharge on sudden contraction and enlargement through the Friction Fluid Apparatus
(HM 150.11) and Hydraulic Bench (HM 150), as well as to analyze and interpret the
data and results.
2) Develop a result of head loss and discharge from the associated factors such as volume,
time, friction loss and total height for the two type changes on pipes, as well as to make
graphs for comparisons.
3) Discuss the concepts used to determine the relationship on how head loss and
discharge complement each other.

2
 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

a. FRAMEWORK

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

• Performing a • Assuming a • Getting the
laboratory desired volume volume and time
activity to that will be used. for the
produce • Getting the computation of
factors such as factors of head discharge.
volume, time loss, discharge, • Measuring the
and checking friction loss and head loss from the
the diameter height. tubes.
of the pipes. • Conducting three
• Checking of (3) trials in order
laboratory to compare the
equipment, results based
specifically from the sudden
HM 150.11 enlargement and
and hoses, that contraction.
will be use in
the
experiment.

Figure 1.0 Conceptual Framework

The researchers performed an experiment for them to produce values they need to
determine the relationship of discharge and head loss on sudden contraction and enlargement. They
gathered the instruments, HM 150, HM 150.11 and the hoses, to start the experiment. Next, the
instruments were connected to each other and the desired volume was set. Following is getting of
the time needed to fill-up the desired volume with the stopwatch. Also, head loss is included in
being measured on the tubes seen on the side of the Friction Fluid Apparatus (HM 150.11). These
procedures were conducted three times in a row for the comparison of data. Lastly, the computation
of the gathered data happened and the final result was obtained.

3
 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)

Set the laboratory Set the desired

Put the hoses in the HM
apparatus needed, the volume by waiting it
150.11 and turn on the
HM 150, HM 150.11 to pour out on the
device.
and hoses. measuring tube.

Repeat process thrice Get the other data

Compute for the (3) times with needed such as time
needed values different desired and diameter of the
volume. pipes.

Figure 2.0 Theoretical Framework

b. ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS

The students’ objective is to conduct an experiment that would produce an outcome

for the discharge and head loss. For the experiment to happen, the diameter of the pipes
should be 32 mm. for the enlargement and 20 mm. for the contraction. Also, the length of
the pipe is limited to 800 mm. only. Volume is being set by the researchers to 20 L by
waiting it to fill on the measuring tube and being timed by the use of stopwatch. With these
factors, quantities for discharge will be computed. On the other hand, the head loss is
measured through the measuring tube that can be found beside the Friction Fluid Apparatus
(HM 150.11). Lastly, the statistical technique to be used shall be one-way ANOVA Test
which is used to determine the interaction between the two independent variables on the
dependent variable.

4
 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)
IV. PROCEDURE

The following are the materials used to conduct the design of experiment:

• 1-unit Fluid Friction Apparatus (HM 150.11)

• 1-unit Hydraulic Bench (HM 150)
• Stopwatch
• Hoses

The following are the procedures to reach the stated objectives:

1. Set-up the Fluid Friction Apparatus (HM 150.11) on the Hydraulic Bench (HM 150).
2. Insert the hoses the to the gauges of the pipes with the sudden enlargement and
sudden contraction.
3. Start the machine for the flow of water to begin and reach the desired volume and
time it using the stopwatch.
4. Read the obtained head loss on the measuring tubes to be seen on the sides of the HM
150.11.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 thrice for the comparison of data.
6. Compute for discharge with the use of the obtained data.
𝑽
𝑸=
𝒕

7. Compute for the friction loss with the use of the obtained data.
𝑸 𝟐 𝑳
𝒌=𝑪 ( ) ( )
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

8. Compute for the total head with the use of the obtained data.
𝟖 𝟏 𝑲−𝟏 𝟐
∆𝒉 = ( + )𝑸
𝝅𝟐 𝒈 𝑫𝟐 𝟒 𝑫𝟏 𝟒

5
 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)
V. DESIGN STATISTICS

a. ANALYSIS
• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
The researchers used the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) as a
statistical treatment for the experiment. It is a statistical tool that can
compare three or more means where it will apply F-test to calculate for the
F-value that will be compared with the critical value from the F-distribution
table. Two different estimates of the sample variance will be arranged. The
first estimate is the between-group variance while the second estimate is the
within-group variance. It analyzes the variance of means and compromises
the calculation of variance by using all the data gathered, but will not affect
the differences in means. If the F-value is greater than the critical value, the
null hypothesis will be rejected. Also, the assumed level of significance is
0.5.
𝑺𝟐𝑩
𝑭= 𝟐
𝑺𝑾
where,
𝑭 = F-value
𝑺𝟐𝑩 = between-group variance
𝑺𝟐𝑾 = within-group variance

