Volume 4, Issue 10, October – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Design of a Modernized Cassava Peeling Machine

Onyenobi Chinwendu Samuel, M.Eng, IAENG, MNSE, Ikenga Emmanuel, B.Eng, PGDE, PGD (Co-Author)
COREN, RAESON (Author) Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal Polytechnic
Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Nekede, Nigeria
Nekede, Nekede, Nigeria

Abstract:- The design of a modernized cassava peeling II and III. In model I, an oil drum was punched about two
machine was carried out in this paper. The principles of third millimeter diameter holes per square cm of its surface
engineering design and application using a motorized and eccentrically mounted on shaft with 200 mm by 150 mm
screw mechanism of helical metal wires were adopted on a opening which was made to load cassava inside the drum.
rigid shaft powered by an electrical motor of 1 Hp and Cassava tubers and a predetermined quantity of some inert
applied in the design of the peeling chamber which is materials such as quartziferous pebbles of 3.2 - 4.8 mm hard
cylindrical in shape. The peeling drum was designed with quarry stones are loaded into the drum which was rotated at 40
1.5 mm thick steel flat sheet. The total mass of cassava per r.p.m. The rubbing action of the pebbles on the cassava tuber
batch in the peeling drum was designed to be 20 kg with removed the bark thereby leaving the cassava peeled. There is
weight of 196.2 N occupied in a peeling chamber of volume uniform peeling in this process. Water is being sprayed to
0.978136m3. For 30 minutes of peeling, the peeling force wash the finely abraded peels to prevent fouling and dulling of
required, is 8.437N when the velocity is 25.31m/s. The the abrasive surface as discussed by Odigboh (1983). In model
II , according to Odigboh (1983), balls of expanded metals
torque made by the shaft at the peeling chamber is 2.374
were used to replace the pebbles. Model III, had four abrasive
Nm and torsional stress of the shaft was found to be 6.88 x
cylinders of expanded metal mounted inside the main peeling
105 N/m2. The efficiency of the machine was designed to be
drum driven by a planetary gear arrangement made to rotate
80% at a power output of 42.28 Watt.
about their axes at four times the r.p.m of the main drum and
rotated at 40 r.p.m. Odigboh (1983).
Keywords:- Modernized Cassava Peeling Machine, Screw
Mechanism.
The design of cassava peeling machine using an abrasive
mechanism has been carried out by Alhassan et.al, (2018). In
I. INTRODUCTION
the design consideration of the cassava peeler, the quality of
Cassava is a dicotyledonous perennial plant whose tuber the food as well as the longevity of the material for use in
is very useful in the world especially in the African Continent fabrication was put into consideration (Alhassan et.al, 2018).
In consideration for preservation of the quality of food, the
where it is utilized in the production of starch, garri, akpu,
fabrication materials to be selected should not contaminate the
semo, floor, animal feed etc. The processing of cassava tuber
food and must possess properties capable of resisting
to these products requires the removal of the tuber bark and
the process of cassava peeling is always applied. There are corrosion, wear and tear. The affordability and local
many peeling methods which can be applied to remove the availability of materials as well as the strength of the material
cassava tuber’s bark through a process known as peeling for construction must be considered (Alhassan et.al, 2018).
namely: manual peeling by humans (using knife), chemical The physical and chemical properties of the cassava tuber to
peeling (using hot solution of sodium hydroxide to loosen and be peeled were given due consideration such as the specific
weight, density, size, impact, tensile and compressive strength
soften the skin) according to Igbeka, 1985, and mechanical
(Alhassan et.al, 2018). Experimental procedure by Alhassan
peeling using machines. The use of machines in peeling of
cassava is always faster and saves time in processing of large et.al, 2018 has shown that slow speed rotation of 58 r.p.m with
number of cassava tubers. 2.5,8.7 and 12.5 kg feed rate led to an improved peeling action
when peeling was performed at this speed. It was practically
observed that a slow speed favours the machine operation and
The design of cassava peeling machine has been carried
out by some African scholars but the industrial application of this was achieved using a reduction gear (Alhassan et.al,
these designs over the years have proven some difficulty 2018). The percentage Peeling efficiency (PE) can be
especially in handling of cassava tubers with varying sizes and estimated as the ratio of the mass of cassava to be peeled in a
shapes using either the screws method, abrasives method or batch in unit time to the mass fraction g, of the peeled cassava
the attritions method. Odigboh (1983) has developed three expressed in percentage (Abdulkadir, 2012).
models of cassava peeling machine which was called model I,

