PRESENTATION ON DAIRY

INDUSTRY

 PRESENTED BY :
 ANKIT SINGH - 1206400018
 ABHISHEK VARSHNEY - 1206400003
 ANIL GUPTA - 1206400013
 ABHAY GUPTA - 1206400001
 ANKIT KUMAR - 1206400015
1
 The dairy industry involves processing raw milk into products such
as consumer milk, butter, cheese, yogurt, condensed milk, dried milk
(milk powder), and ice cream, using processes such as chilling,
pasteurization, and homogenization. Typical by-products include
buttermilk, whey, and their derivatives. Dairy industries have shown
tremendous growth in size and number inmost countries of the world .
These industries discharge wastewater which is characterized by high
chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, nutrients, and
organic and inorganic contents. Such wastewaters, if discharged without
proper treatment, severely pollute receiving water bodies.

2
 DAIRY PROCESSING
Dairy processing plants can be divided into two categories:

 Fluid milk processing involving the pasteurization and

processing of raw milk into liquid milk for direct consumption,
as well as cream, flavored milk, and fermented products such as
buttermilk and yogurt.

 Industrial milk processing involving the pasteurization and

processing of raw milk into value-added dairy products such as
cheese and casein, butter and other milk fats, milk powder and
condensed milk, whey powder and other dairy ingredients, and
ice cream and other frozen dairy products.
3
Raw Milk Collection, Reception and Storage
Separation and Standardization
Homogenization
Heat Treatment and Cooling of Milk Products
Milk and Dairy Product Production
• Milk production
• Cheese production
• Butter production
• Milk powder production
Packaging of Milk and Dairy Products
4
Raw Milk Collection, Reception and Storage
The first steps in preserving the quality of milk should be taken
at the farm. To achieve the best quality raw milk at intake,
milking conditions must be as hygienic as possible. The milk
must be chilled to below + 4oC immediately after milking and be
kept at this temperature during transport to the dairy. Raw milk
is collected and transported to the processing plant in stainless
steel
Separation and Standardization

Centrifugal separation and clarification is common in dairy

processing to ensure further processing of standard products
avoiding quality variations. Standardization of the dry matter for
fat, protein, and lactose content of the milk usually takes place in
the production phase of most dairy products

Homogenization
The aim of homogenization is to prevent gravity separation of the
fat in the product and to improve the syneresis stability of mainly
cultured products. The homogenizer consists of a high pressure
pump and homogenizing valve driven by a powerful electric
motor.
5
 MILK PRODUCTION
The processes taking place at a typical milk plant include:

 receipt and filtration/clarification of the raw milk;

 separation of all or part of the milk fat (for standardisation of market

milk, production of cream and butter and other fat-based products, and

production of milk powders);

 pasteurisation;

 homogenisation (if required);

 deodorisation (if required);

 further product-specific processing; Figure: Milk production line

 packaging and storage, including cold storage for perishable products;

 distribution of final products.

6
7
 BUTTER PRODUCTION
The butter-making process, whether
by batch or continuous methods,
consists of the following steps:
 preparation of the cream;

 destabilisation and breakdown of

the fat and water emulsion;
 aggregation and concentration of
the fat particles;
 formation of a stable emulsion;

 packaging and storage;

 distribution.

8
9
 CHEESE PRODUCTION
Virtually all cheese is made by coagulating milk protein (casein)
in a manner that traps milk solids and milk fat into a curd
matrix. This curd matrix is then consolidated to express the
liquid fraction, cheese whey. Cheese whey contains those milk
solids which are not held in the curd mass, in particular most of
the milk sugar (lactose) and a number of
soluble proteins.
•Milk receipt, pre-treatment and standardisation
•Pasteurisation
•Addition of starter culture
•Coagulation
•Extraction of whey
•Cutting and cooking of curd
•Salting
•Ripening
•Packaging
•Distribution 10
11
 MILK POWDER PRODUCTION
 The milk is preheated in tubular heat
exchangers before being dried.
 The preheated milk is fed to an evaporator
to increase the concentration of total
solids.
 The solids concentration that can be
reached depends on the efficiency of the
equipment and the amount of heat that
can be applied without unduly degrading
the milk protein.
 The milk concentrate is then pumped to
the atomizer of a drying chamber.
 In the drying chamber the milk is
dispersed as a fine fog-like mist into a
rapidly moving hot air stream, which
causes the individual mist droplets to
instantly evaporate.
 Milk powder falls to the bottom of the
chamber, from where it is removed.
 Fine milk powder particles are carried out
of the chamber along with the hot air
stream and collected in cyclone separators.
12
13
 PACKAGING OF MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS
 Packaging protects the product
from bacteriological, light, and
oxygen contamination.
 Liquid milk products may be
packed in a beverage carton, which
is mainly paperboard covered by a
thin layer of food-grade
polyethylene on either side.
 Milk cartons for long-life milk have
an additional layer of aluminum
foil.
 Many other packaging materials are
also used, ranging from simple
plastic pouches to glass bottles,
PET laminates and PVC bottles.

14
FLOW CHART OF DAIRY PROCESSING ACTIVITIES

15
 WASTEWATER GENERATION
 The dairy industry is one of the most polluting of industries, not
only in terms of the volume of effluent generated, but also in
terms of its characteristics as well.

