University of Caloocan City

23 Chrysanthemum St, Caloocan, Metro Manila

CHAPTER 1

THE PHILIPPINE AND ITS

PEOPLE

Submitted by:

Penafiel, Angela

Reclenas, Dawn Illaine

Satairapan, Cristine
Introduction

There are three important parts about knowing a country’s history. These are: (1) God,(2)

People, and (3) Land.

Early Chinese traders who visited Mindoro called our nation “Ma-yi.” This means land of

gold, because they bought gold in Mindoro. A Greek Mapmaker named Cladius Ptolemy (90-168

A.D.) called our islands “Maniolas” in his ancient map.

When Magellan came in 1521, he called the Philippines “Archipelago of St. Lazarus.”

But that name did not become popular. Actually, a foreigner named our country, but that was the

name God wanted for this nation. In 1543, a Spanish explorer named Ruy Lopez de Villalobos

gave the name “Felipinas” to the Philippines in honor of Crown Prince Felipe (Philip) who later

became King Philip II of Spain.

The “Felipinas” later become “Filipinas” during the Spanish colonial era. Then it became

“the Philippine Islands” during the American colonial era. Then “the Republic of the

Philippines” after our indepence in 1946.

The most popular nickname for the Philippines is “Pearl of the Orient Seas.”This was

the romantic name given to our country by two famous writers; a Spanish missionary-historian,

Fr. Juan J. Delgado in 1751 and Dr. Jose Rizal, our National Hero who popularized this name.
1.1 Geography

Location

 The Philippine lies in Southeast Asia, a little above the Equator, between latitudes

4°23’Nand 21°25’N and longitude 116°E and 127°E. It is bounded in the east by the Pacific

Ocean, in the west by the South China Sea, in the north by the Bashi Channel, and in the south by

the Zulu and Celebes Seas.

 The northernmost island is Y’Ami, only 240 km. from Taiwan, which can be seen on a clear day.

The southernmost island in Saluag Isle, about 24 km. from Sabah (North Borneo).

Area

 The total land area of the Philippines is 300,780 aq. Km., or 0.2% of the world’s land mass.

Having 7,107 islands, it is one of the world’s largest archipelagos or group of islands. Only 2, 773

have names and 1,190 are inhabited. The biggest islands group is Luzon (141, 395 sq. km.); the

second, Mindanao (101, 999 sq. km.); and the third, the Visayas (56, 606 sq. km.).

 The 11 main islands and their areas are Luzon (104, 687 sq. km.); Mindanao (94, 630 sq. km.);

Samar (13, 080 sq. km.); Negros (12, 709 sq. km.); Palawan (11, 785 sq. km.); Panay (11, 515 sq.

km.); Mindoro (9,735 sq. km.); Leyte (7, 214 sq. km.); Cebu (4, 422 sq. km.); Bohol (3, 864 sq.

km.); and Masbate (3, 269 sq. km.).

Topography

 Means the physical features of a country. The Philippines is an inverted Y-shaped archipelago of

numerous islands and islets, coral reefs, abundant rivers, lakes and bays; mountains and valleys;

cool plateaus and scenic volcanoes.

 It has an extensive coastline, and its sea coasts are indented with numerous bays, harbors and

gulfs. It has the longest discontinuous coastline in the world – 34, 600 kilometers. It has 61

natural harbors and 20 landlocked straits.

 Manila Bay is the finest harbor in Asia nd also the largest bay in the Philippines. Other famous

bays areBalayan Bay (Batangas), Tayabas Bay (Quezon), Ormoc Bay (Leyte), Taytay Bay

(Palawan), and Sinangan Bay, Illana Bay and Sarangani Bay in Mindanao. Its gulfs, the following

are well-known: Lingayen Gulf, Leyte Gulf and Davao Gulf.

 The narrowest strait in the world is the San Juanico Strait between Samar and Leyte, now

connected by the San Juanico Bridge. The great peninsulas and the fertile Bicol Peninsula in

Luzon, and the Zamboanga and Davao Peninsula in Mindanao.

 The lowest place in the country is the “Philippine Deep,” some 89 kilometers northeast of

Mindanao. With a depth of 37, 732 feet below sea level, it is said to be the “deepest place in the

world.”

