Purgatory

Purgatory (Latin: purgatorium, via Anglo-Norman and Old French)[1] is,

according to the belief of some Christians, an intermediate state after physical
death for expiatory purification.[2] There is disagreement among Christians
whether such a state exists. Some forms of Western Christianity, particularly
within Protestantism, deny its existence. Other strands of Western Christianity
see purgatory as a place, perhaps filled with fire. Some concepts of Gehenna in
Judaism are similar to that of purgatory. The word "purgatory" has come to refer
also to a wide range of historical and modern conceptions of postmortem
suffering short of everlasting damnation[3] and is used, in a non-specific sense,
to mean any place or condition of suffering or torment, especially one that is
temporary.[4]

The Catholic Church holds that "all who die in God's grace and friendship but
still imperfectly purified" undergo the process of purification which the Church
calls purgatory, "so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of
heaven". It has formulated this doctrine by reference to biblical verses that speak
Image of a fiery purgatory by
of purifying fire (1 Corinthians 3:15 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1+Corin
Ludovico Carracci
thians+3:15–3:15&version=nrsv) and 1 Peter 1:7 (https://bible.oremus.org/?pass
age=1+Peter+1:7–1:7&version=nrsv)) and to the mention by Jesus of
forgiveness in the age to come (Matthew 12:32 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew+12:32–12:32&version=nrsv)). It
bases its teaching also on the practice of praying for the dead in use within the Church ever since the Church began and which is
mentioned even earlier in 2 Macc 12:46 (https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Maccabees+12%3A43-46&version=
DRA).[5][6]

According to Jacques Le Goff, the conception of purgatory as a physical place came into existence in Western Europe towards the
end of the twelfth century.[7] According to him, the conception involves the idea of a purgatorial fire, which he suggests "is
expiatory and purifying not punitive like hell fire".[8] At the Second Council of Lyon in 1247, strong Eastern Orthodox
opposition to the idea of a third place in the afterlife containing fire was one of the differences that prevented reunification with
the Catholic Church. That council's teaching on purgatory made no mention of these notions,[9] which are absent also in the
declarations by the Councils of Florence and Trent at which especially the Catholic Church formulated its doctrine on
purgatory.[10] Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI have declared that the term does not indicate a place, but a condition of
existence.[11][12]

The Church of England, mother church of the Anglican Communion, officially denounces what it calls "the Romish Doctrine
concerning Purgatory",[13] but the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches, and elements of the Anglican,
Lutheran and Methodist traditions hold that for some there is cleansing after death and pray for the dead.[14][15][16][17][18] The
Reformed Churches teach that the departed are delivered from their sins through the process of glorification.[19] Rabbinical
Judaism also believes in the possibility of after-death purification and may even use the word "purgatory" to describe the similar
rabbinical concept of Gehenna, though Gehenna is also sometimes described as more similar to hell or Hades.[20]

Contents
History of the belief
 Christianity
Catholicism
The purgatory of Catholic doctrine
Role in relation to sin
Speculations and imaginings about purgatory
Fire
Popular notion of purgatory as a place
Eastern Orthodoxy
Protestantism
Anglicanism
Lutheranism
Methodism
Reformed
Latter-day Saint Movement
Judaism
Islam
See also
References
Further reading
External links

History of the belief

While use of the word "purgatory" (in Latin purgatorium) as a noun appeared perhaps
only between 1160 and 1180, giving rise to the idea of purgatory as a place[21] (what
Jacques Le Goff called the "birth" of purgatory),[22] the Roman Catholic tradition of
purgatory as a transitional condition has a history that dates back, even before Jesus
Christ, to the worldwide practice of caring for the dead and praying for them and to the
belief, found also in Judaism,[23] which is considered the precursor of Christianity, that
prayer for the dead contributed to their afterlife purification. The same practice appears in
other traditions, such as the medieval Chinese Buddhist practice of making offerings on
behalf of the dead, who are said to suffer numerous trials.[3] Roman Catholic belief in
after-life purification is based on the practice of praying for the dead, which is mentioned
in 2 Maccabees 12:42-44, which the Roman Catholic Church has declared to be part of
Sacred Scripture,[24][25] and that, according to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, was
adopted by Christians from the beginning,[26] a practice that presupposes that the dead are
Image of a non-fiery
thereby assisted between death and their entry into their final abode.[3] purgatory (Gustave Doré:
illustration for Dante's
Over the centuries, theologians and others have developed theories, imagined descriptions Purgatorio, Canto 24).
and composed legends that have contributed to the formation of a popular idea of
purgatory much more detailed and elaborate than the quite minimal elements that have
been officially declared to be part of the authentic teaching of the Church.

Shortly before becoming a Roman Catholic,[27] the English scholar John Henry Newman argued that the essence of the doctrine
is locatable in ancient tradition, and that the core consistency of such beliefs is evidence that Christianity was "originally given to
us from heaven".[28] The Catholic Church's teaching on purgatory, defined in the Second Council of Lyon (1274), the Council of
Florence (1438–1445), and the Council of Trent (1545–63),[3][29] is without the imaginative accretions of the popular idea of
purgatory.
Christianity
Some denominations, typically Roman Catholicism, recognize the doctrine of purgatory, while many Protestant and Eastern
Orthodox churches would not use the same terminology, the former on the basis of their own sola scriptura doctrine, combined
with their exclusion of 2 Maccabees from the Protestant Canon of the Bible, the latter because the Orthodox Churches consider
purgatory a non-essential doctrine.

Catholicism
The Catholic Church gives the name purgatory to what it calls the after-death purification of "all who die in God's grace and
friendship, but still imperfectly purified".[30] Though in popular imagination purgatory is pictured as a place rather than a process
of purification, the idea of purgatory as a physical place with time is not part of the Church's doctrine.[11] Fire, another important
element of the purgatory of popular imagination, is also absent in the Catholic Church's doctrine.

The purgatory of Catholic doctrine

At the Second Council of Lyon in 1274, the Catholic Church defined, for the first time, its teaching on purgatory, in two points:

1. some souls are purified after death;

2. such souls benefit from the prayers and pious duties that the living do for them.
The council declared:

[I]f they die truly repentant in charity before they have made satisfaction by worthy fruits of penance for (sins)
committed and omitted, their souls are cleansed after death by purgatorical or purifying punishments, as Brother
John has explained to us. And to relieve punishments of this kind, the offerings of the living faithful are of
advantage to these, namely, the sacrifices of Masses, prayers, alms, and other duties of piety, which have
customarily been performed by the faithful for the other faithful according to the regulations of the Church[31]

A century and a half later, the Council of Florence repeated the same two points in practically the same words, again excluding
certain elements of the purgatory of popular imagination, in particular fire and place, against which representatives of the
Orthodox Church spoke at the council:[32]

[The Council] has likewise defined, that, if those truly penitent have departed in the love of God, before they have
made satisfaction by the worthy fruits of penance for sins of commission and omission, the souls of these are
cleansed after death by purgatorial punishments; and so that they may be released from punishments of this kind,
the suffrages of the living faithful are of advantage to them, namely, the sacrifices of Masses, prayers, and
almsgiving, and other works of piety, which are customarily performed by the faithful for other faithful according
to the institutions of the Church.[33]

The Council of Trent repeated the same two points and moreover in its 4 December 1563 Decree Concerning Purgatory
recommended avoidance of speculations and non-essential questions:

Since the Catholic Church, instructed by the Holy Spirit, in conformity with the sacred writings and the ancient
tradition of the Fathers in sacred councils, and very recently in this ecumenical Synod, has taught that there is a
purgatory, and that the souls detained there are assisted by the suffrages of the faithful, and especially by the
acceptable sacrifice of the altar, the holy Synod commands the bishops that they insist that the sound doctrine of
purgatory, which has been transmitted by the holy Fathers and holy Councils, be believed by the faithful of Christ,
 be maintained, taught, and everywhere preached.
Let the more difficult and subtle "questions", however, and those which do not make for "edification" (cf. 1Tm
1,4), and from which there is very often no increase in piety, be excluded from popular discourses to uneducated
people. Likewise, let them not permit uncertain matters, or those that have the appearance of falsehood, to be
brought out and discussed publicly. Those matters on the contrary, which tend to a certain curiosity or
superstition, or that savor of filthy lucre, let them prohibit as scandals and stumbling blocks to the faithful.[34]

Catholic doctrine on purgatory is presented as composed of the same two points in the Compendium of the Catechism of the
Catholic Church, first published in 2005, which is a summary in dialogue form of the Catechism of the Catholic Church. It deals
with purgatory in the following exchange:[35]

210. What is purgatory?

Purgatory is the state of those who die in God's friendship, assured of their
eternal salvation, but who still have need of purification to enter into the
happiness of heaven.