∑ 𝒏𝒊 (𝒙
̅𝒊 − 𝒙
̅𝑮𝑴 )²
𝑺𝟐𝑩 =
𝐾−1
where,
𝒏𝒊 = number of samples in ith group
̅𝒊 = mean of samples in ith group
𝒙
𝑘 = number of groups
∑ 𝑥̅
̅𝑮𝑴 = grand mean,
𝒙 , where 𝑁 is the total number of
𝑁

samples
̅𝒊 − 𝒙
∑𝒏𝒊 (𝒙 ̅𝑮𝑴 )² = sum of squares

6
 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)

∑(𝒏𝒊 −𝟏)𝟐 𝒔𝟐𝒊

𝑺𝟐𝑾 = (𝒏𝒊 −𝟏)

where,
𝒔𝟐𝒊 = variance of samples in ith group

For the critical value (F - critical), it would be obtained from the

F – distribution table. It contains degree of freedom, numerator (d.f.N.) and
degree of freedom, denominator (d.F.D.). They would be the basis to find
the critical value from the table.
𝑑.𝐹.𝑁. = 𝑘−1
𝑑.𝐹.𝐷. = 𝑁−𝑘
where,
𝑘 = number of groups
𝑁 = the total number of samples

7
 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)
b. INTERPRETATION

• The following data are the computed values of the discharge flow, head
loss, friction loss and height.

SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT
Trial Volume, V (m3) Time, t (s) Discharge Flow, Q (m3/s) Head Loss, k Total Head,
hv (mm) ∆h (m)
1 0.02 80.38 2.49 x10-4 110 3.96 x10-12 4.895 x10-3
-4
2 0.02 77.69 2.57 x10 90 4.23 x10-12 5.208 x10-3
3 0.02 82.35 2.43 x10-4 15 3.78 x10-12 4.656 x10-3

Table 1.0. Sudden Enlargement

SUDDEN CONTRACTION
Trial Volume, V (m3) Time, t (s) Discharge Flow, Q (m3/s) Head Loss, k Total Head,
hv (mm) ∆h (m)
1 0.02 108.11 1.85 x10-4 130 2.19 x10-12 2.695 x10-3
-4
2 0.02 112.36 1.78 x10 80 2.03 x10-12 2.495 x10-3
3 0.02 104.17 1.92 x10-4 25 2.36 x10-12 2.903 x10-3

Table 2.0. Sudden Contraction

• With the data provided, the researchers are able to obtain the data for the
ANOVA where it computed the F-value.

DATA SUMMARY
Standard
Groups N Mean Variance
Deviation
Discharge Flow 3 0.0002 0 0
Head Loss 3 71.6667 50.0833 28.9156
Friction Loss 3 0 0 0
Height 3 0.0049 0.0003 0.0002

Table 3.0. Data Summary for Sudden Enlargement (ANOVA)

8
 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)

ANOVA SUMMARY
Source Degree of Sum of Squares Mean Squares F - value
Freedom (dF) (SS) (SS/DF)
Between Groups 3 11555.7216 3851.9042 6.1426
Within Groups 8 5016.6739 627.0842
Total 11 16572.3864

Table 4.0. ANOVA Summary for Sudden Enlargement

DATA SUMMARY
Standard
Groups N Mean Variance
Deviation
Discharge Flow 3 0.0002 0 0
Head Loss 3 78.3333 52.5198 30.3223
Friction Loss 3 0 0 0
Height 3 0.0027 0.0002 0.0001

Table 5.0. Data Summary for Sudden Contraction (ANOVA)

ANOVA SUMMARY
Source Degree of Sum of Squares Mean Squares F - value
Freedom (dF) (SS) (SS/DF)
Between Groups 3 13805.8975 4601.9658 6.6736
Within Groups 8 5516.6588 689.5823
Total 11 19322.5563