 The Philippines has lofty mountains and numerous valleys. There are seven major mountains

ranges, the longest being the Sierra Mountain Range from Cagayan Province in the north to

Laguna in the south. The highest mountain is Mt. Apo in Mindanao (9.690 feet or 2, 954 meters

above sea level). The second highest peak is Mt. Pulog on the Ifugao- Benguet boundary in

Luzon (2,982 meters). Other noted peaks are Mt. Banahaw in Laguna- Quezon; Mt. Bulusan in

Sorsogon; Mt. Halcon in Mindoro Oriental; Mt. Kanlaon in Negros Occidental; and Mt. Matutum

in Cotabato.

 There are four major lowlands plains – theCentral Plain and Cagayan Valley in Luzon, and

Agusan Valley and the Cotabato Valley in Mindanao. The Central Plain is the “rice granary” of

the Philippines. Cagayan Valley, the greatest tobacco-producing region in Asia, is also the largest

valley.

 Among the famous plateaus are the Benguet Plateau in northern Luzon, on which nestles the

summer capital of the Philippines, Baguio (“City of Pines”) and the fertile Bukidnon Plateau in

Mindanao, famous for its delicious pineapples.

  About 132 main rivers traverse the country. Its longest river is the Cagayan River, whose annual

flood fertilizers the Cagayan Valley, as the Nile River fertilizes Egypt. In water volume, the Rio

Grande of Mindanao is the largest river. Most historic of the Philippine rivers is the Pasig River,

which unfortunately is now so badly polluted that it is gradually dying.

 Out of 59 natural lakes, the largest is Laguna de Bay which was a source of inspiration for Jose

Rizal and other literary talents, and is a source of livelihood for nearby fishing communities. It is

also endagerd by pollution.

 There are many springs that are valuable for their medicinal waters and for geothermal power.

Among these springs are Los Banos and Pansol in Laguna, Pandi and Sibul in Bulacan; Tiwi in

albay; and Magsingal in Ilocos Sur.

 Finally, its waterfalls provide tourist attractions and hydroelectric power. The world

renowedPagsanjan falls in laguna is a favorite tourist resort and movie location. Other

waterfalls are the Maria Cristina in Lanao del Norte; HinulugangTaktak in antipolo; Tamaraw

Falls in Mindoro Oriental; and Darosdos Falls in Samar.

Climate is tropical and monsoonal in character. There are two distinct seasons – the dry seasons (from

December to May) and the wet season (from June to November).

Temperature varies from 21° to 32°C (70° – 90°F). The coldest month is January; the hottest, May.

Humidity in rather hgh (from 71-85%), due to tropical weather and surrounding seas.

Rainfall is the most important factor in its climate, with most rainy days from July to October.

Typhoons and Earthquakes

 The Philippines lies within the “ring of fire” in the Pacific where most typhoons, volcanic

eruptions, and earthquakes happen. These ntural calamities cause great human, economic and

environmental losses.
  Several earthquakes rock the country annually, with intensifies varying from 1 to 8 on the Richter

scale. These earthquakes are caused by the instability of the Asian continental plate; a major

geologic zone of weakness in the Philippine Rift or Fault, which lies north from Luzon down to

Masbate, Leyte and eastern Mindanao; and some 103 other faults throughout the islands.

 The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

(PAGASA) and other major government agencies monitor natural occurrence and coordinate

relief measures when needed.There are more than 50 volcanoes in the country, which lies in the

“ring of fire” in the Pacific. Most famous and scenic of the Philippine volcanoes is Mt. Mayon in

Albay, Bicol, which has a nearly perfect cone.

1.2 Philippine Population

● The current population of the Philippines is 108,267,949 as of Saturday, August 10, 2019,

based on the latest United Nations estimates.

● The Philippines population is equivalent to 1.4% of the total world population.

● The Philippines ranks number 13 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by

population.

1.3 Economy

● Rice

➢ Main crop of the country.

➢ Cultivated in large quantities in Central Luzon, Western Visayas and Mindanao.