211. How can we help the souls being purified in purgatory?

Because of the communion of saints, the faithful who are still pilgrims on earth
are able to help the souls in purgatory by offering prayers in suffrage for them,
especially the Eucharistic sacrifice. They also help them by almsgiving,
indulgences, and works of penance.

These two questions and answers summarize information in sections 1030–1032[36] and 1054[37] of the Catechism of the
Catholic Church, published in 1992, which also speaks of purgatory in sections 1472−1473.[38]

Role in relation to sin

According to the doctrine of the Catholic Church, those who die in God's grace and friendship imperfectly purified, although they
are assured of their eternal salvation, undergo a purification after death, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of
God.[39]

Unless "redeemed by repentance and God's forgiveness", mortal sin, whose object is grave matter and is also committed with full
knowledge and deliberate consent, "causes exclusion from Christ's kingdom and the eternal death of hell, for our freedom has the
power to make choices for ever, with no turning back."[40] Such sin "makes us incapable of eternal life, the privation of which is
called the 'eternal punishment' of sin".[41]

Venial sin, while not depriving the sinner of friendship with God or the eternal happiness of heaven.[42] "weakens charity,
manifests a disordered affection for created goods, and impedes the soul's progress in the exercise of the virtues and the practice
of the moral good; it merits temporal punishment",[42] for "every sin, even venial, entails an unhealthy attachment to creatures,
which must be purified either here on earth, or after death in the state called Purgatory. This purification frees one from what is
called the 'temporal punishment' of sin".[41]

"These two punishments must not be conceived of as a kind of vengeance inflicted by God from without, but as following from
the very nature of sin. A conversion which proceeds from a fervent charity can attain the complete purification of the sinner in
such a way that no punishment would remain."[43]
This purification from our sinful tendencies has been compared to rehabilitation of someone who needs to be cleansed of any
addiction, a gradual and probably painful process. It can be advanced during life by voluntary self-mortification and penance and
by deeds of generosity that show love of God rather than of creatures. If not completed before death, it can still be a needed for
entering the divine presence.[44] Saint Catherine of Genoa said: "As for paradise, God has placed no doors there. Whoever wishes
to enter, does so. An all-merciful God stands there with His arms open, waiting to receive us into His glory. I also see, however,
that the divine presence is so pure and light-filled – much more than we can imagine – that the soul that has but the slightest
imperfection would rather throw itself into a thousand hells than appear thus before the divine presence."[45]

A person seeking purification from sinful tendencies is not alone. Because of the communion of saints: "the holiness of one
profits others, well beyond the harm that the sin of one could cause others. Thus recourse to the communion of saints lets the
contrite sinner be more promptly and efficaciously purified of the punishments for sin".[46] The Catholic Church states that,
through the granting of indulgences for manifestations of devotion, penance and charity by the living, it opens for individuals "the
treasury of the merits of Christ and the saints to obtain from the Father of mercies the remission of the temporal punishments due
for their sins".[47]

Speculations and imaginings about purgatory

Some Catholic saints and theologians have had sometimes conflicting ideas about purgatory beyond those adopted by the
Catholic Church, reflecting or contributing to the popular image, which includes the notions of purification by actual fire, in a
determined place and for a precise length of time. Paul J. Griffiths notes: "Recent Catholic thought on purgatory typically
preserves the essentials of the basic doctrine while also offering second-hand speculative interpretations of these elements".[48]
Thus Joseph Ratzinger wrote: "Purgatory is not, as Tertullian thought, some kind of supra-worldly concentration camp where man
is forced to undergo punishment in a more or less arbitrary fashion. Rather it is the inwardly necessary process of transformation
in which a person becomes capable of Christ, capable of God, and thus capable of unity with the whole communion of saints".[49]

The speculations and popular imaginings that, especially in late medieval times, were common in the Western or Latin Church
have not necessarily found acceptance in the eastern Catholic Churches, of which there are 23 in full communion with the Pope.
Some have explicitly rejected the notions of punishment by fire in a particular place that are prominent in the popular picture of
purgatory. The representatives of the Orthodox Church at the Council of Florence argued against these notions, while declaring
that they do hold that there is a cleansing after death of the souls of the saved and that these are assisted by the prayers of the
living: "If souls depart from this life in faith and charity but marked with some defilements, whether unrepented minor ones or
major ones repented of but without having yet borne the fruits of repentance, we believe that within reason they are purified of
those faults, but not by some purifying fire and particular punishments in some place."[50] The definition of purgatory adopted by
that council excluded the two notions with which the Orthodox disagreed and mentioned only the two points that, they said, were
part of their faith also. Accordingly, the agreement, known as the Union of Brest, that formalized the admission of the Ukrainian
Greek Catholic Church into the full communion of the Roman Catholic Church stated: "We shall not debate about purgatory, but
we entrust ourselves to the teaching of the Holy Church".[51]

Fire
Fire has an important place in the popular image of purgatory and has been the object of speculation by theologians, speculation
to which the article on purgatory in the Catholic Encyclopedia relates the warning by the Council of Trent against "difficult and
subtle questions which tend not to edification."[52]

Fire has never been included in the Catholic Church's defined doctrine on purgatory, but speculation about it is traditional. "The
tradition of the Church, by reference to certain texts of Scripture, speaks of a cleansing fire."[53] In this regard the Catechism of
the Catholic Church references in particular two New Testament passages: "If anyone's work is burned up, he will suffer loss,
though he himself will be saved, but only as through fire"[54] and "so that the tested genuineness of your faith—more precious
than gold that perishes though it is tested by fire—may be found to result in praise and glory and honor at the revelation of Jesus
Christ".[55] Catholic theologians have also cited verses such as "I will put this third into the fire, and refine them as one refines
silver, and test them as gold is tested. They will call upon my name, and I will answer them. I will say, 'They are my people'; and
they will say, 'The LORD is my God'",[56] a verse that the Jewish school of Shammai applied to God's judgment on those who are
not completely just nor entirely evil.[57][58]

Use of the image of a purifying fire goes back as far as Origen who, with reference to 1 Corinthians 3:10–15 (https://www.esv.or
g/1+Corinthians+3:10), seen as referring to a process by which the dross of lighter transgressions will be burnt away, and the
soul, thus purified, will be saved,[52] wrote: "Suppose you have built, after the foundation which Christ Jesus has taught, not only
gold, silver, and precious stones − if indeed you possess gold and much silver or little − suppose you have silver, precious stones,
but I say not only these elements, but suppose that you have also wood and hay and stubble, what does he wish you to become
after your final departure? To enter afterwards then into the holy lands with your wood and with your hay and stubble so that you
may defile the Kingdom of God? But again do you want to be left behind in the fire on account of the hay, the wood, the stubble,
and to receive nothing due you for the gold and the silver and precious stone? That is not reasonable. What then? It follows that
you receive the fire first due to the wood, and the hay and the stubble. For to those able to perceive, our God is said to be in
reality a consuming fire."[59] Origen also speaks of a refining fire melting away the lead of evil deeds, leaving behind only pure
gold.[60]

Gregory the Great also argued for the existence, before Judgment, of a purgatorius ignis (a cleansing fire) to purge away minor
faults (wood, hay, stubble) not mortal sins (iron, bronze, lead).[61]

