A.

Alexander Graham Bell

B. Telephone
C. 1876
D. NAME: Alexander Graham Bell
BIRTH DATE: March 3, 1847
DEATH DATE: August 2, 1922
DID YOU KNOW?
 Alexander’s mother, who was deaf, was a profound influence on him. He later
founded the American Association to Promote Teaching of Speech to the Deaf in
1890.
 At his core, Bell was an inventor and loved intellectual pursuits. He didn't care for
the business aspect of his growing telecommunications empire.
 After the invention of the telephone, Bell went on to create several flying
machines and boats called hydrofoils.
EDUCATION: Edinburgh University, University College in London, Edinburgh Royal
High School
PLACE OF BIRTH: Edinburgh, Scotland
PLACE OF DEATH: Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada
E. While a teacher for the hearing impaired, Bell was asked by a group of investors — one
of whom was his father-in-law Gardiner Hubbard — to help perfect the harmonic
telegraph. The device was one of the most exciting innovations of the day, allowing for
multiple messages to be sent over wire simultaneously.
But Bell was more keen on developing a voice transmitting device, which he
would later call the telephone. After some negotiation, the investors allowed for Bell to
work on both technologies, with more focus on the popular harmonic telegraph.
However, in the end, the telephone won out. As Bell would later explain, “If I
could make a current of electricity vary in intensity precisely as the air varies in density
during the production of sound, I should be able to transmit speech telegraphically.”
F. Outside of the telephone, one of Bell’s other famous inventions was the
graphophone, patented in 1886, which was a device that could record and play
back sound.
After the fatal shooting of President James A. Garfield in 1881, Bell got to
work on a device that could detect metal in the body for surgical use. Calling it
“an electrical bullet probe,” Bell developed what would become a precursor to the
metal detector.
In the 1890s, Bell began focusing his studies on aviation. In 1907 he
formed the Aerial Experiment Association and helped develop flying machines
like the Silver Dart. At 75, he created the world’s fastest hydrofoil at the time.
G. https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/alexander-graham-bell#section_1
Alexander Graham Bell: John Steele Gordon. The Reader’s Companion to
American History. Eric Foner and John A. Garraty, Editors.
Alexander Graham Bell Biography. Biography.com.
Alexander Graham Bell. PBS.org.
A. Kashio Brothers
B. World’s first compact all-electric calculator
C. 1957
D. Biodata about the inventor/s
i) NAME: Tadao Kashio
BIRTH DATE: November 26, 1917
DEATH DATE: March 4, 1993
DID YOU KNOW?
 As the eldest of the four Kashio brothers, Tadao served as the Casio leader
from its inception, laying the groundwork for Casio Computer Co., Ltd.
EDUCATION: Waseda Koshu Gakko (now Waseda University)
PLACE OF BIRTH: Nankoku City, Japan
PLACE OF DEATH: Tokyo, Japan
ii) NAME: Toshio Kashio
BIRTH DATE: 1925
DEATH DATE: May 15, 2012
DID YOU KNOW?
 Having read Edison’s biography at the age of six, Toshio always wanted to
become an inventor.
 He is an inventor who used digital technology to come up with products that
would change the world.
EDUCATION: Electrical engineering school (now Tokyo Denki University)
PLACE OF BIRTH: Kyobashi-ku, Tokyo,
iii) NAME: Kazuo Kashio
BIRTH DATE: Jan. 9, 1929
DEATH DATE: 2012
DID YOU KNOW?
 He brought digital information devices designed for anyone to use into the
lives of people far and wide.
 He led the development of the Casio Mini, the personal calculator launched in
1972 that brought the calculator to the consumer market.
 Positioning the G-SHOCK shock-resistant watch as a mainstay of the market,
he helped turn the conventional view of the wristwatch as a “fragile, luxury
item” on its head, leading the way for watches to play a role in many more
scenarios
EDUCATION: Nihon University
PLACE OF BIRTH: Nankoku City, Japan
PLACE OF DEATH: Tokyo, Japan
 iv) NAME: Yukio Kashio
BIRTH DATE: 1930
DID YOU KNOW?
 The one who brought designs for added quality and mass production
technologies to the products invented by his brother.
 He also developed technologies to make the product easier to use, including
improvements in circuit implementation for the Casio Mini and proposals for
simple mechanisms that helped keep the price down to 10,000 yen.
E. At those times, most of the calculators were operated by mechanical gears, and none of
them used electronic circuits like modern gadgets. Calculators that were used in Japan
were the hand-operated calculators, which were operated by gears and a hand crank.
Although electric calculators that were equipped with a small motor to turn the gears had
been actively used in other countries, could not be produced in Japan because in order to
manufacture them there were needed exceptional quality materials and high-level
engineers.
The electric calculators did much faster calculations than the hand-operated ones.
They were quite noisy since the gears turned at a high speed. Toshio Kashio managed to
find a solution how to eliminate all that noise, and he wanted to use electrical circuits
instead of mechanical parts. Soon, the world saw a prototype calculator without gears
developed by Toshio Kashio. Its main peculiarity consisted in inductance coil, called
solenoids.
F. Created many other inventions including desktop calculators, watches, and electronic
musical instruments.
G. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/20/obituaries/kazuo-kashio-founder-casio-computer-
dies-at-89.html
https://kashiotoshio.org/english/history/
https://world.casio.com/corporate/brothers/
https://www.nndb.com/people/323/000178786/
https://astrumpeople.com/tadao-kashio-biography/
Tadao Kashio Biography: History of Casio Computer Company. [Internet]. 2019. Astrum
People website. Available from: https://astrumpeople.com/tadao-kashio-biography/.
[Accessed 18 Nov 2019].