Factors of Insufficient Production of Rice in the Country

1. Destructive Typhoon and floods often destroy thousands of rice lands.

2. The agricultural sectorremains backward.

3. The production shift to resources of biofuels such as jathrops and other cash crops.

4. The massive conversion of farm lands for residential and commercial use.
Philippine Products and Industries

Major Exports Industries

● Coconut Oil ● Mining

● Fresh Bananas ● Lumber

● Pineapples ● Metal

● Sugar ● Woodcraft

● Gum resins and abaca ● Furniture

● Petroleum

Philippines Natural Resources

Plants

- According to agricultural experts 8,120 species of plants grow in the country.

- About 1,000 varieties of orchids, 1,000 species of rice, and 3,000 species of trees

are found in it.

Examples:

● Sampaguita

- the national flower.

- "Queen of Philippines Flowers"

- It is a star-shaped,snow-white,sweetly-scented flower.

● Pung-apung

- the world's largest flower, with a diameter of one foot.

● Other

 aurora  banderaespañola

 amarilla (marigold)  cadena de amor

  dama de noche  kalachuchi

 -gumamela(hibiscus)  jasmin

 kamuning  -ylang-ylang

Animal life

- About 850 species of birds are found in the country, more than in Australia, Japan,and

Other Asian countries.

Examples:

● Eastern Sarus Crane

- The biggest bird, known as tipol in luzon and labong in the Visayas.

- It is a wading bird with very long legs and neck. When full grown, it is five and

half feet tall with a wing span of seven feet.

● Other markable birds in the country are:

1. Philippine or monkey eating eagle- the world's largest eagle, which is now the National

Bird

2. Kalaw - called the "clock of the mountains" by the Spanish colonizers because it always

makes a loud call at noon in the mountains.

3. Katala- which can talk and sing like a human.

4. Palawan peacock- a dancing bird with gorgeous plumage.

5. Limbas- a hawk which screams repeatedly as it soars into the sky.

● Most useful of the animals

❖ Carabao (water buffalo)

- the farmer's best friend.

- Slow as a turtle,It is very strong like an elephant.

 ❖ Four of the unique animals are:

(1)Tamaraw of Mindoro- which look like a dwarf carabao and is fierce like a

tiger,

(2) Tarsier of Bohol- reputed to the smallest monkey in the world

(3) Mouse deer of Balabas Island (Palawan Province)- which is the smallest

deer in the world

(4) Zebronkey which is haft zebra and haft donkey,bred for the first time at the

Manila Zoo in 1962.

Forest Resources

- The forest lands have a total area of 16,633,000 hectares, representing 55% of the total

land area.

- Of this total forest area, 14,452,650 hectares are commercial forest and 2,180,000 are

non- commercial forests.

- In Asia, the Philippines ranks third in forest reserves, Indonesia being the first and Japan

the second. There is much wealth in our forests in timber, guttapercha, dyewood, rattan,

and medicinal plants.

- More than 3,000 species of trees are found in our forests, 1,000 of which are commercial

timber.

The most famous of forest tree is the:

● Narra

- the "Queen of Philippine Wood."

- It is the National Tree.

 ● Other valuable timbers

- apitong - red and white lauan,

- guijo - tindalo

- ipil - yakal.

- kamagong

Unfortunately, illegal loggers are destroying the forests at the rate of about 170,000

hectares a year, the fastest rate of denudation in the world. As of 1980, less than 30% of the land

had adequate forests. The causes of this deforestation are the destructive kaingin farming, fires,

and illegal logging.

Fish and Marine Resources

The Philippine seas, bays, gulfs, rivers, and lakes teem with fish and other marine resources.

There are many fishing ground in the archipelago. Among them are:

● Lingayen Gulf, ● Panay Gulf

● Manila Bay ● Bohol Strait in the Visayas

● Lamon Bay ● Malampaya Sound

● Ragay Gulf ● Coron Bay

● Tayabas Bay in Luzon ● Taytay Bay

● Samar Sea, Carigara Bay ● Cuyo Pass

● Sibuyan Sea ● Imuran Bay in Palawan

● Guimaras Strait ● Mindanao Sea

● Camotes Sea ● Gingoog Bay

● Iloilo Strait ● Illana Bay

 ● Moro Gulf in Mindanao

At least 2,000 species of fish are found in the waters of the archipelago. Among those of

commercial value are:

● banak(mullet) ● lapu-lapu (sea- bass)

● dalag(mudfish) ● tamban (sardine)

● ayungin ● talakitok(pampano)

● kandule(catfish) ● tanguigui (mackerel) in deep seas

● dilis(anchovy) and bays.