Gregory of Nyssa several times spoke of purgation by fire after death,[62] but he generally has apocatastasis in mind.[63]

Medieval theologians accepted the association of purgatory with fire. Thus the Summa Theologica of Thomas Aquinas considered
it probable that purgatory was situated close to hell, so that the same fire that tormented the damned cleansed the just souls in
purgatory.[64]

Ideas about the supposed fire of purgatory have changed with time: in the early 20th century the Catholic Encyclopedia reported
that, while in the past most theologians had held that the fire of purgatory was in some sense a material fire, though of a nature
different from ordinary fire, the view of what then seemed to be the majority of theologians was that the term was to be
understood metaphorically.[65]

Pope Benedict XVI recommended to theologians the presentation of purgatory by Saint Catherine of Genoa, for whom purgatory
is not an external but an inner fire: "The Saint speaks of the soul's journey of purification on the way to full communion with
God, starting from her own experience of profound sorrow for the sins committed, in comparison with God's infinite love. [...]
'The soul', Catherine says, 'presents itself to God still bound to the desires and suffering that derive from sin and this makes it
impossible for it to enjoy the beatific vision of God'. Catherine asserts that God is so pure and holy that a soul stained by sin
cannot be in the presence of the divine majesty. We too feel how distant we are, how full we are of so many things that we cannot
see God. The soul is aware of the immense love and perfect justice of God and consequently suffers for having failed to respond
in a correct and perfect way to this love; and love for God itself becomes a flame, love itself cleanses it from the residue of
sin."[66]

In his 2007 encyclical Spe salvi, Pope Benedict XVI, referring to the words of Paul the Apostle in 1 Corinthians 3:12–15 (https://
www.esv.org/1+Corinthians+3:12) about a fire that both burns and saves, spoke of the opinion that "the fire which both burns and
saves is Christ himself, the Judge and Saviour. The encounter with him is the decisive act of judgement. Before his gaze all
falsehood melts away. This encounter with him, as it burns us, transforms and frees us, allowing us to become truly ourselves. All
that we build during our lives can prove to be mere straw, pure bluster, and it collapses. Yet in the pain of this encounter, when the
impurity and sickness of our lives become evident to us, there lies salvation. His gaze, the touch of his heart heals us through an
undeniably painful transformation 'as through fire'. But it is a blessed pain, in which the holy power of his love sears through us
like a flame, enabling us to become totally ourselves and thus totally of God. In this way the inter-relation between justice and
grace also becomes clear: the way we live our lives is not immaterial, but our defilement does not stain us for ever if we have at
least continued to reach out towards Christ, towards truth and towards love. Indeed, it has already been burned away through
Christ's Passion. At the moment of judgement we experience and we absorb the overwhelming power of his love over all the evil
in the world and in ourselves. The pain of love becomes our salvation and our joy. It is clear that we cannot calculate the
'duration' of this transforming burning in terms of the chronological measurements of this world. The transforming 'moment' of
this encounter eludes earthly time-reckoning — it is the heart's time, it is the time of 'passage' to communion with God in the
Body of Christ."[67]

Purgatory, by Peter Paul Altar in Iglesia de la A fiery purgatory in the Our Lady of Mount
Rubens Concepción, Santa Cruz Très riches heures du Carmel and purgatory,
de Tenerife Duc de Berry Beniaján, Spain

Our Lady of Mount Detail of altar in Lutheran Our Lady, St Monica and Our Lady of Passau in St
Carmel and purgatory, church in Auhausen, souls in purgatory, Felix Church,
North End, Boston Bavaria Rattenberg, Tyrol Kientzheim, Alsace

Purgatory, 1419 drawing Painting by Michel Serre Altar predella in the town Request for prayer for
by unknown artist from in the Saint Cannat church of Bad Wimpfen, the souls in purgatory
Strasbourg Church, Marseilles Baden-Württemberg
 Stained-glass window in Purgatory by Venezuelan Ceiling of St Ulrich Our Lady Interceding for
Puerto Rico Cathedral painter Cristóbal Rojas Church in Pillersee, the Souls in Purgatory,
(1890) Tyrol, Austria by Andrea Vaccaro

Miniature by Stefan Azulejo of souls in

Lochner showing souls in purgatory, Seville, Spain
purgatory

Popular notion of purgatory as a place

In his La naissance du Purgatoire (The Birth of Purgatory), Jacques Le Goff
attributes the origin of the idea of a third other-world domain, similar to heaven
and hell, called Purgatory, to Paris intellectuals and Cistercian monks at some
point in the last three decades of the twelfth century, possibly as early as
1170−1180. Previously, the Latin adjective purgatorius, as in purgatorius ignis
(cleansing fire) existed, but only then did the noun purgatorium appear, used as
the name of a place called Purgatory.[68]
The island of St Patrick's Purgatory
The change happened at about the same time as the composition of the book
Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii, an account by an English Cistercian of a
penitent knight's visit to the land of purgatory reached through a cave in the island known as Station Island or St Patrick's
Purgatory in the lake of Lough Derg, County Donegal, Ireland. Le Goff said this book "occupies an essential place in the history
of Purgatory, in whose success it played an important, if not decisive, role".[69]

Le Goff dedicates the final chapter of his book to the Purgatorio, the second book in Dante's fourteenth-century La divina
commedia (The Divine Comedy). In an interview Le Goff declared: "Dante's Purgatorio represents the sublime conclusion of the
slow development of Purgatory that took place in the course of the Middle Ages. The power of Dante's poetry made a decisive
contribution to fixing in the public imagination this 'third place', whose birth was on the whole quite recent."[70]

Dante pictures purgatory as an island at the antipodes of Jerusalem, pushed up, in an otherwise empty sea, by the displacement
caused by the fall of Satan, which left him fixed at the central point of the globe of the Earth. The cone-shaped island has seven
terraces on which souls are cleansed from the seven deadly sins or capital vices as they ascend. Additional spurs at the base hold
 those for whom beginning the ascent is delayed because in life they were
excommunicates, indolent or late repenters. At the summit is the earthly paradise, from
where the souls, cleansed of evil tendencies and made perfect, are taken to heaven.

The Catholic Church has not included in its teaching this idea of purgatory as a place, any
more than it has sealed with its authority the idea of a Limbo, which also has been
postulated by some theologians.

On 4 August 1999, Pope John Paul II, speaking of purgatory, said: "The term does not
indicate a place, but a condition of existence. Those who, after death, exist in a state of
Dante gazes at purgatory purification, are already in the love of Christ who removes from them the remnants of
(shown as a mountain) in imperfection as "a condition of existence".[11]
this 16th-century painting.
Similarly in 2011, Pope Benedict XVI, speaking of Saint Catherine of Genoa (1447–1510)
in relation to purgatory, said that "In her day it was depicted mainly using images linked to
space: a certain space was conceived of in which purgatory was supposed to be located. Catherine, however, did not see purgatory
as a scene in the bowels of the earth: for her it is not an exterior but rather an interior fire. This is purgatory: an inner fire."[12]

Eastern Orthodoxy
While the Eastern Orthodox Church rejects the term purgatory, it acknowledges an
intermediate state after death and offers prayer for the dead. According to the Greek
Orthodox Archdiocese of America:

The moral progress of the soul, either for better or for worse, ends at the
very moment of the separation of the body and soul; at that very moment
the definite destiny of the soul in the everlasting life is decided. ...There is
no way of repentance, no way of escape, no reincarnation and no help
from the outside world. Its place is decided forever by its Creator and
judge. The Orthodox Church does not believe in purgatory (a place of
purging), that is, the inter-mediate state after death in which the souls of
the saved (those who have not received temporal punishment for their The Dormition of the
sins) are purified of all taint preparatory to entering into Heaven, where Theotokos (a thirteenth-
every soul is perfect and fit to see God. Also, the Orthodox Church does century icon)
not believe in indulgences as remissions from purgatorial punishment.
Both purgatory and indulgences are inter-corelated theories, unwitnessed
in the Bible or in the Ancient Church, and when they were enforced and
applied they brought about evil practices at the expense of the prevailing
Truths of the Church. If Almighty God in His merciful loving-kindness
changes the dreadful situation of the sinner, it is unknown to the Church of
Christ. The Church lived for fifteen hundred years without such a
theory.[71]