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Volume 4, Issue 10, October – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
II. LITERATURE REVIEW Step 2 - market survey of cost and availability of materials
Step 3- design drawing- isometric and orthographic projection
Cassava originated from South Africa and is Step 4 – design analysis and calculation
scientifically known as Manihot esculenta crantz. The design
and fabrication of cassava peeling machine has been carried  Feasibility study of existing project
out by many researchers including Ajibola & Babarinde, 2016. Feasibility study of already existing project was carried
In their design, the efficiency of peeler was determined as the out. Information from journals published by various scholars
ratio of the thickness of tuber peeled by the machine to the was used in assistance for the design. The mechanism of
ideal thickness to be peeled and expressed in percentage peeling operation and parts of the peeling machine was
(Ajibola & Babarinde, 2016). In their design analysis and observed in prevision projects done by various authors and
calculation, the speed ratio was determined as 6.5, velocity of there was improvement in the present project.
91.42m/s, power output of 51.51 KW, and power input of
64.39 KW lead to a machine efficiency of 79% when the  Market survey
torque generated is 136.63 Nm and speed of the driven pulley The price and availability of materials were checked in
is 556.70 r.p.m. (Ajibola & Babarinde, 2016). The mass of the market with respect to material selection. The properties of
cassava to be peeled per batch was 20kg and total mass of the the materials were considered such as strength of the
peeling drum with the mass of cassava to be peeled, mass of materials, durability, fatigue, machinability, shape, strength
the cleaner, mass of the brush and mass of the shaft was 57.44 and other factors were all considered.
Kg (Ajibola & Babarinde, 2016). The power required to drive
the machine was 13hp which is equivalent to 9.698KW. Much  Design analysis and calculation
power was required to run this machine. This is a problem The following design considerations made and applied in
identified in their design. The configuration of the machine by the project design analysis:
Ajibola & Babarinde, 2016 is of size 970 × 770 ×1380 mm. The mass of cassava to be peeled on a batch = 20 kg
The volume of the peeling drum is 0.260 m3. Therefore, there The weight w = mg of the cassava to be peeled in a batch =
is need to reduce the power to a considerable minimum with (20 × 9.81) = 196.2N
an improved efficiency and compact design, hence
modernization becomes very necessary.  Calculation of the peeling chamber volume, VP
The peeling chamber is cylindrical in shape. Therefore
III. MATERIALS AND METHOD the volume will be the volume of the cylinder.

A modernized cassava peeling machine was designed

VP = h
using the principles of engineering design. The material
consideration was made during the design application. Factors …(1)
like strength of the material, corrosion, affordability and local Vp = 1/3 × 3.142 × (300/1000)2 × (1153/1000) m3
availability of material for construction was considered. The Vp = [1/3 × 3.142 × 0.09 × 1.153] m3
physical and chemical properties of the cassava tuber to be Vp = 0.978136 m3
peeled were given due consideration such as the specific
weight, density, size, impact, tensile and compressive strength  Estimation of peeling force of the machine
were all considered for effective design. Let the peeling force be Fp.

 Materials There will be a relationship between the mass of the

The lists of materials for the design are listed below: cassava, the linear velocity of the belt transmission, and time
i. 1HP electric motor of peeling, t such that Fp = ma. Where a, is the acceleration of
ii. V-belt the motor with respect to the cassava in the peeling chamber.
iii. Pulley of diameter ф 290 mm and ф 110 mm
iv. Mild steel angle iron 50 50 mm in size FP =
v. Flat bar 50mm thick and 20 mm thick ... (2)
vi. Cylindrical rod
vii. Cylindrical shaft ф 26 mm For 30 minutes of peeling, the peeling force required
viii. Stainless flat sheet of 1.5 mm thick
ix. Bearing with internal diameter ф 26 mm
x. 2.5mm thick metal flat sheet FP =
xi. 1.5mm thick galvanized flat sheet
But V= (Khurmi & Gupta 2008)
 Methods
The methodology for the design and fabrication of the … (3)
modernized cassava peeling machine is shown below in steps.
Step 1 – feasibility study of existing project.