● biya and carpa(carp) in inland ● bangus(milk- fish)

waters(rivers, creeks, and lakes) ● tilapia - generally raise in fishponds.

● Patingbulik(Rhincodon typus/Striped shark)

- It is about 50 feet in length and weighs several tons, and was first sighted in 1816

at Mariveles Bay.

● Dwarf pygmy(pandakapygmea) and tabios,

- two of the world's smallest fishes, were found in the Philippine waters.

- The dwarf pygmy has a length of 9.6 millimeters about the size of a grain of rice.

It was found in 1925 by Dr. Albert Herre, an American scientist, at Malabon

River, and rediscovered in 1951 by H.R. Rabanal, InocencioRonquillo, and

ArtemioSarenas, Filipino marine biologists.

- The tabios, about 3 to 4 millimeters in length, was found in Lake Buhi, Camarines

Sur.
 Philippine waters also yield other marine products, such as shells, shellfish, sponges, coals,

seaweed, and pearls. Of the world's 60,000 spexies of shells some 20,000 are available in the

Philippines.

● "Glory of the Sea"(conus gloriamaris)- The world's rarest and most expensive shell

● Golden Cowrie- another rare shell, are both found here. .

Also present in Philippine waters are the world's largest shell, Tridacnagigas, and the

world's smallest shell, Pisidium. The early Filipinos used shells to trade with merchants from

China, and today the Philippines is one of the world's richest sources of shells.

● "Pearl of Allah"

- The world's largest natural pearl

- was found in 1934 by a Muslim Filipino diver who gave it to his datu. In 1936,

thedatu gave it to Wilburn Dewal Cobb, a Californian, who cured the datu's sick

son.

- The "Pearl of Allah" is said to be 350 years old and measures 9½ by 5½ inches in

size and is 14 pounds in weight. It was valued at US$3.5 million.

Minerals

Many minerals (metallic and non-metallic)are found in the country. Mettalic minerals like

nickel, copper, iron,andgold are relatively abundant. Minerals may be used as precious

metals(gold and silver)or as base metals (copper and nickel)for industry,or as construction

materials (limestone, Adobe) and for numerous other porpuses.

The country one of Asia's great gold producing regions.

● Gold mining is an ancient industry for the people. Long before the coming of the Spanish

colonizer, the early Filipinos were already mining gold in paracale, Mountain Province,

Masbate, and Mindanao.

● Copper mining is also one of the ancient industries. The Igorots have beenmining copper

in the jungle highlands of the Mountains Province since pre-Spanish times. The best

known copper district in the country is Mankayan in the Mountain Province where the

oldest and best copper mine still exists.

● The greatest iron- bearing areas in the country are in the two Surigao provinces (Norte

and Sur). The iron deposits in these two provinces, estimated to reach 1,000,000 tons, are

among the biggest in the world. Other rich iron deposits are found in Angat (Bulacan),

Larap(Camarines Norte), Marinduque, and Samar. In Masinloc(Zambales) exists "the

biggest deposits of high quality chromite in the world."

● In recent years a vast deposit of nickel was discovered in the little island of Nonoc, off

the coast of Surigao del Norte. According to mininf engineers, this nickel deposit is one

of the largest in the world and the largest in Asia.

● Adequate deposits of coal are found in Cebu, Polilio Island, Masbate, and Mindanao;

asbestos in Ilocos Norte and Zambales; asphalt in Leyte; lead and zinc in Masbate;

cement in Cebu, La union, and Rizal; sulphur in Biliran Island (Leyte), Camiguin, and

Mount Apo (Mindanao); and tin and quicksilver in Palawan.

● The country has a tremendous marble deposit of 600 million tons, mostly located in

Mindoro, Romblon, and Palawan. If the present marble industry can be fully developed,

the Philippines can become the world's top producer of marble.

Energy Sources

Energy (power) is used to supple electricity and fuel to run factories, light homes and offices,

and to move cars, trucks and boats. After the 1973 "energy crisis" and the world economic

slump, peoplehave become more aware of the importance of their power and fuel supplies.

