GENOMICS

GENOMICS
Genomics is the study of whole genomes of organisms, and incorporates elements from
genetics. Genomics uses a combination of recombinant DNA, DNA sequencing methods,
and bioinformatics to sequence, assemble, and analyze the structure and function of
genomes.
The pioneering work of Fred Sanger played a key role in the development of DNA
sequencing techniques. This work paved the way for the human genome project in the
1990s. In 2002, the first full Genome sequence of a mouse was completed. The mouse
genome is 14 percent smaller than the human genome, but over 95 per cent of the
mouse genome is similar to ours. In 2003, Human Genome Project was completed and
confirms humans have approximately 20,000–25,000 genes. The human genome was
sequenced to 99.99 per cent accuracy.
Genetics and Genomics are two different fields : Genetics is the study of a single gene
and their role in the way traits are transmitted from one generation to the next.
Genomics, in contrast is the study of the entirety of an organism’s genes.
Genome analysis of an organism involves three steps : 1) DNA sequencing is the process
of determining the sequence of nucleotides (As, Ts, Cs, and Gs) in a piece of DNA.
2)Sequence assembly refers to aligning and merging fragments of a much longer DNA
sequence in order to reconstruct the original sequence. 3)Genome annotation is the
process of attaching biological information to sequences.
COMPUTATIONAL GENOMICS
Computational genomics is the study of deciphering biology from genome sequences
using computational analysis, including both DNA and RNA. It predicts conserved
genomic regions that are related to early embryonic development and precise locations
of all human genes using comparative genomics techniques in mammals and
vertebrates. It also measures the regions that have undergone unusually rapid
evolution. The DNA sequencing techniques provide high resolution snapshots of the
world of nucleic acids and not just DNA.
APPLICATIONS OF GENOMICS
a) GENOMICS IN AGRICULTURE: Genome editing makes specific changes to DNA of
a cell of a plant. An enzyme cuts the DNA at a specific sequence, and when this is
repaired by the cell a change or 'edit' is made to the sequence. It uses an enzyme
‘engineered nuclease’ to cut the genome in a specific place. Engineered nucleases
are made up of: 1) A nuclease part that cuts the DNA.2) A DNA-targeting part that
is designed to guide the nuclease to a specific sequence of DNA. After cutting DNA
in a specific place, the cell naturally repairs the cut (manipulations are allowed). In
this way, a particular trait of a plant can be changed. CRISPR-Cas9 is the most
common and more efficient Engineering Nuclease used in this technique.
Genome editing improves the yield and quality of a crop, increases tolerance to
environmental conditions like salinity, draught, extreme temperature. It improves
resistance against many disease-causing pathogens.
b) GENOMICS IN CANCER TREATMENT: Structural genomics measures the activity of
genes encoded in our DNA in order to understand which proteins are abnormally
active. Genomics with targeted therapies specifically combat the characteristics of
cancer cells that are different from normal cells of the body. It helps in doing
microarray analysis of series of tumors which helps in distinguishing tumors at
microlevel. It contributes to precision medicine by defining cancer types and
subtypes based on the genes. This molecular taxonomy can provide patients with
more precise diagnosis.
CONSERVATION GENOMICS: By producing a high-quality genome assembly, scientists
can find problems that accelerate a species’ extinction and use the information to guide
breeding and other programs for its survival. Kakapo bird and Florida Puma are the
species being saved by genomics. DNA sequencing technology generates reference-
grade kakapo genome assembly. Scientists are now resequencing the rest of the extant
birds to reveal the source of widespread infertility. Plant, fungal and bacterial species
are also being sequenced on a wide scale.
AI TRANSFORMING GENOMICS: Artificial intelligence and machine learning make
genomic initiatives more accurate, cheaper and easier. One such exciting prospects
about gene technology is the development of precised or personalized medicine for
each individual. AI can be used to decode the genome and identify genetic mutations
to determine the best drug therapies for an individual based on the DNA of the cell. AI
and machine learning coupled with genomics will accelerate our understanding of our
own genetic makeup and of other living organisms.
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GENOMICS

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