Eastern Orthodox teaching is that, while all undergo an individual judgment immediately after death, neither the just nor the
wicked attain the final state of bliss or punishment before the Last Day,[72] with some exceptions for righteous souls like the
Theotokos (Blessed Virgin Mary), "who was borne by the angels directly to heaven."[73]
The Eastern Orthodox Church holds that it is necessary to believe in this intermediate after-death state in which souls are
perfected and brought to full divinization, a process of growth rather than of punishment, which some Orthodox have called
purgatory.[74] Eastern Orthodox theology does not generally describe the situation of the dead as involving suffering or fire,
although it nevertheless describes it as a "direful condition".[75] The souls of the righteous dead are in light and rest, with a
foretaste of eternal happiness; but the souls of the wicked are in a state the reverse of this. Among the latter, such souls as have
departed with faith but "without having had time to bring forth fruits worthy of repentance ... may be aided towards the
attainment of a blessed resurrection [at the end of time] by prayers offered in their behalf, especially those offered in union with
the oblation of the bloodless sacrifice of the Body and Blood of Christ, and by works of mercy done in faith for their
memory."[76]

The state in which souls undergo this experience is often referred to as "Hades".[77]

The Orthodox Confession of Peter Mogila (1596–1646), adopted, in a Greek translation by Meletius Syrigos, by the 1642 Council
of Jassy in Romania, professes that "many are freed from the prison of hell ... through the good works of the living and the
Church's prayers for them, most of all through the unbloody sacrifice, which is offered on certain days for all the living and the
dead" (question 64); and (under the heading "How must one consider the purgatorial fire?") "the Church rightly performs for
them the unbloody sacrifice and prayers, but they do not cleanse themselves by suffering something. The Church never
maintained that which pertains to the fanciful stories of some concerning the souls of their dead who have not done penance and
are punished, as it were, in streams, springs and swamps." (question 66).[78]

The Eastern Orthodox Synod of Jerusalem (1672) declared: "The souls of those that have fallen asleep are either at rest or in
torment, according to what each hath wrought" (an enjoyment or condemnation that will be complete only after the resurrection
of the dead); but the souls of some "depart into Hades, and there endure the punishment due to the sins they have committed. But
they are aware of their future release from there, and are delivered by the Supreme Goodness, through the prayers of the Priests
and the good works which the relatives of each do for their Departed, especially the unbloody Sacrifice benefiting the most,
which each offers particularly for his relatives that have fallen asleep and which the Catholic and Apostolic Church offers daily
for all alike. Of course, it is understood that we do not know the time of their release. We know and believe that there is
deliverance for such from their direful condition, and that before the common resurrection and judgment, but when we know
not."[75]

Some Orthodox believe in a teaching of "aerial toll-houses" for the souls of the dead. According to this theory, which is rejected
by other Orthodox but appears in the hymnology of the Church,[79] "following a person's death the soul leaves the body and is
escorted to God by angels. During this journey the soul passes through an aerial realm which is ruled by demons. The soul
encounters these demons at various points referred to as 'toll-houses' where the demons then attempt to accuse it of sin and, if
possible, drag the soul into hell."[80]

Protestantism
In general, Protestant churches reject the Roman Catholic doctrine of purgatory although some teach the existence of an
intermediate state. Many Protestant denominations, though not all, teach the doctrine of sola scriptura ("scripture alone") or
prima scriptura ("scripture first"). The general Protestant view is that the Bible, from which Protestants exclude deuterocanonical
books such as 2 Maccabees, contains no overt, explicit discussion of purgatory and therefore it should be rejected as an unbiblical
belief.[81]

Another view held by many Protestants, such as the Lutheran Churches and the Reformed Churches, is sola fide ("by faith
alone"): that faith alone is what achieves salvation, and that good works are merely evidence of that faith.[82] Justification is
generally seen as a discrete event that takes place once for all during one's lifetime, not the result of a transformation of character.
However, most Protestants teach that a transformation of character naturally follows the salvation experience; others, such as
those of the Methodist tradition (inclusive of the Holiness Movement) teach that after justification, Christians must pursue
holiness and good works.[83][84] Those who have been saved by God are destined for heaven, while those have not been saved
will be excluded from heaven.[85]

Some Protestants hold that a person enters into the fullness of one's bliss or torment only after the resurrection of the body, and
that the soul in that interim state is conscious and aware of the fate in store for it.[86] Others have held that souls in the
intermediate state between death and resurrection are without consciousness, a state known as soul sleep.[87]

As an argument for the existence of purgatory, Protestant religious philosopher Jerry L. Walls[88] wrote Purgatory: The Logic of
Total Transformation (2012). He lists some "biblical hints of purgatory" (Mal 3:2; 2 Mac 12:41-43; Mat 12:32; 1 Cor 3:12) that
helped give rise to the doctrine,[89] and finds its beginnings in early Christian writers whom he calls "Fathers and Mothers of
Purgatory".[90] Citing Le Goff, he sees the 12th century as that of the "birth of purgatory", arising as "a natural development of
certain currents of thought that had been flowing for centuries",[91] and the 13th century at that of its rationalization, "purging it
of its offensive popular trappings", leading to its definition by a council as the Church's doctrine in 1274.[92] Walls does not base
his belief in purgatory primarily on Scripture, the Mothers and Fathers of the Church, or the magisterium (doctrinal authority) of
the Roman Catholic church. Rather his basic argument is that, in a phrase he often uses, it "makes sense."[93] For Walls,
purgatory has a logic, as in the title of his book. He documents the "contrast between the satisfaction and sanctification models"
of purgatory. In the satisfaction model, "the punishment of purgatory" is to satisfy God's justice. In the sanctification model, Wall
writes: "Purgatory might be pictured ... as a regimen to regain one’s spiritual health and get back into moral shape."[94] In Roman
Catholic theology Walls finds that the doctrine of purgatory has "swung" between the "poles of satisfaction and sanctification"
sometimes "combining both elements somewhere in the middle". He believes the sanctification model "can be affirmed by
Protestants without in any way contradicting their theology" and that they may find that it "makes better sense of how the remains
of sin are purged" than an instantaneous cleansing at the moment of death.[95]

While purgatory was disputed by the Reformers, some early patristic theologians of the Eastern Church taught and believed in
"apocatastasis", the belief that all creation would be restored to its original perfect condition after a remedial purgatorial
reformation. Clement of Alexandria was one of the early church theologians who taught this view. Protestants have always
contended that there are no second chances. However, for Lutherans a similar doctrine of what may happen to the unevangelized
is expressed in the book titled What about those who never heard.[96] The reality of purgatorial purification is envisaged in
Thomas Talbott's The Inescapable Love of God[97] Different views are expressed by different theologians in two different
editions of Four Views of Hell.[98]

Anglicanism
Anglicans, as with other Reformed Churches, historically teach that the elect undergo the process of glorification after death.[99]
This process has been compared by Jerry L. Walls and James B. Gould with the process of purification in the core doctrine of
purgatory (see Reformed, below).