The Philippines' energy needs are supplied by

(1) Oil

(2) Hydroelectric power

(3) Bagasse(sugarcane wastes)

(4) Geothermal energy

(5) Coal

(6) New sources of energy like solar power, biogas, agro- forestry wastes, natural gas, alcogas

and wood.

Scenic Beauties and Natural Wonders

The Philippines is richly edowed by God with scenic Beauties and Natural Wonders so that

many writers, local and foreign, hail it as one of the most beautiful countries in the world. As Dr.

Rafael Palma, an eminent Filipino schola and statesman, said: "Our country is one of the most

beautiful and most poetic countries in the world. Her Scenic panorama, consisting of vast plains

canopied by the blue heavens and studded with verdant hills, are wonderful to behold, and we

have nothing to envy in the most famous vistas in the world. "

● Banaue Rice Terraces

- acclaimed by poets as the" Eighth Wonder of the World." Built more than 2,000

years ago by hardy Ifugaos, using only their bare hands and crude stone tools,

along the massive slopes of the mountains, they rise like a gigantic staircase
 towards the clouds. If placed end to end, they would extend more than half of the

earth's circumference.

● Mount Mayon

- The crowning glory of Philippine natural wonders in Bicolandia.

● Manila Bay sunset is another enchanting wonder of the country. Foreign authors and

tourists unanimously hail it as" the most beautiful sunset in the world. "

● The other beautiful sights in the land are

- the Pagsanjan Falls and - Hundred Islands of Lingayen

Gorge Gulf, Pangasinan

- the inland Sampaloc Lake of - Montalban Caves in Rizal

San Pablo City Province

- Hidden Valey of Alaminos - Salinas Salt Spring in Nueva

in Laguna Province Viscaya

- Umbrella Geyser of Barrio - Talisay Beach in Cebu

Bigaa, San Juan, - Chocolate Hills in Bohol

- Matabungkay Beach, - Maria Cristina Falls in

- Taal Volcano in the world in Lanao del Norte

the province of Batangas - Underground River in

- Sunset Beach in Cavite Palawan

- Crystal Cave near Baguio

City

1.4 The Government

The Government before.

 • The community calledbaranggaywas the unit of government (consisted of thirty to 100

families).

• The tagalog word baranggay came from the Malay word balangay.

• Baranggay was independent and was ruled by a chieftain.

Brief Background about Chieftain and his subjects.

•It was the primary duty of the chieftain to rule and govern his people justly and to

promote their welfare. In war, he was the supreme commander.

•The subjects, served their chieftain in time of war with other barangays and helped him

in tilling and sowing the land.

•They are paying their tribute to him and that tribute was called buwis, a Tagalog word

which today means tax.

• The chieftain’s children and other relatives were highly respected in the community and

were exempted from paying tribute and from rendering personal services to the chieftain.

• The chieftain was powerful and exercised the powers of the executive, the legislative,

and the judiciary (the three co – equal branches of government).

Alliances were concluded between barangays for mutual protection against a common

enemy. It was sealed through a process called sanduguan or blood compact. This consisted in

drawing blood from the arms of the contracting parties then became “blood – brothers”.

Three co – equal branches of government:

 The executive – headed by the President and the Vice President. Administers the

functions of the cabinet that is made up of departments and headed by department

secretary.
  The legislative – led by the Senate President and Speaker of the House.

Composed of the Senate (upper House) and the House of Representatives (lower

House); responsible for enacting bills into laws.

 The judiciary – headed by the Chief Justice. Consists of the systems of courts

with the Supreme Court as the highest court in the land.

For administrative purposes, the Philippines was divided into provinces and special districts.

Each province is headed by a governor and has its own legislative body called

SangguniangPanlalawigan. Provincial government are composed of cities and municipalities.

Now, barangay is the smallest political unit of the country and is headed by a barangay captain.

1.5 Filipino Traits and Values

Like people on earth, Filipinos have bad and good character traits.

Here are the commontraits of a Filipino:

 Most admirable and most important trait of the Filipino is the hospitality. Filipino

hospitality is known the world over and is difficult to equal.

 The Filipino has close family ties. The family is the unit of society and consists, at least

until very recent times, of the grandparents, and the children.

 Respect for the elders is one of the best Filipino traits. The Filipino parents exercise a

moral influence over their children. Even among strangers, respect is shown by Filipinos

by bowing to them or by using some words of respect.

