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    Share The Following Characteristics

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    Jeshrael Cabrigas
    Plants evolved from aquatic green algae to have multicellular bodies, vascular tissues, and structures adapted to terrestrial environments like roots, leaves, and a cuticle. They are divided into three groups: nonvascular bryophytes like mosses, seedless vascular plants like ferns, and seed-producing plants including gymnosperms like conifers and angiosperms like flowering plants. Vascular tissues transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. Roots absorb water and minerals from soil while stems support leaves, which perform photosynthesis. Plants respond to stimuli like light, gravity, and touch through tropisms, and seasonally through day length cues.

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    Share The Following Characteristics

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    Jeshrael Cabrigas
    46 views6 pages
    Plants evolved from aquatic green algae to have multicellular bodies, vascular tissues, and structures adapted to terrestrial environments like roots, leaves, and a cuticle. They are divided into three groups: nonvascular bryophytes like mosses, seedless vascular plants like ferns, and seed-producing plants including gymnosperms like conifers and angiosperms like flowering plants. Vascular tissues transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. Roots absorb water and minerals from soil while stems support leaves, which perform photosynthesis. Plants respond to stimuli like light, gravity, and touch through tropisms, and seasonally through day length cues.

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    SHS Biology II - Plants

    Original Title

    HO_Plants

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    Plants evolved from aquatic green algae to have multicellular bodies, vascular tissues, and structures adapted to terrestrial environments like roots, leaves, and a cuticle. They are divided into three groups: nonvascular bryophytes like mosses, seedless vascular plants like ferns, and seed-producing plants including gymnosperms like conifers and angiosperms like flowering plants. Vascular tissues transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. Roots absorb water and minerals from soil while stems support leaves, which perform photosynthesis. Plants respond to stimuli like light, gravity, and touch through tropisms, and seasonally through day length cues.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    46 views6 pages

    Share The Following Characteristics

    Uploaded by

    Jeshrael Cabrigas
    Plants evolved from aquatic green algae to have multicellular bodies, vascular tissues, and structures adapted to terrestrial environments like roots, leaves, and a cuticle. They are divided into three groups: nonvascular bryophytes like mosses, seedless vascular plants like ferns, and seed-producing plants including gymnosperms like conifers and angiosperms like flowering plants. Vascular tissues transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. Roots absorb water and minerals from soil while stems support leaves, which perform photosynthesis. Plants respond to stimuli like light, gravity, and touch through tropisms, and seasonally through day length cues.

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    NOTES

    GB2 U4L1: PLANTS

    Objective: To be able to describe the evolution, growth and development, resource transport, reproduction
    and responses to stimuli of plants.

    Essential question: What is a plant???


    - Plants are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms that have chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll a and
    chlorophyll b and carry on photosynthesis. Their cells have cellulose cell walls and are for most part,
    terrestrial organisms.

    Recall: ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS.

    EVOLUTION OF PLANTS
    Plants were originally aquatic, and they needed to adapt to terrestrial life too. From fresh water green algae,
    plants evolved to have:
    1. Multicellular bodies
    2. Sporangia and gametangia
    3. Drought-resistant spores
    4. Vascular tissues
    5. Waterproofing cuticle
    6. Stomatal pores and guard cells
    7. Upright bodies- with true roots and stems and
    leaves
    8. Seeds and pollen that resist drying

    PLANT GROUPS
    I. Nonvascular plants (bryophytes)
    Share the following characteristics:
    1. Lack vascular tissues
    2. No true roots or leaves
    3. Gametophyte generation is the most prominent
    part of the life cycle.
    4. The sperm swims to the egg.

    Kinds of nonvascular plants:


    a. Mosses
    b. Liverworts
    c. Hornworts

    Some terms you may need to know:


    Herbaceous vs Woody
    Annual vs Perennial
    Trees vs Shrubs vs Herbs
    Deciduous vs Nondeciduous

    The Significance of Vascular Tissue


    For transport of water and nutrients all over the plants. There are two kinds:
    a. Xylem- for transport of water and minerals from the roots to the leaves. Made of hollow dead cells
    strengthened with lignin.
    i. Vessel elements
    ii. Tracheids
    b. Phloem- for transport of organic molecules such as sugar and amino acids from the leaves to the
    growth or storage areas. Live cells
    i. Sieve tube elements
    ii. Companion cells.