Submitted by:
Zhane Mhayel M. Paiton
11- Elisha/ ABM
A. Martin Cooper
B. Cellphone
C. April 3, 1973
D. NAME: Martin Cooper
BIRTH DATE: December 26, 1928
DID YOU KNOW?
 At Motorola, Cooper worked on many projects involving wireless
communications, such as the first radio-controlled traffic-light system, which he
patented in 1960, and the first handheld police radios, which were introduced in
1967
 He later served as a vice president and director of research and development
(1978–83) for the company.
EDUCATION: Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT)
PLACE OF BIRTH: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.

E. Mobile telephones had been introduced by the American Telephone & Telegraph
Company (AT&T) in 1946. However, in a given area only 11 or 12 channels were
available, so users often had to wait to use the system. Another weakness of the first
mobile phones was that the large amount of power needed to run them could be supplied
only by car batteries. Thus, there were no truly portable phones but only car phones.
In 1947 AT&T Bell Laboratories engineers W. Rae Young and Douglas H. Ring
showed that more mobile users could be added by breaking down a large area into many
smaller cells, but that required more frequency coverage than was then available.
However, in 1968 the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) asked AT&T
for a plan for employing a little-used portion of the UHF (ultrahigh
frequency) television band. AT&T proposed a cellular architecture to expand its car-
phone service.
Motorola did not want AT&T to have a monopoly on cell phones and feared the
end of its mobile business. Cooper was placed in charge of the urgent project to develop a
cell phone. He thought that the cell phone should not be chained to the car but should be
portable. The result, the DynaTAC (Dynamic Adaptive Total Area Coverage) phone, was
23 cm (9 inches) tall and weighed 1.1 kg (2.5 pounds). It allowed 35 minutes of talk
before its battery ran down.
F. No other inventions
G. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Cooper
A. Adam Osborne
B. Laptop
C. April 1981
D. NAME: Adam Osborne
BIRTH DATE: March 6, 1939
DEATH DATE: March, 2003
DID YOU KNOW?
 In the mid-1970's Osborne became a computer hobbyist and began self-publishing
on computing, writing a programming manual for Intel's first microprocessor
 In 1972 he founded Osborne and Associates to create a series of easy-to-read
computing manuals (long before the For Dummies... series).
 By 1977, Osborne Books, as the company had become, had published over 40
computing titles. In 1979, Osborne sold his publishing company to McGraw-Hill.
During the same time, he began writing columns for computer magazines
Interface Age and later Infoworld.
 He was becoming increasingly convinced that for computers to be truly useful,
they needed to be mobile, as they needed to move with the people who used them
and be available whenever and wherever people were. This was a concept he
didn't think the existing companies understood or were prepared to deal with.
EDUCATION: He attended school and graduated from the University of Birmingham in
1961 and received his PhD from the University of Delaware
PLACE OF BIRTH: Thailand

E. The idea of the laptop computer (also known as a notebook computer, notebook, notepad)
wasn't a new one. It was visualized by Alan Kay at Xerox PARC in 1968 and talked of in
his 1972 paper as the Dynabook. The idea was later developed in another Xerox PARC
creation—NoteTaker. The laptop is a small portable computer having its primary
components (processor, display, keyboard) built into a single unit capable of battery
powered operation, which typically weighs from 1 to 7 kg, depending upon dimensions,
materials, and other variables. As the personal computer became viable in the early
1970s, the thought of a portable personal computer arose.

In March, 1980, at the West Coast Computer Faire, Adam Osborne approached
the ex-Intel engineer (and a nerd from the Homebrew Computer Club, just like Steve
Leininger of TRS-80, Apple's Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak) Lee Felsenstein with the
idea of starting a computer company that would not only produce an affordable, portable
computer, but would offer bundled software with the machine. Osborne asked Felsenstein
 to develop the hardware of the portable computer. Using the money from his publishing
business along with venture capital Osborne found Osborne Computer Corp. in January,
1981.

Osborne 1 as a suitcaseFollowing Osborne's specifications, Felsenstein designed a

portable computer that had a case with a carrying handle, could survive being
accidentally dropped and would fit under an airplane seat (see the nearby photo). The
machine weighed only 24 pounds, had a 52-column display that would fit on a five-inch
screen, contained a cushioning tube, and had two floppy disk drives. The computer even
has an optional battery pack, so it doesn't have to plugged into the power outlet. To meet
the small screen requirements, Felsenstein stored a full screen's worth of information in
memory and gave the users keys that allowed them to scroll the memory screen across
the display. In April, 1981, at the same West Coast Computer Faire, Adam Osborne
introduced the Osborne 1 Personal Business Computer for initial price $1795.

F. No other invention
G. http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/2010/Adam-Osborne/
https://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Personal/Osborne.html