 A chain of operations involving receiving and storing of raw

materials, processing of raw materials into finished products,
packaging and storing of finished products, and a group of other
ancillary operations (e.g., heat transfer and cleaning) will
produce wastewater.

16
CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTEWATER
 Dairy wastewater contains milk solids, detergents, sanitizers, milk
wastes, and cleaning water.
 It is characterized by high concentrations of nutrients, and
organic and inorganic contents.
 Salting activities during cheese production may result in high
salinity levels.
 Wastewater may also contain acids, alkali with a number of active
ingredients, and disinfectants, as well as a significant
microbiological load, pathogenic viruses, and bacteria.
 Other wastewater streams include cooling water from utilities,
storm water, and sanitary sewage.
17
 CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTEWATER
Parameters UNITS GUIDELINE VALUE

pH - 4-12
Suspended solids mg/l 24-5700
BOD5 mg/l 450-4,790
COD mg/l 80 - 95000
Total nitrogen mg/l 15-180
Total phosphorus mg/l 11-160
Oil and grease mg/l 10
Total coliform bacteria Mpn/100ml 400
Magnesium mg/l 25-49
Potassium mg/l 11-160
Chloride mg/l 48-469
Calcium mg/l 57-112

18
•The dairy industry generate on an average 2.5- 3.0 litres of wastewater per
litre of milk processed

•The effluents are generated from milk processing through milk spillage,
drippings, washing of cans, tankers bottles, utensil, and equipment’s and
floors.

•Process in the treatment of industrial effluent may consist of any one or

more of the following processes:
1. Equalization
2. Neutralization
3. Physical Treatment
4. Biological Treatment

19
EFFECTS WHEN WASTEWATER DISCHARGED TO LAND

 Dissolved salts contained in dairy plant wastewater

can adversely affect soil structure if wastewater is
used to irrigate land.
 Wastewater can also leach into underlying
groundwater and affect its quality.
 High salt levels affect the type of vegetation that grow.

 Over-irrigation may cause the underlying water table

to rise, resulting in further deterioration of surface
soils and vegetation.
20
EFFECTS WHEN WASTEWATER DISCHARGED TO SEWER
 The volume and organic load of wastewater from just one
dairy factory during peak season may well exceed the
township's domestic waste.
 This may overload the sewage treatment plant, cause odors
and give rise to poor effluent quality.
 Domestic wastewaters have a BOD5 concentration of about
250 to 300 mg/L but in peak season a large dairy factory
could be discharging two mega liters of wastewater at
BOD5 of 2,000 mg/L each day – the additional load on a
sewerage plant is equivalent to an extra 16,000 persons
which is very difficult to treat.

21
AVOIDING WASTE DURING LIQUID MILK PRODUCTION

Liquid milk production

may lead to the
generation of odour,
wastewater, noise and
solid waste.

Suggestions for
avoiding wastes during
liquid milk production
are given in Figure .

22
 AVOIDING WASTE DURING BUTTER PRODUCTION
Ways to prevent the build up of surface deposits
include:
• minimisation of surface area
•·prevention of build-up of milk stone deposits
• maintenance of butter churns
•·correct preparation before filling
• not over-working the batch
To avoid spills, buttermilk collection facilities
should be large enough to hold all buttermilk
discharged. Buttermilk should be dried or used as
animal feed and solids recovered from butter wash
water also may be sold as stock feed.
Suggestions for avoiding wastes during butter
production are summarised in Figure .
23
 AVOIDING WASTE DURING CHEESE PRODUCTION
Making cheese generates a large volume
of by-products such as whey.
Waste reduction can be achieved by:
not overfilling cheese vats to stop curd
loss
 completely removing whey and curds
from vats before rinsing
 segregating all whey drained from
cheese
 sweeping up pressings (particles)
 screening all liquid streams to collect
fines.
These suggestions are summarised in
Figure 24
 AVOIDING WASTE DURING MILK POWDER PRODUCTION
It is suggested that evaporators be operated to:
maintain a liquid level low enough to stop
product boil-over
run to specified length – excessively long
runs with higher than specified running rates
lead to blocked tubes which not only produce
high pollution, but are difficult and time
consuming to clean
use effluent entrainment separators to avoid
carry-over of milk droplets during
condensation of evaporated water
minimize air emissions by using fabric filters
or wet scrubbers.
These suggestions are summarized in Figure 25
 REUSE AND RECYCLE
 Many dairy plants have technologies in place for recovering
wastewater and/or for reuse in the dairy plant.

 Reuse and recycling can considerably decrease the volume of

mains water required to operate the plant.

 Reuse and recycling reduce the cost of both mains water and
wastewater disposal.

 Fats, milk solids and minerals can also be recovered from

wastewater and recycled – either at the dairy plant or offsite.

 Cleaning chemicals can also be recovered and reused on site.

26
 TREATMENT OF DAIRY EFFLUENT
 The highly variable nature of dairy
wastewaters in terms of volumes and flow
rates and in terms of pH and suspended
solid (SS) content makes the choice of an
effective wastewater treatment regime
difficult. Because dairy wastewaters are
highly biodegradable, they can be
effectively treated with biological
wastewater treatment systems, but can
pose a potential environmental hazard if
not treated properly.
27
28