Molar Mass

Lecture 03 Part 1 – Calculations with Chemical Formulas
Molar Mass – is symbolized as MM

- It is also referred to as formula mass or molecular mass.
- It is equal to the sum of the atomic masses of the elements in one mole of a substance
- It is equal to the sum of the atomic masses of the elements in a compound.
The MM of H2O = 2(1.008) + 16.00 = 18.02 g/mol

MM of HNO3 = 1.008 + 14.01 + 3(16.00) = 63.02 g/mol
The Mole - is symbolized as mol

• Is a unit of measurement used to express amounts of a chemical substance.
• It is defined as the amount of a substance that contains as many entities (atoms,
molecules, ions) as there are atoms in 12 g of 12C.
• It corresponds to 6.02 x 1023 entities of the substance.
• 6.02 x 1023 is the Avogadro’s number or NA
Assembled and edited by Dr. AMQ Vande Linde

1 mol of 12C atoms contains 6.02 x 1023 12C atoms
1 mol of CO2 molecules contains 6.02 x 1023 CO2 molecules
1 mol of NaCl compound contains
6.02 x 1023 Na+ ions and
6.02 x 1023 Cl- ions
1 mol of glucose, C6H12O6, molecule contains
6 x 6.02 x 1023 C atoms
12 x 6.02 x 1023 H atoms
6 x 6.02 x 1023 O atoms
Number of Moles – symbolized with an n
For elements:
Number of moles = mass in grams ÷ Atomic Mass
or
n = m ÷ AM
For compounds:
Number of moles = mass in grams ÷ Molar Mass
or
n = m ÷ MM
Number of atoms, ions or molecules = n × NA
Sample Problem 1a:
How many atoms of carbon and how many atoms of hydrogen are present in 0.25 mg of
methane, CH4?
Solution:
MM of CH4 = 16 g/mol
No. of moles of CH4 = 0.25 g ÷ 16 g/mol = 0.016 moles CH4
No. of atoms of C = 0.016 moles CH4 × (1 mole C / 1 mole CH4) × 6.02 x 1023 atoms C
/ mole C = 9.4 x 1021 atoms of C
No. of atoms of H = 0.016 moles CH4 × (4 mole H / 1 mole CH4) × 6.02 x 1023 atoms H
/ mole H = 3.8 x 1022 atoms of H
(1b) How many propane molecules are there is 0.37 moles of propane?
No. of molecules = 0.37 moles propane × (6.02 x 1023 propane molecules/mole)
= 2.2 x 1023 molecules
(1c) How many K+ ions are in 0.83 g of K2SO4?
MM of K2SO4 = 174 g/mol
No. of K+ ions = 0.83 g ÷ (174 g K2SO4/mole) × 2 mole K+ ions/mole K2SO4) ×
(6.02 x 1023 K+ ions/mole) = 5.7 x 1021 molecules
(1d) How many moles of MgBr2 are there in 14.7 g of MgBr2?
MM of MgBr2 = 184 g/mol
No. of moles MgBr2 = 14.7 g ÷ (184 g/mol) = 0.0799 moles
(1e) What is the mass of 0.75 moles of Al(NO3)3?
MM Al(NO3)3 = 213 g/mol
Mass Al(NO3)3 = 0.75 mole × 213 g/mol = 160 g
Percentage Composition – is the mass percentages of each element in a compound.
% by mass of A = (mass of A ÷ MM ) × 100
Examples:
Percent composition of NaCl; MM NaCl = 58.45 g/mol
% Na = (23.00 ÷ 58.45 ) × 100 = 39.35 %
% Cl = (35.45 ÷ 58.45 ) × 100 = 60.65 %
Percent composition of HC2H3O2 ; MM of HC2H3O2 = 60.05 g/mol

% H = [(1.01 * 4 ) ÷ 60.05] × 100 = 6.71 %
% C = [(12.01 * 2 ) ÷ 60.05) × 100 = 40.00 %
% O = [(16.00 * 2 ) ÷ 60.05) × 100 = 53.29 %
Determining Percent Composition of Organic Compounds by Elemental Analysis
Organic compounds typical contains C, H, and O. The diagram shows a simplified
method of determining the percent composition of an organic compounds by elemental
analysis.
In elemental analysis the sample (organic compound) is heated in the presence of