Table 6.0. ANOVA Summary for Sudden Contraction

• For the critical value, we determined the degrees of freedom, d. F. N. and

d. F. D.

d. F. N. = k – 1 = 4 – 1 = 3
d. F. D. = N – k = 12 – 4 = 8

9
 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)

Figure 3.0 F-Distribution Table (α = 0.05)

• Based from the One-Way ANOVA calculations, the obtained F-value is

6.6736, which is greater than the F-critical value, 4.0662, where it falls
outside the area to which the null hypothesis will be rejected. Therefore, the
data obtained probably means that the factors have a significant relationship
to the sudden enlargement and sudden contraction of the pipe.

10
 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)
VI. DISCUSSIONS

• Sudden enlargement of pipe is if the fluid flows from inlet to outlet and sudden
contraction of pipe is if the fluid flows from outlet to inlet.

Figure 4.0 Sudden Enlargement

Figure 5.0 Sudden Contraction

• Discharge is the amount of fluid passing a section of a stream.

𝑽
𝑸=
𝒕
for Sudden Enlargement,

𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟑
𝑸𝟏 = = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟗 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝟖𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 𝒔 𝒔

11
 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)

𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟑
𝑸𝟐 = = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟕 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟗 𝒔 𝒔

𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒎𝟑 −𝟒
𝒎𝟑
𝑸𝟑 = = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 𝒙𝟏𝟎
𝟖𝟐. 𝟑𝟓 𝒔 𝒔

for Sudden Contraction,

𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒎𝟑 𝒎𝟑
𝑸𝟏 = = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟓 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟏𝟏 𝒔 𝒔

𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒎𝟑 −𝟒
𝒎𝟑
𝑸𝟐 = = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖 𝒙𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟑𝟔 𝒔 𝒔

𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒎𝟑 −𝟒
𝒎𝟑
𝑸𝟑 = = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟐 𝒙𝟏𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟏𝟕 𝒔 𝒔

• Head Loss refers to the measurement of energy dissipated in a system due to friction.

• Friction Loss is the loss of pressure that occurs in pipe of duct flow due to the effect
of the fluid’s viscosity.

𝑸 𝟐 𝑳
𝒌=𝑪 ( ) ( )
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

for Sudden Enlargement,

C = 80
𝟐
𝒎𝟑 −𝟒
𝟐. 𝟒𝟗 𝒙𝟏𝟎
𝒌𝟏 = 𝟖𝟎 ( 𝒔 ) (𝟎. 𝟖 𝒎) = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟔 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟐
𝒎𝟑 −𝟒
𝟐. 𝟓𝟕 𝒙𝟏𝟎
𝒌𝟐 = 𝟖𝟎 ( 𝒔 ) (𝟎. 𝟖 𝒎) = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟑 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

12
 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)
𝟐
𝒎𝟑 −𝟒
𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 𝒙𝟏𝟎
𝒌𝟑 = 𝟖𝟎 ( 𝒔 ) (𝟎. 𝟖 𝒎) = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟖 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

for Sudden Contraction,

C = 80
𝟐
𝒎𝟑 −𝟒
𝟏. 𝟖𝟓 𝒙𝟏𝟎
𝒌𝟏 = 𝟖𝟎 ( 𝒔 ) (𝟎. 𝟖 𝒎) = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟗 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟐
𝒎𝟑 −𝟒
𝟏. 𝟕𝟖 𝒙𝟏𝟎
𝒌𝟐 = 𝟖𝟎 ( 𝒔 ) (𝟎. 𝟖 𝒎) = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟑 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟐
𝒎𝟑 −𝟒
𝟏. 𝟗𝟐 𝒙𝟏𝟎
𝒌𝟑 = 𝟖𝟎 ( 𝒔 ) (𝟎. 𝟖 𝒎) = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟔 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

• Total Head is a measure of the potential of fluid at the measurement point.