Purgatory was addressed by both of the "foundation features" of Anglicanism in the 16th century: the Thirty-Nine Articles of
Religion and the Book of Common Prayer.[100]

Article XXII of the Thirty-Nine Articles states that "The Romish Doctrine concerning Purgatory . . . is a fond thing, vainly
invented, and grounded upon no warranty of Scripture, but rather repugnant to the Word of God."[101] Prayers for the departed
were deleted from the 1552 Book of Common Prayer because they suggested a doctrine of purgatory. The 19th century Anglo-
Catholic revival led to restoring prayers for the dead.[102]

John Henry Newman, in his Tract XC of 1841 §6, discussed Article XXII. He highlighted the fact that it is the "Romish" doctrine
of purgatory coupled with indulgences that Article XXII condemns as "repugnant to the Word of God." The article did not
condemn every doctrine of purgatory and it did not condemn prayers for the dead.[103]
As of the year 2000, the state of the doctrine of purgatory in Anglicanism was summarized as follows:

Purgatory is seldom mentioned in Anglican descriptions or speculations concerning life after death, although
many Anglicans believe in a continuing process of growth and development after death.[104]

Anglican Bishop John Henry Hobart (1775–1830) wrote that "Hades, or the place of the dead, is represented as a spacious
receptacle with gates, through which the dead enter."[105] The Anglican Catechist of 1855 elaborated on Hades, stating that it "is
an intermediate state between death and the resurrection, in which the soul does not sleep in unconsciousness, but exists in
happiness or misery till the resurrection, when it shall be reunited to the body and receive its final reward."[106] This intermediate
state includes both Paradise and Gehenna, "but with an impassable gulf between the two".[16] Souls remain in Hades until the
Final Judgment and "Christians may also improve in holiness after death during the middle state before the final judgment."[107]

Leonel L. Mitchell (1930-2012) offers this rationale for prayers for the dead:

No one is ready at the time of death to enter into life in the nearer presence of God without substantial growth
precisely in love, knowledge, and service; and the prayer also recognizes that God will provide what is necessary
for us to enter that state. This growth will presumably be between death and resurrection."[108]

Anglican theologian C. S. Lewis (1898-1963), reflecting on the history of the doctrine of purgatory in the Anglican Communion,
said there were good reasons for "casting doubt on the 'Romish doctrine concerning Purgatory' as that Romish doctrine had then
become" not merely a "commercial scandal" but also the picture in which the souls are tormented by devils, whose presence is
"more horrible and grievous to us than is the pain itself," and where the spirit who suffers the tortures cannot, for pain, "remember
God as he ought to do." Lewis believed instead in purgatory as presented in John Henry Newman's The Dream of Gerontius. By
this poem, Lewis wrote, "Religion has reclaimed Purgatory," a process of purification that will normally involve suffering.[109]

Lutheranism
The Protestant Reformer Martin Luther was once recorded as saying:[110]

As for purgatory, no place in Scripture makes mention thereof, neither must we any way allow it; for it darkens
and undervalues the grace, benefits, and merits of our blessed, sweet Saviour Christ Jesus. The bounds of
purgatory extend not beyond this world; for here in this life the upright, good, and godly Christians are well and
soundly scoured and purged.

In his 1537 Smalcald Articles, Luther stated:[111]

Therefore purgatory, and every solemnity, rite, and commerce connected with it, is to be regarded as nothing but a
specter of the devil. For it conflicts with the chief article [which teaches] that only Christ, and not the works of
men, are to help [set free] souls. Not to mention the fact that nothing has been [divinely] commanded or enjoined
upon us concerning the dead.

With respect to the related practice of praying for the dead, Luther stated:[112]

As for the dead, since Scripture gives us no information on the subject, I regard it as no sin to pray with free
devotion in this or some similar fashion: “Dear God, if this soul is in a condition accessible to mercy, be thou
gracious to it.” And when this has been done once or twice, let it suffice. (Confession Concerning Christ’s Supper,
 Vol. XXXVII, 369)[112]

A core statement of Lutheran doctrine, from the Book of Concord, states: "We know that the ancients speak of prayer for the
dead, which we do not prohibit; but we disapprove of the application ex opere operato of the Lord's Supper on behalf of the dead.
... Epiphanius [of Salamis] testifies that Aerius [of Sebaste] held that prayers for the dead are useless. With this he finds fault.
Neither do we favor Aerius, but we do argue with you because you defend a heresy that clearly conflicts with the prophets,
apostles, and Holy Fathers, namely, that the Mass justifies ex opere operato, that it merits the remission of guilt and punishment
even for the unjust, to whom it is applied, if they do not present an obstacle." (Philipp Melanchthon, Apology of the Augsburg
Confession).[113] High Church Lutheranism, like Anglo-Catholicism, is more likely to accept some form of purgatory. Lutheran
Reformer Mikael Agricola still believed in the basic beliefs of purgatory.[114] Purgatory as such is not mentioned at all in the
Augsburg Confession, which claims that "our churches dissent in no article of the faith from the Church Catholic, but only omit
some abuses which are new." [115]

Methodism
Methodist churches, in keeping with Article XIV - Of Purgatory in the Articles of Religion, hold that "the Romish doctrine
concerning purgatory ... is a fond thing, vainly invented, and grounded upon no warrant of Scripture, but repugnant to the Word
of God."[116] However, in the Methodist Church, there is a belief in Hades, "the intermediate state of souls between death and the
general resurrection," which is divided into Paradise (for the righteous) and Gehenna (for the wicked).[117][118] After the general
judgment, Hades will be abolished.[118] John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, "made a distinction between hell (the receptacle
of the damned) and Hades (the receptacle of all separate spirits), and also between paradise (the antechamber of heaven) and
heaven itself."[119][120] The dead will remain in Hades "until the Day of Judgment when we will all be bodily resurrected and
stand before Christ as our Judge. After the Judgment, the Righteous will go to their eternal reward in Heaven and the Accursed
will depart to Hell (see Matthew 25)."[121]

Reformed
After death, Reformed theology teaches that through glorification, God "not only delivers His people from all their suffering and
from death, but delivers them too from all their sins."[19] In glorification, Reformed Christians believe that the departed are
"raised and made like the glorious body of Christ".[19] Reformed theologian John F. MacArthur has written that "nothing in
Scripture even hints at the notion of purgatory, and nothing indicates that our glorification will in any way be paintful."[122]

Jerry L. Walls and James B. Gould have likened the glorification process to the core or sanctification view of purgatory[123]
"Grace is much more than forgiveness, it is also transformation and sanctification, and finally, glorification. We need more than
forgiveness and justification to purge our sinful dispositions and make us fully ready for heaven. Purgatory is nothing more than
the continuation of the sanctifying grace we need, for as long as necessary to complete the job".[124]

Latter-day Saint Movement

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, teaches of an intermediate place for spirits between their death and their bodily
resurrection. This place, called "the spirit world," includes "paradise" for the righteous and "prison" for those who do not know
God. Spirits in paradise serve as missionaries to the spirits in prison, who can still accept salvation. In this sense, spirit prison can
be conceptualized as a type of purgatory. In addition to hearing the message from the missionary spirits, the spirits in prison can
also accept posthumous baptism and other posthumous ordinances performed by living church members in temples on Earth. This
is frequently referred to as "baptism for the dead" and "temple work."[125] Members of the Church believe that during the three
days following Christ's crucifixion, he preached his gospel to inhabitants of spirit prison.[126]

Judaism
In Judaism, Gehenna is a place of purification where, according to some traditions, most sinners spend up to a year before release.

The view of purgatory can be found in the teaching of the Shammaites: "In the last judgment day there shall be three classes of
souls: the righteous shall at once be written down for the life everlasting; the wicked, for Gehenna; but those whose virtues and
sins counterbalance one another shall go down to Gehenna and float up and down until they rise purified; for of them it is said: 'I
will bring the third part into the fire and refine them as silver is refined, and try them as gold is tried' [Zech. xiii. 9.]; also, 'He [the
Lord] bringeth down to Sheol and bringeth up again'" (I Sam. ii. 6). The Hillelites seem to have had no purgatory; for they said:
"He who is 'plenteous in mercy' [Ex. xxxiv. 6.] inclines the balance toward mercy, and consequently the intermediates do not
descend into Gehenna" (Tosef., Sanh. xiii. 3; R. H. 16b; Bacher, "Ag. Tan." i. 18). Still they also speak of an intermediate state.