excess O2 gas. The C (from the organic compound) reacts with O2(g) to form CO2(g)
which is trapped in the CO2 absorber. The H (from the organic compound) reacts with
the O2 to form H2O(g) which is absorbed in the H2O absorber. By determining the
masses of the absorbers before and after heating, the amount of H2O and CO2 absorbed
can be determined and can be used to determine the percent composition of the organic
compound.
Moles CO2 Moles C Mass C Percent C
Mass CO2
Mass H2O Moles H2O Moles H Mass H Percent H
The two flow-charts above show the path on how to convert the mass of CO2 and H2O to
the percent composition.
Sample Problem 2:
Benzene is a liquid compound composed of carbon and hydrogen; it is used in the
preparation of polystyrene plastic. A sample of benzene weighing 342 mg was burned in
oxygen and forms 1156 mg of carbon dioxide. What is the percentage composition of
benzene?
Solution:
% C = (mass C ÷ mass sample ) × 100
Mass C = 1156 mg CO2 × (1 g /1000 mg) × (1 mol CO2 / 44.00 g) × (1 mol C /1 mol
CO2) × (12.01 g C / mol C) = 0.3155 g C = 315.5 mg
% C = (315.5 mg ÷ 342 mg ) × 100 = 92.3 % C
Sample Problem 2 Solution Continued:
Since benzene is only made up of C and H, % C + % H = 100
% H = 100 − 92.3 = 7.70 %
The percent composition of benzene is:
% C = 92.3 %
% H = 7.70 %
Sample Problem 3:
A 0.750 g of organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen was burned
in O2(g) and forms 1.10 g of CO2(g) and 0.450 g of H2O(g). What is the percentage
composition of the organic compound?
Solution:
Mass C = 1.10 × (1 mol CO2 / 44.00 g) × (1 mol C /1 mol CO2) × (12.01 g C / mol C)
= 0.300 g
% C = (0.300 g ÷ 0.750 g ) × 100 = 40.0 %
Mass H = 0.450 g × (1 mol H2O / 18.00 g) × (2 mol H /1 mol H2O) × (1.01 g H / mol H)
= 0.0505 g
% H = (0.0505 g ÷ 0.750 g ) × 100 = 6.73 %
% O = 100 – (40.0 + 6.73) = 53.3 %
Determining Empirical Formula From Percent Composition
Determine Determine the Determine the

Percent Mass whole Number
Composition. Number of Mole
composition Composition mole
Assume mass
sample of 100. g composition
Empirical formula shows the lowest whole number ratio of

elements in a compound. This flow-chart show the steps in
Empirical
determining the empirical formula from percent
Formula
composition.
Sample Problem 4:
In Sample Problem 2, the percentage composition of benzene (92.3 % C and 7.7 % H)
was determined. What is the empirical formula of benzene?
Percent Mass No. of Mole Composition Whole Number Empirical

Composition Composition Mole Composition Formula
C – 92.3 % 92.3 g 92.3 ÷ 12.01 = 7.69 mol 7.69 ÷ 7.69 = 1 CH
H – 7.7 % 7.7 g 7.7 ÷ 1.00 = 7.7 mol 7.7 ÷ 7.69 = 1
The whole number mole composition is determined by dividing the mole composition by the
lowest number of mole.
Sample Problem 5:
Sodium pyrophosphate is used in detergent preparations as an emulsifier. The mass
percentages of the elements in this compound are 34.60 % Na, 23.31 % P and 42.10 %
O. What is the empirical formula of sodium pyrophosphate?

Na – 34.60 % 34.60 g 34.60 ÷ 23 = 1.504 mol 1.504 ÷ 0.7512 = Na4P2O7
2x2=4
P – 23.31 % 23.31 g 23.31 ÷ 31 = 0.7512 mol 0.7512 ÷ 0.7512
=1x2=2
O – 42.10 % 42.10 g 42.10 ÷ 16 = 2.63 mol 2.63 ÷ 0.7512 =
3.5 x 2 = 7
Sample Problem 6:
The mass percentages of limestone is 40.0 % calcium, 12.0 % carbon and 48.0 %
oxygen. What is the empirical formula of limestone?