    Page 1 of 6
    NOTES

    The Development of Roots, Stems and Leaves


    A. Roots
    o Underground parts of plants that anchor them into the soil and absorb water and nutrients
    (N, P, K and others) from the soil.
    o They grow by their tips to increase surface area for absorption. Root hairs function for the
    same thing too.
    o Most of the time, food for the winter and the
    next growing season is stored in the roots.
    o Types of roots and specialized roots:
    a. Tap root
    b. Fibrous roots
    c. Pneumatophores (for breathing)
    d. Adventitious roots
    e. Haustoria (parasitic roots)
    B. Stems
    o Above-ground structures of plants that support
    the leaves.
    o The transport raw materials from roots to the
    leaves and manufactured food from leaves to
    roots.
    o These can be herbaceous or woody.
    o Herbaceous stems are also involved in
    photosynthesis.
    o Some specialized stems:
    a. Tubers
    b. Cladophyll
    c. Corms
    d. Rhizome
    e. Stolon
    f. Offsets
    g. Thorns
    h. Tendrills
    C. Leaves
    o Major sites of photosynthesis—should have large surface areas and relatively thin.
    o Epidermal layers are waxy to become waterproof.
    o Guard cells and stomata help resist water loss through transpiration—the pull of water and
    minerals up the xylem due to negative pressure. Stomata also regulate gas exchange.

    Page 2 of 6
    NOTES

    o Some specialized leaves:


    a. Petals, sepals, bracts
    b. Tendrils
    c. Bulbs
    d. Prickles and spines
    e. Carnivorous leaves

    II. Seedless Vascular Plants


    Share the following characteristics:
    1. They have vascular tissue
    2. Most have roots, stems and leaves
    3. The sporophyte generation is the most prominent
    part of the life cycle.
    4. The sperm swims to the egg
    5. They do not have seeds.

    Kinds of seedless vascular plants:


    a. Ferns
    b. Horsetails
    c. Club mosses
    d. Whisk ferns

    III. Seed-Producing Vascular Plants


    Seeds- specialized structures that contains an embryo, along with stored food, enclosed in a protective
    covering called a seed coat which helps resist drying.
    Pollen- miniaturized male gametophyte generation, can be carried by wind or animals which makes the
    presence of water unnecessary.

    Page 3 of 6
    NOTES

    A. Gymnosperms
    o produce naked
    seeds
    Kinds of gymnosperms:
    a. Cycads
    b. Ginkgo trees (Ginkgo
    biloba)
    c. Conifers

    B. Angiosperms
    o Produce flowers and have their seeds enclosed in fruits—a modification of the ovary wall
    into a special structure that contains
    seeds.

    Flower structure
    Perfect flowers- contain both pistil and
    stamen
    Imperfect flowers- contain only either pistil or
    stamen

    Page 4 of 6
    NOTES

    Double fertilization!

    Pollination Strategies
    1. Wind- for plants with small inconspicuous
    flowers
    2. Insects and other small animals- for plants
    with large, showy flowers
    Seed Dispersal Techniques:
    1. Animals through attachment hooks
    2. Animals through eating
    3. Wind
    4. Water
    5. Ballistic force
    Diversity of Angiosperms: Monocots vs Dicots

    Page 5 of 6
    NOTES

    Growth of Woody Plants


    Vascular cambium- source of
    vascular tissue and responsible for the
    increase in the diameter of woody
    plants. Situated between the phloem
    and the xylem. Whenever cambium
    cells divide, only one specializes and
    the other remains a cambium cell.

    Phloem bark (outside cambium


    ring)
    Xylem  wood (inside cambium ring)

    PLANTS AND THEIR RESPONSES TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT


    Tropism- growth movement toward or away form a stimulus.
    a. Phototropism- growth towards the light by the shoot (auxin—responsible for cell growth and
    elongation)
    b. Thigmotropism- directional response of a plant organ to touch or physical contact with a solid object.
    May be positive (towards object) or negative (away from the object).
    c. Gravitropism- growth towards the ground.
    d. Hydrotropism- growth towards water
    Seasonal responses
    a. Production of flowers depending on day length.
    b. Shedding of leaves depending on day length
    Responses to Injury
    a. Repair of wounds by growing scar tissue
    b. Deposition of toxins on new growths after injury.

    Coevolution of plants and animals


    Animals need plants and plants need animals.

    Some terms you may need to know:


    Herbaceous vs Woody
    Annual vs Perennial
    Trees vs Shrubs vs Herbs
    Deciduous vs Nondeciduous

    Page 6 of 6

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