Regarding the time which purgatory lasts, the accepted opinion of R. Akiba is twelve months; according to R. Johanan b. Nuri, it
is only forty-nine days. Both opinions are based upon Isa. lxvi. 23–24: "From one new moon to another and from one Sabbath to
another shall all flesh come to worship before Me, and they shall go forth and look upon the carcasses of the men that have
transgressed against Me; for their worm shall not die, neither shall their fire be quenched"; the former interpreting the words
"from one new moon to another" to signify all the months of a year; the latter interpreting the words "from one Sabbath to
another," in accordance with Lev. xxiii. 15–16, to signify seven weeks. During the twelve months, declares the baraita (Tosef.,
Sanh. xiii. 4–5; R. H. 16b), the souls of the wicked are judged, and after these twelve months are over they are consumed and
transformed into ashes under the feet of the righteous (according to Mal. iii. 21 [A. V. iv. 3]), whereas the great seducers and
blasphemers are to undergo eternal tortures in Gehenna without cessation (according to Isa. lxvi. 24).

The righteous, however, and, according to some, also the sinners among the people of Israel for whom Abraham intercedes
because they bear the Abrahamic sign of the covenant are not harmed by the fire of Gehenna even when they are required to pass
through the intermediate state of purgatory ('Er. 19b; Ḥag. 27a).[127]

Islam
Islam has a concept similar to that of purgatory in Christianity. Barzakh is thought to be a realm between paradise (Jannah) and
hell (Jahannam) and according to Ghazali the place of those who go neither to hell or to heaven.[128] But because it does not
purify the souls it resembles more the Christian limbo than the purgatory.

In some cases, the Islamic concept of hell may resemble the concept of Catholic doctrine of purgatory,[129] for Jahannam just
punishes people according to their deeds and releases them after their habits are purified. A limited duration in Jahannam is not
universally accepted in Islam.[130]