Ca – 40.0 % 40.0 g 40.0 ÷ 40 = 1 mol 1÷1= 1 CaCO3
C – 12.0 % 12.0 g 12.0 ÷ 12 = 1 mol 1÷1=1
O – 48.0 % 48.0 g 48.0 ÷ 16 = 3 mol 3÷1=3
Determining Molecular Formula From Percent Composition and Molar Mass
Determine Mass
Composition. Determine the
Percent whole Number
Molecular
Assume Molar Formula
composition Mass as mass mole composition
of sample.
Sample Problem 7:
The percentage composition of benzene and its empirical formula were determined in
problems 2 & 4. In a separate experiment, the molecular weight of benzene was
determined to be 78.1 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of benzene?
Percent Mass Composition Whole Number Molecular

Composition Mole Composition Formula
C – 92.3 % 0.923 × 78.1 = 72.1 72.1 ÷ 12 = 6 C6H6

H – 7.7 % 0.077 × 78.1 = 6.01 6.01 ÷ 1.01 = 6
Sample Problem 8:
Hexamethylene is one of the materials used to produce a type of nylon. Elemental
analysis of the substance gives 62.1% C, 13.8 % H, and 24.1 % N. The molar mass of
hexamethylene is 116 g/mol. What is its molecular formula?

C – 62.1 % 0.621× 116 = 72.0 g 72.0 ÷ 12.0 = 6 C6H16N2

H – 13.8 % 0.138 × 116 = 16.0 g 16.0 ÷ 1.0 = 16
N – 24.1 % 0.241 × 116 = 28.0 g 28.0 ÷ 14.0 = 2
Sample Problem 9:
Sucrose has a molar mass of 342 g/mol and percent composition of 42.1 % C, 6.43 % H
and 51.5% O. What is the molecular formula of sucrose?

C – 42.1 % 0.421× 342 = 144 g 144 ÷ 12.0 = 12 C12H22O11

H – 6.43 % 0.0643 × 342 = 22 g 22 ÷ 1.0 = 22
O – 51.5 % 0.515 × 342 = 176 g 176 ÷ 16.0 = 11
Determining Molecular Formula From Empirical Formula and Molar Mass
Determine the Ratio of This is a Whole

Empirical Determine Molar Mass divided
Formula Empirical Mass Number Ratio
Empirical Mass
Sample Problem 10: Multiply the subscripts of

The molar mass of glucose is 180 g/mol, it has an the Empirical Formula
empirical formula of CH2O. What is its molecular with the whole number
ratio to obtain the
formula?
molecular formula
Empirical Empirical Molar Mass ÷ Empirical Molecular Formula

Formula Mass Mass
CH2O 30 g/mol 180 ÷ 30 = 6 C6H12O6

Sample Problem 11:
A single unit of polystyrene has an empirical formula of CH. This unit has a molar
mass of 104 g/mole. What is the molecular formula of one unit of polystyrene?

Formula Mass Mass
CH 13 g/mol 104 ÷ 13 = 8 C8H8
Sample Problem 12:

Isopropyl alcohol or rubbing alcohol has an empirical formula of C3H8O. It has a
molar mass of 60.1 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of isopropyl alcohol?

Formula Mass Mass
C3H8O 60 g/mol 60.1 ÷ 60 = 1 C3H8O
Continued in Lecture 03 Part 2

Molar Mass

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Lecture 03 Part 1 – Calculations with Chemical Formulas

Molar Mass – is symbolized as MM

The MM of H2O = 2(1.008) + 16.00 = 18.02 g/mol

The Mole - is symbolized as mol

Assembled and edited by Dr. AMQ Vande Linde

Percent composition of HC2H3O2 ; MM of HC2H3O2 = 60.05 g/mol

In elemental analysis the sample (organic compound) is heated in the presence of

Mass H2O Moles H2O Moles H Mass H Percent H

Determine Determine the Determine the

Empirical formula shows the lowest whole number ratio of

Percent Mass No. of Mole Composition Whole Number Empirical

Percent Mass No. of Mole Composition Whole Number Empirical

Percent Mass No. of Mole Composition Whole Number Empirical

Percent Mass Composition Whole Number Molecular

C – 92.3 % 0.923 × 78.1 = 72.1 72.1 ÷ 12 = 6 C6H6

Percent Mass Composition Whole Number Molecular

C – 62.1 % 0.621× 116 = 72.0 g 72.0 ÷ 12.0 = 6 C6H16N2

Percent Mass Composition Whole Number Molecular

C – 42.1 % 0.421× 342 = 144 g 144 ÷ 12.0 = 12 C12H22O11

Determine the Ratio of This is a Whole

Sample Problem 10: Multiply the subscripts of

Empirical Empirical Molar Mass ÷ Empirical Molecular Formula

CH2O 30 g/mol 180 ÷ 30 = 6 C6H12O6

Empirical Empirical Molar Mass ÷ Empirical Molecular Formula

Sample Problem 12:

Empirical Empirical Molar Mass ÷ Empirical Molecular Formula

Continued in Lecture 03 Part 2

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