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Volume 4, Issue 10, October – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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Where, r is the radius of the pulley, N is the number of Let r = radius of small pulley
revolutions of the motor 3000 r.p.m, and t ,is the time required R = Radius of big pulley
for peeling the cassava tuber. The velocity to be applied
during peeling, V is given as: = Distance between the two pulleys for peeling machine
with inner rotating drum the angle of contact is solved below:
V= For open belt, angle of contact is given by:

V= 25.31m/s Sin =

The force required for peeling the cassava tuber, FP is Angle of wrap
given as
= 180° 2 Sin-1( )

FP = = 8.437N r = radius of small pulley

R = radius of big pulley
= distance between the two pulleys
 Belt design V= Velocity ratio of the driving pulley to the driven pulley is
In the belt design, an applicable equation is 2.3log ( ) = given by
d1N1 = d2N2
, is applied where, = angle of wrap of open belt.
µ = co-efficient of frictionT1 tension in the tight side of
T2 = tension in the slack side of the belt. Velocity ratio of the pulley = =
= distance between the pulley Pulley of shaft (peeler) … (6)
d2 = 290mm
Where N1 = Number of revolution of electric motor
For cross belt, angle of contact is given by, N2 = Number f revolution of the shaft at peeler.

Sin = Velocity ratio of the pulley = = 0.38

... (4)
= N2 = N1 d1 = 3000 110 = 330 r.p.m.

Let power transmitted by the belt be P, where the belt speed be

V.
Sin = 0.25, P = (T1–T2) . V
= sin -1(0.25) … (7)
=14.478 746 = (T1 – T2) 25.31
T1 – T2 = = 29.47N
For open belt, angle of contact is given by
Sin = = Where, P = belt power (W),
Sin = - 0.1125 V = belt speed (m/s)
= sin-1 (- 0.1125) T1 and T2 are tensions on the tight and slack sides respectively
= 6.459 (N)

Angle of wrap, is given by the expression, =180 2 But, the power transmitted by the belt will be the power
of the motor, P = 1.0 Hp = 746Watt and
sin-1 … (5) V = 25.31m/s
= 180 + 2sin-1 But (T1 – T2) = 29.47N

= 180 2sin-1 Using belt ratio for an open belt,

2.3log ( ) =
=180 2sin -1 (0.1125)
= 180 12.9189 … (8)
= 180 + 12.9189 or 180 – 12.91989
Where, = coefficient of friction between belt and pulley
= 192.9189 or = 167.0811

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Volume 4, Issue 10, October – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
For mild steel pulley and rubber belt, Tmean =
= 0.30
Tmean = = 2.374
If m is the mass of the belt, then m = Area of belt x
length of belt density of belt Since the mean torque, Tmean made by the shaft at the peeling
Centrifugal tension of belt, TC is given by TC = M. (V2/r) chamber is 2.374 .
… (10)
2.374 = [ ]3
Maximum, tension of the belt, Tmax
Tmax = M. (V2/r) 2.374 = 1.7576 x 10-5
Maximum tension of the belt
=
Tmax = σ
=
Where, σ = the stress of the material of the belt and =
the acceleration of the belt. =
The Length of belt, L can be determined by,
= 6.88 N/
L = (r2 + r1 ) + 2 + ( )
The torsional shear stress of the shaft, = 6.88 N/
(Khurmi & Gupta 2008)
L = 3.142 (145 + 55) + 2(800) + ( )  Bending moment of the shaft
Let M be the bending moment of the.
L = (3.142 1810.125) mm
L = 5726.3mm
The maximum torsional stress, max has relationship with
 Design of the shaft the bending moment, M, the diameter of the shaft, d and the
Polar moment of inertia, J of the round solid shaft torque T,
selected is calculated according Khurmi & Gupta 2008. The =
shaft selected is 260 mm. Therefore, J is can be calculated as: (Khurrmi & Gupta 2008) …. (13)

J= Where, is the bending stress (tensile or compressor)

(Khurmi & Gupta 2008) … (11) induced stress due to moment.
4
J= ( )
For 40C8 shaft material,
4
J= (0.026) =

J= 4.57 10-7 =

J= 4.57 10-7 = 0.44875 10-7 = 4.49 10-8 =

=
The twisting moment or torque made by the shaft, T is given
5.309 =5
by
= 26.546 N/m2
T= d3 where is the torsional shear stress, and d
But the bending moment of inertia M can be calculated from,
is the diameter of the shaft.
=
Similarly, mean torque transmitted by the shaft, Tmean =
=
… (12)
…..(14)
d3 =
26.546 =

Where P is the power transmitted by the shaft = 1Hp = 746 26.546 =

26.546 = 2.897

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Volume 4, Issue 10, October – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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=
But V = , Where W2 and W1 are the angular velocities
9.16 = for input and output respectively.
= and =