See also
Anima Sola Intermediate state
Araf Life review
Bosom of Abraham Limbo
Dante's Purgatorio Olam Haba
Future probation Paradise
Garden of Eden Penance
Gehinnom Sheol
Christian views on Hades Soul sleep
Heaven (Christianity) Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)
Christian views on hell Spirits in prison
History of Purgatory St Patrick's Purgatory
Indulgence Venial sin
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e.com/books?id=I2g1z_oltV8C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=wood%
20hay&f=false); original text: Patrologia graeca, vol. 13, col. 415 C−D (https://books.google.com/books?id=wnDY
AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA315&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false)
60. Homily VI on Exodus section 4 (Patrologia graeca, vol. 12, col. 334–335 (https://books.google.com/books?id=sLp
DsFbzv2wC&pg=PA330#v=onepage&q&f=false#page=330). 1862.
61. Gregory the Great, Dialogues, book IV, chapter 39 (http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01p/0590-0604,_SS
_Gregorius_I_Magnus,_Dialogorum_Libri_IV-De_Vita_et_Miraculis_...,_LT.pdf)
62. "When he has quitted his body and the difference between virtue and vice is known he cannot approach God till
the purging fire shall have cleansed the stains with which his soul was infested. That same fire in others will
cancel the corruption of matter, and the propensity to evil" (Gregory of Nyssa, Sermon on the Dead, PG
13:445,448)
63. Ilaria Ramelli, The Christian Doctrine of Apokatastasis: A Critical Assessment from the New Testament to
Eriugena (BRILL 2013), p. 374 (https://books.google.ie/books?id=YfGZAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA374&lpg=PA374&dq=
Ramelli+Nyssa+%22throughout+his+production%22&source=bl&ots=9LDuWX_THF&sig=U8kGYdiMMoq5TNkJ
H5iR2NBZNUU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwifn5CU5M7fAhXzuXEKHS4ABO4Q6AEwAHoECAAQAQ#v=onepa
ge&q=Ramelli%20Nyssa%20%22throughout%20his%20production%22&f=false)
64. Summa Theologica, appendix 2, article 2: "Whether it is the same place where souls are cleansed, and the
damned punished?" (http://www.ccel.org/ccel/aquinas/summa.AP2_Q1_A2.html)
65. "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Hell" (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07207a.htm#VI). www.newadvent.org.
66. Pope Benedict XVI, General Audience of 12 January 2011 (http://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audience
s/2011/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20110112.html)
67. Encyclical Spe salvi (http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_2007
1130_spe-salvi_en.html), 46–47].
68. Jacques Le Goff, The Birth of Purgatory (University of Chicago Press 1986), pp. 167−168 (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=4dzynjFfX7kC&dq=Goff+birth+purgatory&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwirwrjM89HfAhVjtnEKHTUNB
MoQ6AEIKDAA)
69. Le Goff (1986), p. 193
70. Fabio Gambaro, "L'invenzione del purgatorio" in La Repubblica, 27 September 2005 (https://ricerca.repubblica.it/r
epubblica/archivio/repubblica/2005/09/27/invenzione-del-purgatorio.html)
71. "Death, the Threshold to Eternal Life - Liturgy & Worship - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America" (http://www.
goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith7076). www.goarch.org.
72. John Meyondorff, Byzantine Theology (London: Mowbrays, 1974) pp. 220–221. "At death man's body goes to the
earth from which it was taken, and the soul, being immortal, goes to God, who gave it. The souls of men, being
conscious and exercising all their faculties immediately after death, are judged by God. This judgment following
man's death we call the Particular Judgment. The final reward of men, however, we believe will take place at the
time of the General Judgment. During the time between the Particular and the General Judgment, which is called
the Intermediate State, the souls of men have foretaste of their blessing or punishment" (The Orthodox Faith (htt
p://www.goarch.org/en/ourfaith/articles/article8029.asp)).
73. Michael Azkoul, What Are the Differences Between Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism? (http://www.ocf.org/Orth
odoxPage/reading/ortho_cath.html)
74. Ted A. Campbell, Christian Confessions: a Historical Introduction (Westminster John Knox Press 1996 ISBN 0-
664-25650-3), p. 54
75. Dennis Bratcher (ed.). "The Confession of Dositheus" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090221201226/http://www.
cresourcei.org/creeddositheus.html). Archived from the original (http://www.cresourcei.org/creeddositheus.html)
on 2009-02-21. Decree 18
76. Catechism of St. Philaret of Moscow, (http://www.pravoslavieto.com/docs/eng/Orthodox_Catechism_of_Philaret.h
tm#gen0) 372 and 376; Constas H. Demetry, Catechism of the Eastern Orthodox Church (http://www.christusrex.
org/www1/CDHN/catechis.html) p. 37; John Meyondorff, Byzantine Theology (London: Mowbrays, 1974) p. 96;
cf. "The Orthodox party ... remarked that the words quoted from the book of Maccabees, and our Saviour's
words, can only prove that some sins will be forgiven after death" (OrthodoxInfo.com, The Orthodox Response to
the Latin Doctrine of Purgatory (http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/death/stmark_purg.aspx))
77. What Are the Differences Between Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism? (http://www.ocf.org/OrthodoxPage/readin
g/ortho_cath.html); Constas H. Demetry, Catechism of the Eastern Orthodox Church (http://www.christusrex.org/
www1/CDHN/catechis.html) p. 37
78. Orthodox Confession of Faith (https://web.archive.org/web/19990421091223/http://esoptron.umd.edu/ugc/ocf1c.h
tml), questions 64–66.
79. In both the Greek and Slavonic Euchologion, in the canon for the departure of the soul by St. Andrew, we find in
Ode 7: "All holy angels of the Almighty God, have mercy upon me and save me from all the evil toll-houses"
(Evidence for the Tradition of the Toll Houses found in the Universally Received Tradition of the Church). (http://p
ages.prodigy.net/frjohnwhiteford/tollhouses.htm) "When my soul is about to be forcibly parted from my body's
limbs, then stand by my side and scatter the counsels of my bodiless foes and smash the teeth of those who
implacably seek to swallow me down, so that I may pass unhindered through the rulers of darkness who wait in
the air, O Bride of God" (Octoechos, Tone Two, Friday Vespers). (http://www.anastasis.org.uk/weekday_vespers
1.htm) "Pilot my wretched soul, pure Virgin, and have compassion on it, as it slides under a multitude of offences
into the deep of destruction; and at the fearful hour of death snatch me from the accusing demons and from
every punishment" (Ode 6, Tone 1 Midnight Office for Sunday). (http://www.anastasis.org.uk/weekday_vespers1.
htm)
80. "Saint Luke the Evangelist Orthodox Church is a Chicago Parish of the Orthodox Church in America located in
Palos Hills, Illinois" (http://www.stlukeorthodox.com/html/evangelist/2000/deathtoll.htm).
www.stlukeorthodox.com.
81. Robert L. Millet, By what Authority?: The Vital Question of Religious Authority in Christianity (Mercer University,
2010), 66.
82. Alan Richardson, John Bowden, eds, The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology (Westminster John Knox,
1983), s.v. sola fide, 545.
83. Jones, Scott J. (2002). United Methodist Doctrine. Abingdon Press. p. 190. ISBN 9780687034857. "Faith is
necessary to salvation unconditionally. Good works are necessary only conditionally, that is if there is time and
opportunity. The thief on the cross in Luke 23:39–43 is Wesley's example of this. He believed in Christ and was
told, "Truly I tell you, today you will be with me in Paradise." This would be impossible if the good works that are
the fruit of genuine repentance and faith were unconditionally necessary for salvation. The man was dying and
lacked time; his movements were confined and he lacked opportunity. In his case, faith alone was necessary.
However, for the vast majority of human beings good works are necessary for continuance in faith because those
persons have both the time and opportunity for them."
 84. Brown, Dr Allan (1 June 2008). "Questions About Entire Sanctification" (https://www.gbs.edu/questions-about-enti
re-sanctification/). God's Bible School & College. Retrieved 27 March 2019. "A Christian must continue to walk in
all the light he or she has or become guilty of walking in darkness, which is willful sin. A person practicing willful
sin is not saved (1 John 2:3–6; 3:4–10)."
85. Alan Richardson, John Bowden, eds, The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology (Westminster John Knox,
1983), s.v. salvation 519.
86. John Calvin wrote: "As long as (our spirit) is in the body it exerts its own powers; but when it quits this prison-
house it returns to God, whose presence it meanwhile enjoys, while it rests in the hope of a blessed
Resurrection. This rest is its paradise. On the other hand, the spirit of the reprobate, while it waits for the dreadful
judgment, is tortured by that anticipation" (Psychopannychia by John Calvin) (http://ude.net/bible/psychopannychi
a__by_john_calvin.htm)
87. Martin Luther, contending against the doctrine of purgatory, spoke of the souls of the dead as quite asleep, but
this notion of unconscious soul sleep is not included in the Lutheran Confessions and Lutheran theologians
generally reject it. (See Soul Sleep – Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod.) (http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.p
l?1518&cuTopic_topicID=78&cuItem_itemID=5245)
88. https://www.hbu.edu/Choosing-HBU/Academics/Colleges-Schools/School-of-Christian-
Thought/Departments/Department-of-Philosophy/Faculty/Jeremy-Neill-(1).aspx.
89. Jerry L. Walls, Purgatory: The Logic of Total Transformation (Oxford University Press 2012), pp. 11−13 (https://bo
oks.google.com/books?id=kFqzG3UPz3EC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=Walls+%22biblical+hints%22+purgatory&s
ource=bl&ots=hYH-KGdHDg&sig=ACfU3U2Me8KNiiI3IahGk31kghLn1dEnKQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSr_
qq_qniAhUYThUIHZkSBo0Q6AEwEnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Walls%20%22biblical%20hints%22%20purgat
ory&f=false)
90. Walls, 2012, pp. 14−17
91. Walls, 2012, pp. 17−22
92. Walls, 2012, pp 22-24
93. For example, Walls, 2012, p. 71
94. Walls, 2012, pp. 76, 90.
95. Walls 2012, p. 90
96. Gabriel Fackre, Ronald H. Nash, John Sanders. What About Those Who Have Never Heard?: Three Views on
the Destiny of the Unevangelized (InterVarsity Press 2009) (https://books.google.com/books?id=FE9YWMQo_94
C&dq=What+about+those+who+never+heard&source=gbs_navlinks_s)
97. Thomas Talbott, The Inescapable Love of God (Wipf and Stock 2014), pp. 97−98 (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=aQ0TBgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Talbott+inescapable+love&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjg5sfZq
KriAhVmRxUIHRgpALEQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Talbott%20inescapable%20love&f=false)
98. John F. Walvoord, Zachary J. Hayes, Clark H. Pinnock, William Crockett, Four Views of Hell (Zondervan 2010) (h
ttps://books.google.com/books?id=YxtERDaD4R0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Four+Views+of+Hell&hl=en&sa=X
&ved=0ahUKEwjSy4jarKriAhWOThUIHZ1nB48Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=Four%20Views%20of%20Hell&f=fals
e); Denny Burk, John G. Stackhouse, Jr., Robin Parry, Jerry Walls, Preston Sprinkle, Stanley N. Gundry, Four
Views of Hell (Zondervan 2016) (https://books.google.com/books?id=CEoVCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=
Four+Views+of+Hell&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSy4jarKriAhWOThUIHZ1nB48Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=F
our%20Views%20of%20Hell&f=false)
99. Knutsen, Karen Patrick (2010). Reciprocal Haunting: Pat Barker's Regeneration Trilogy. Waxmann Verlag.
ISBN 9783830972952. "In the Ordo Salutis (Order of Salvation) of the Anglican faith, the soul must first be
regenerated before it can be resurrected or glorified in Christ. ... The Order of Salvation involves a number of
steps said to lead to man's salvation and glorification (or resurrection in Christ). ... In the Anglican Church, the
Order of Salvation is officially Calvinistsic, placing regeneration before faith."
100. Colin Buchanan, Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism (Scarecrow, 2006), 510.
101. "Join us in Daily Prayer" (https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-worship/worship/book-of-common-prayer/articl
es-of-religion.aspx.).
102. Colin Buchanan, Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism (Scarecrow, 2006), s.v. "Petitions for the Departed", 356-
357.
103. http://anglicanhistory.org/tracts/tract90/section6.html.
104. Don S. Armentrout and Robert Boak Slocum, eds, An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church (Church Publishing,
2000), 427.
105. Hobart, John Henry (1825). The State of the Departed. New York: T. and J. Swords. p. 32.
106. Holden, George (1855). The Anglican Catechist: Manual of Instruction Preparatory to Confirmation. London:
Joseph Masters. p. 40. "We are further taught by it that there is an intermediate state between death and the
resurrection, in which the soul does not sleep in unconsciousness, but exists in happiness or misery till the
resurrection, when it shall be reunited to the body and receive its final reward."
107. Shields, Charles Woodruff (2009-05-01) [1888].
"some+Anglican+divines"+inauthor:Shields&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHmery1qDhAhUJTxUIHYx6A2AQ6AEI
KDAA#v=onepage&q="some%20Anglican%20divines"%20inauthor%3AShields&f=false Philosophia Ultima (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=7Rwd-2IMb5YC&pg=PA184&dq=). Applewood Books. p. 184.
ISBN 9781429019644. "Some Anglican divines, from like premises, have surmised that Christians may also
improve in holiness after death during the middle state before the final judgment."
108. Leonel L. Mitchell, Praying Shapes Believing: A Theological Commentary on The Book of Common Prayer
(Church Publishing, 1991), 224.
109. C. S. Lewis, Letters to Malcolm: Chiefly on Prayer (https://gutenberg.ca/ebooks/lewiscs-letterstomalcolm/lewiscs-
letterstomalcolm-00-h.html#tocchapter20) (Mariner Books, 2002), 108-109.
110. The Table Talk Or Familiar Discourse of Martin Luther (https://books.google.com/books?id=QZoHAAAAQAAJ&pg
=PA226&dq=%22As+for+purgatory,+no+place+in+Scripture+makes%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwii5Nmm7sj
hAhVCiqwKHdp2BgAQ6AEIUzAI#v=onepage&q=%22As%20for%20purgatory%2C%20no%20place%20in%20S
cripture%20makes%22&f=false), 1848, page 226
111. Smalcald Articles, Part II, Article II: Of the Mass. (http://bookofconcord.org/smalcald.php#part2.2.12)
112. Raynor, Shane (14 October 2015). "Should Christians pray for the dead?" (https://www.ministrymatters.com/all/e
ntry/6373/should-christians-pray-for-the-dead). Ministry Matters. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
113. "Apology XXIV, 96" (http://bookofconcord.org/defense_23_mass.php).
114. Martti Parvio: Mikael Agricolan käsitys kiirastulesta ja votiivimessuista. –Pentti Laasonen (ed.) Investigatio
memoriae patrum. Libellus in honorem Kauko Pirinen. SKHST 93. Rauma 1975.
115. https://www.bookofconcord.org/augsburgconfession.php#article21.10
116. "The Twenty-Five Articles of Religion (Methodist)" (http://www.crivoice.org/creed25.html). CRI / Voice, Institute.
Retrieved 2009-04-11.
117. Withington, John Swann (1878). The United Methodist Free Churches' Magazine. London: Thomas Newton.
p. 685. "The country is called Hades. That portion of it which is occupied by the good is called Paradise, and that
province which is occupied by the wicked is called Gehenna."
118. Smithson, William T. (1859). The Methodist Pulpit. H. Polkinhornprinter. p. 363. "Besides, continues our critical
authority, we have another clear proof from the New Testament, that hades denotes the intermediate state of
souls between death and the general resurrection. In Revelations (xx, 14) we read that death and hades-by our
translators rendered hell, as usual-shall, immediately after the general judgment, "be cast into the lake of fire: this
is the second death." In other words, the death which consists in the separation of soul and body, and the
receptacle of disembodied spirits shall be no more. Hades shall be emptied, death abolished."
119. Jr., Charles Yrigoyen; Warrick, Susan E. (16 March 2005). Historical Dictionary of Methodism. Scarecrow Press.
p. 107. ISBN 9780810865464. "Considering the question of death and the intermediate state, John Wesley
affirmed the immortality of the soul (as well as the future resurrection of the body), denied the reality of purgatory,
and made a distinction between hell (the receptacle of the damned) and hades (the receptacle of all separate
spirits), and also between paradise (the antechamber of heaven) and heaven itself."
120. Karen B. Westerfield Tucker (8 March 2001). American Methodist Worship (https://books.google.com/books?id=I
1TDD5-CLlEC). Oxford University Press. p. 202. ISBN 9780198029267. Retrieved 10 April 2014. "Decisions
made during life were therefore inseparably connected to what came after life. Upon death, according to Wesley,
the souls of the deceased would enter an intermediate, penultimate state in which they would remain until
reunited with the body at the resurrection of the dead. In that state variously identified as "the ante-chamber of
heaven," "Abraham's bosom," and "paradise"."
121. Swartz, Alan (20 April 2009). United Methodists and the Last Days (https://web.archive.org/web/2012041111534
2/http://hermeneutic.org/2009/04/united-methodists-and-last-days.html). Hermeneutic. Archived from the original
(http://hermeneutic.org/2009/04/united-methodists-and-last-days.html) on 11 April 2012. "Wesley believed that
when we die we will go to an Intermediate State (Paradise for the Righteous and Hades for the Accursed). We
will remain there until the Day of Judgment when we will all be bodily resurrected and stand before Christ as our
Judge. After the Judgment, the Righteous will go to their eternal reward in Heaven and the Accursed will depart
to Hell (see Matthew 25)."
122. Walls, Jerry L. (2002). Heaven: The Logic of Eternal Joy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199880553.
123. James B. Gould, Practicing Prayer for the Dead: Its Theological Meaning and Spiritual Value (Wipf and Stock
2016), pp. 73−76 (https://books.google.com/books?id=vEScDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74&dq=gould+%22core+view%2
2+purgatory&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjRk9fI_7HiAhViqHEKHcxzDb8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=gould%2
0%22core%20view%22%20purgatory&f=false)
124. Jerry L. Walls, Purgatory: The Logic of Total Transformation (Oxford University Press 2012), p. 174 (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=kFqzG3UPz3EC&pg=PA174&dq=%22finally+glorification%22+Walls&hl=en&sa=X&ved=
0ahUKEwjR7sGFo7LiAhWxThUIHY8FDcYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22finally%20glorification%22%20Walls
&f=false); cf. Jerry L. Walls, Heaven: The Logic of Eternal Joy (Oxford University Press 2002), pp. 53−62 (https://
books.google.com/books?id=61Ndt5cmkhwC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=purgatory+%22situate+a+process+of+p
urification+within%22&source=bl&ots=UP_dJAOVSo&sig=ACfU3U2cxcFwbSNB1aVlgRR3GxMtEBNQVg&hl=en
&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwid-q_fr7LiAhXqTxUIHSdAD6gQ6AEwBHoECAIQAQ#v=onepage&q=purgatory%20%22sit
uate%20a%20process%20of%20purification%20within%22&f=false) and Jerry L. Walls, "Purgatory for Everyone"
(https://www.firstthings.com/article/2002/04/purgatory-for-everyone)
125. "What Do Mormons Believe (The God Makers)?" (http://www.christiandataresources.com/mormonbeliefs2.htm).
www.christiandataresources.com.
126. "Spirit Prison - The Encyclopedia of Mormonism" (http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Spirit_Prison). eom.byu.edu.
Retrieved 2017-05-17.
127. "There are three categories of men; the wholly pious and the arch-sinners are not purified, but only those
between these two classes" (Jewish Encyclopedia: Gehenna (http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=
115&letter=G))
128. BRILL Islam and Rationality: The Impact of al-Ghazālī. Papers Collected on His 900th Anniversary, Band 1
ISBN 978-9-004-29095-2 page 100
129. Parshall, Phil (1994). Inside the Community. Baker Books. pp. 136–7. ISBN 978-0801071324.
130. "Islamic Beliefs About the Afterlife" (http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/afterlife). ReligionFacts. Retrieved
2017-05-17.