𝟖 𝟏 𝑲−𝟏 𝟐
∆𝒉 = ( 𝟒+ )𝑸
𝟐
𝝅 𝒈 𝑫𝟐 𝑫𝟏 𝟒

for Sudden Enlargement,

𝟐
𝟖 𝟏 𝟑. 𝟗𝟔 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏 −𝟒
𝒎𝟑
∆𝒉𝟏 = 𝟐 ( + ) (𝟐. 𝟒𝟗 𝒙𝟏𝟎 ) = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟗𝟓 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎
𝝅 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐)𝟒 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎)𝟒 𝒔

𝟐
𝟖 𝟏 𝟒. 𝟐𝟑 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏 −𝟒
𝒎𝟑
∆𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐 ( + ) (𝟐. 𝟓𝟕 𝒙𝟏𝟎 ) = 𝟓. 𝟐𝟎𝟖 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎
𝝅 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐)𝟒 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎)𝟒 𝒔

13
 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)

𝟐
𝟖 𝟏 𝟑. 𝟕𝟖 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏 −𝟒
𝒎𝟑
∆𝒉𝟑 = 𝟐 ( + ) (𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 𝒙𝟏𝟎 ) = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟓𝟔 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎
𝝅 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐)𝟒 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎)𝟒 𝒔

for Sudden Contraction,

𝟐
𝟖 𝟏 𝟐. 𝟏𝟗 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏 −𝟒
𝒎𝟑
∆𝒉𝟏 = 𝟐 ( + ) (𝟏. 𝟖𝟓 𝒙𝟏𝟎 ) = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟗𝟓 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎
𝝅 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐)𝟒 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎)𝟒 𝒔

𝟐
𝟖 𝟏 𝟐. 𝟎𝟑 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏 −𝟒
𝒎𝟑
∆𝒉𝟐 = 𝟐 ( + ) (𝟏. 𝟕𝟖 𝒙𝟏𝟎 ) = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟗𝟓 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎
𝝅 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐)𝟒 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎)𝟒 𝒔

𝟐
𝟖 𝟏 𝟐. 𝟑𝟔 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 − 𝟏 −𝟒
𝒎𝟑
∆𝒉𝟑 = 𝟐 ( + ) (𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 𝒙𝟏𝟎 ) = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟎𝟑 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎
𝝅 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) (𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐)𝟒 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎)𝟒 𝒔

14
 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)
VII. CONCLUSION AND GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS

Performing the experiment made the researchers obtain the result that could prove the
relationship between discharge and head loss. For the discharge, the value for the volume
remains the same for the sudden enlargement and sudden contraction. Time differs a little in
every trial where the researchers noticed that when time is lesser, it indirectly affects the
discharge and it makes it higher than the one who have lesser time. It has the both effects on
sudden enlargement and sudden contraction. On the other hand, the head loss is directly
affected by the discharge. Due to when the discharge is the highest, it also has the highest total
head.

With that, the researchers concluded that the discharge and head loss have a directly
proportional relationship where when discharge is high, the total head will also be high and
vice versa.

This research is intended to help the topic of sudden enlargement and sudden contraction
where it can be used in researches for pipes with this kind of situations. The present researches
hope these data gathered could be helpful for future researchers.

15
 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT (DoE)
VIII. REFERENCES

Corrosionpedia. (2019). Head Loss. Retrieved from

https://www.corrosionpedia.com/definition/625/head-loss

Dinov, I.D. (2002, January 1). Statistics Online Computational Resource (SOCR). Retrieved from
http://www.socr.ucla.edu/Applets.dir/F_Table.html

Engineering Terms (Definitions). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.pre-

engineering.com/resources/engineeringterms.html

Iudicello, F. (2011, October 19). Flow in pipes with sudden contraction. Retrieved from
https://www.kbwiki.ercoftac.org/w/index.php?title=Abstr:Flow_in_pipes_with_sudden_contracti
on

MathWorks. (2019). Sudden Area Change. Retrieved from

https://www.mathworks.com/help/physmod/hydro/ref/suddenareachange.html

Ratzlaff, J. (2017, October 30). Borda-Carnot Equation. Retrieved from http://www.piping-

designer.com/index.php/properties/fluid-mechanics/2151-borda-carnot-equation

SoftSchools.com. (2019). Friction loss Formula. Retrieved from

http://www.softschools.com/formulas/physics/friction_loss_formula/616/

Vert, J. (2019). Discharge or Flow Rate. Retrieved from

https://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/fluid-mechanics-and-hydraulics/discharge-or-flow-rate

16