= and =
Square both sides to remove square root
= 34.562 rad/s and = 314.2 rad/s
(9.16 ) =2
+2.374 Efficiency, ɳ =
8.9056 = + 2.374 … (15)
2
M = (8.39056 )
If the efficiency of the machine is to be designed for
M=
80% efficiency, then the input power can be estimated as:
M = 916 Nm.
=
 Efficiency of machine
The efficiency of the peeling machine can be calculated 0.8 =
by estimation of power output Po, and the power input Pin
Power output Po = force causing peeling of cassava velocity
at which the cassava is being turned. = 52.85W
= 0.05285Kw
Po = F
PO = 42.28 W = 0.04228 Kw

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Volume 4, Issue 10, October – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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S/N DESCRIPTION QUANTITY UNIT COST (₦) AMOUNT (₦)
1 1HP electric motor 1 25,000 25,000.00
2 V-belt, L = 5726.3mm 1 1,000 1,000.00
3 Pulley of diameter ф 290 mm 1 2,000 2,000.00
Pulley of diameter ф 110 mm 1 2,000 1,500.00
4 Mild steel angle iron 2 full lengths 7,500 15,000.00
50 50 mm in size
5 Flat bar 50mm thick and 20 mm thick 4 full lengths 1,200 4,800.00
6 Cylindrical rod 7 full lengths 900 6,300.00
7 Cylindrical shaft ф 26 mm of 2,000 mm length 1 3,500 3,500.00
8 Stainless flat sheet of 1.5 mm thick 1 30,000 30,000.00
9 1.5mm thick galvanized flat sheet 1 full sheet 12,000 12,000.00
10 Bearing 2 pieces 2,000 4,000.00
11 2.5mm thick metal flat sheet 1/3 of full sheet 15,000 5,000.00
12 Electrode of gauge 12 1 packet 2,500 2,500.00
13 Auto paint 2 litres 2,500 2,500.00
14 Glossy finish 2litres 2,500 2,500.00
15 Thinners 2litres 2,000 2,000.00
16 Sand paper rough 1meter length 500 500.00
17 Sand paper smooth 1meter length 500 500.00
18 Body filler ½ of full tin 6,500 3,250.00
19 Sub Total cost of material - - 123,850.00
20 Labour 15% of Sub total cost of material - - 18,577.5
21 Vat 5% of Subtotal cost of material - - 6,192.5
22 Total Cost of Production I unit machine - ₦ 148,620.00
Table 1:- Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation for the Design and Fabrication of A Modernized Cassava Peeling Machine

IV. DISCUSSIONS drawings, the isometric and orthographic projection which

showed clearly the designed machine parts. The drawings
 Materials were used in design analysis and calculations which was the
1HP electric motor was suitable and applied in the fourth step of the design process to ensure workability,
design to turn the shaft in the peeling chamber with the helical assembling of parts and accuracy during the machine
coils in screw form attached on it. The shaft was not fabrication after the design has been completed.
overloaded and V-belt was applied and length of belt
determined appropriately to avoid belt sagging and ensure  Design analysis and calculation
proper tensioning. Appropriate pulley sizes for the driver and In the design analysis and considerations, the mass of
driven was considered and selected properly. The material cassava to be peeled on a batch per batch was 20 kg. The
used in the design of the peeling chamber is a stainless flat weight of the cassava to be peeled per batch in the peeling
sheet of 1.5mm thick which can resist corrosion and is strong chamber was 196.2 N.
to withstand the stress introduced to the peeling chamber
during operation. Mild steel angle iron of 50 X 50 mm size This together with the weight of the shaft and material
was suitable for the design of the frame of the machine as it is for the peeling drum constituted the design load.
strong enough to withstand vibration which can arise from the
motor and peeling chamber during operation.  Calculation of the peeling chamber volume, Vp
The peeling chamber is cylindrical and the volume, Vp =
 Method 0.978136 m3 was determined by using the formula of the
The methodology for the design and fabrication of the volume of a cylinder. The volume was good enough to
modernized cassava peeling machine was followed to step by accommodate the cassava per batch.
step to achieve the design. In the first step, feasibility study of
existing project was carried out. Most existing projects have  Estimation of peeling force of the machine
higher power consumption as a result of the electric motor The peeling force was estimated. The relationship
applied. This present design put this into consideration and between the mass of the cassava, the linear velocity of the belt
lowered the power consumption. In the second step, there was transmission, and time of peeling, t was considered in the
market survey to ascertain the cost and availability of estimation. The acceleration of the motor with respect to the
materials in the market. This helped to estimate the cost of the cassava in the peeling chamber for 30 minutes of peeling was
machine after fabrication to avoid making a design that will be used to determine the peeing force of 8.437 N. A motor speed
too high in terms of cost. The third step included the design of 3000 r.pm was applied in the design and a velocity V=