Further reading
Vanhoutte, Kristof K.P. and McCraw, Benjamin W. (eds.). Purgatory. Philosophical Dimensions (Palgrave
MacMillan, 2017)
Gould, James B. Understanding Prayer for the Dead: Its Foundation in History and Logic (Wipf and Stock
Publishers, 2016).
Le Goff, Jacques. The birth of purgatory (U of Chicago Press, 1986).
Pasulka, Diana Walsh. Heaven Can Wait: Purgatory in Catholic Devotional and Popular Culture (Oxford UP,
2015) online review (http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0048721X.2016.1188636?journalCode=rrel20)
Tingle, Elizabeth C. Purgatory and Piety in Brittany 1480–1720 (Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2013).
Walls, Jerry L. (2012). Purgatory: The Logic of Total Transformation (https://books.google.com/books?id=kFqzG3
UPz3EC&pg=PA61). Oxford UP. ISBN 9780199732296.

External links
"Is Purgatory in the Bible?" (http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/controversy/theological-disputes/is-purgatory-in-t
he-bible.html). A Catholic answer. Is Purgatory in the Bible? (https://web.archive.org/web/20141104205818/http://
www.catholiceducation.org/en/controversy/theological-disputes/is-purgatory-in-the-bible.html) on Internet Archive
Church Fathers on Purgatory (http://www.churchfathers.org/category/salvation/purgatory/)
 Purgatory (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/483923/purgatory). Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
2009.
English c. 1200 wall painting with an image of a ladder, reminiscent of icons such as the (http://www.paintedchurc
h.org/chaldon.htm)Ladder of Divine Ascent, which has been interpreted as a "purgatorial ladder"
Quran Inspector: Chapter 7: "The Purgatory (Al-A'araf)" ( ‫( ) ﺳﻮرة اﻷﻋﺮاف‬http://submission.org/QI#7) at
submission.org

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