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Volume 4, Issue 10, October – 2019 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
25.31m/s was achieved for peeling the cassava. The design PE = .
avoided the application of reduction gears as applied by other
designers because of the presence of the helical screw coils
which helped in reduction of speed and improves peeling  Cost of machine design and fabrication
action. The cost of design and fabrication of a modernized
cassava peeling machine was low as shown in the bill of
 Belt design Engineering measurement and evaluation (BEME). The unit
The belt design was carried out and the length of belt, L cost of design and fabrication of 1 unit modernized cassava
determined according to (Khurmi & Gupta 2008. L was found peeling machine as shown in Fig.3.1 is ₦ 148,620.00. This can
to be 5726.3mm and the angle of contact for the open belt encourage local fabrication of the machine by the welders in
used was determined as = 6.459 . The velocity ratio of the African region using the design made in this paper.
pulley was found to be 0.38. The difference in tension
between the tight and slack sides of the belt was calculated to V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
be 29.4N. These were applied in the design of the modernized
cassava peeling machine.  Conclusion
The conclusion of this project, the design of modernized
 Design of the shaft cassava peeling machine was designed successfully. The
In the design of the shaft, the polar moment of inertia, J estimated efficiency of the machine is high compared to the
of the round solid shaft selected was calculated. The shaft already existing ones. This design has lower power
selected is 260mm. Therefore, J was can be calculated consumption compared to others by other researchers hence;
according to the formula by Khurmi & Gupta 2008 and found the machine will be welcome by industries given its
to be 4.49 10-8 The twisting moment or torque made performance, affordability and simplicity. The varying shapes
of the tuber, will not affect the performance of the machine as
by the shaft, T was also calculated and the mean torque it was put into consideration in the design.
transmitted by the shaft found to be 2.374 The torsional
shear stress of the shaft was calculated and found to be 6.88  Recommendations
N/ The following recommendations are made on the design
of a modernized cassava peeling machine:
i. Greater attention should be given to the abrasive peeling
 Bending moment of the shaft
process and other methods in future researches especially
The maximum torsional stress max has relationship with on cassava, potatoes, yam processing using improved
the bending moment, M , the diameter of the shaft, d and the machine technology.
torque (Khurmi & Gupta 2008).For 40C8 shaft material, ii. It is recommended that further research should be carried
. The maximum torsional stress max, was on the cassava tuber and barks thickness geometry effects
determined as 26.546 N/m2 and the bending moment, on cassava peeling process and analysed using appropriate
simulation software. This will help in generation of data
M has the value of 916 Nm. The material for shaft must be of
higher stress value and bending moment to avoid distortion for improved machine peeling operation.
and bending during machine operation. iii. Machine for peeling of cassava has the potential to drive
increased cultivation and generate export products.
 Efficiency of machine Commercial production of this machine should be
encouraged by the government of nations in Africa where
The efficiency of the peeling machine was calculated by
this crop is grown.
estimating the power output Po, and the power input Pin. The
iv. Modeling of the cassava peeling process should be studied
Power output, Po = force causing peeling of cassava taking into consideration the physical parameters. This will
velocity at which the cassava is being turned. Power output go a long way in identifying any flaw that needs
was 42.28W while the power input was 52.85W, this lead to a improvement in the present design.
machine efficiency of 80%. v. Mechanization of the cassava peeling process should be
aimed at small, medium and large scale operation in
 Peeling Efficiency (PE) Nigeria and other parts of African countries.
The Peeling efficiency (PE) can be estimated after vi. More research should be carried on the utilization of
fabrication of the machine as the ratio of the mass of cassava alternative sources of energy like solar to power the
to be peeled, in a batch in unit time to the mass fraction machine at a minimal energy cost.
in grams of the peeled cassava, expressed in percentage vii. Findings should be carried out on utilization of the peeled
cassava bark for biogas production which can be re-used as
according to Abdulkadir, 2012.
source of energy.

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REFERENCES

[1]. Ajibola, W.A., Babarinde, F. (2016), Design and

Fabrication of a Cassava Peeling Machine,International
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December 2016
[2]. http://www.ijettjournal.org.
[3]. Alhassan E.A., Ijabo O.J., Afolabi E.O. (2018),
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Abrasive Mechanism, Journal of Production Engineers,
JPE (2018) Vol. 21 (1).,16, 2018.
[4]. Abdulkadir B.H., (2012), Design and Fabrication of a
Cassava peeling Machine, IOSR Journal of Engineering
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[5]. Igbeka J.C.,(1985), Mechanization of tuber (Cassava)
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[7]. Odighoh E.U., (1983), Cassava Production, Processing
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