 The Tagalog ‘po’ and ‘opo’ is commonly used by almost everybody to show respect

even to a younger man (or woman) if the latter is a stranger.

 The Filipino is sentimental. He sends his departing friend what is called pabaonor

something to give to his family. On the other hand, the visiting friend brings along with
 him gifts for his friends and the members of his family. These gifts are called

pasalubong.

 They are cooperative and value the virtue of helping each other and other people. They

cherish an ancestral trait of bayanihan(cooperation).

 Filipinos rank among the bravest people on earth.

 The Filipinos are also noted for their adaptability, endurance and resiliency.

 Filipinos are highly intelligentaccording to Dr. David P. Barrows, Filipinos have “quick

perceptions, retentive memory, aptitude and extraordinary docility” making us “the most

teachable persons”.

 Lack of discipline

 Extreme personalism (makasarili)

 Extreme family centeredness

 Passivity

 Kanya – Kanya Syndrome

 Colonial Mentality

 Crab Mentality

 Most scandalous of their character defects is their propensity for gambling. They would

bet for almost anything(ex. Cockfighting, horse races, jueteng, black jack, poker and

monte)

 Filipinos are inveterately extravagant. They love colorful fiestas, expensive clothes,

jewelry and gay parties. In the Philippines no day ever passes without a costly fiesta for

every barangay, town and city.

  Filipinos are fatalistic in their outlook in life. They tend to believe that whatever happens,

good or bad, is due to fate(tadhana). “Bahalana”, the equivalent of the Spanish “Que sera,

sera”(what will be, will be).

These perceptors about our culture may have some truths in it but we should not forget that

we have qualities to be admired that should surface than the mentioned traits identified by the

said foreign researchers.

Filipino Values

Filipino have a several values. One of these values is pakikisama at sense of

togetherness or comradeship. Pakikisamaconsists of doing somebody a good deed (such as

helping man to build a house or finding a job). Utangnaloob or sense of gratitude is another

famous Filipino values. Hiya or kahihiyan (sense of shame) is another value. To the Filipino,

as to other Oriental people, hiya is something that a person must possess to a high degree.

Sources: The Philippines: A Unique Nation by Dr. Sonia M. Zaide(Book)

Questionnaire

I. Multiple Choice

1. It is the world's largest flower and woth a diameter of one foot.

a. Aurora

b. Kalachuchi

c. Hibiscus

d. Pung- apung

2. It is the world's largest natural pearl.

a. Conus gloriamaris

b. Tridacna gigas

c. Pearl of Allah

d. Pisidium

3. It was acclaimed by the poets as the " Eighth Wonder of the world".

a. Banaue Rice Terraces

b. Manila Bay

c. Mount Mayon

d. Underground River

4. It was hailed as " the most beautiful sunset in the world".

a. Sunset Beach in Cavite

b. Balayan Bay

c. Manila Bay

d. Taytay Bay
5.It is the main crop of the country.

a. Coconut oil

b. Sugar

c. Rice

d. Bananas

II. True or False

6. Early Chinese traders who visited Mindoro called our nation "Ma-yi," which means

Land of Gold.

7. In 1543, a Spanish explorer named Ruy Lopez de Villalobos gave the name "Filipinas"

to the Philippines in honor of Crown Prince Felipe (Philip) who later became King Philip

II of Spain.

8. The total land area of the Philippines is 300, 780 sq. Km., or 0.2 % of the world's land

mass.

9. Balayan Bay is the finest harbor in Asia and also the largest bay in the Philippines.

10. The second highest peak is Mt. Banahaw on the Ifugao-Benguet boundary in Luzon.

11. The coldest month is January, the hottest, May.

12. The Philippine lies within the "Ring of Fire" in the Pacific where most typhoons,

volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes happen.

III. Enumeration

13-16. Give atleast 4 examples of Filipino good traits.

17-19. Give the 3 Filipino values.

20-22. Give atleast 3 examples of Filipino bad traits.

23-25.Give the 3 branches of Philippine Government.

Key Answers

I. Adaptability

1. D Extravagant

2. C Cooperative

3. A Brave

4. C Respect for the elders

5. C Sentimental

II. 17-19.

6. True Sense of togetherness or pakikisama

7. False Debt of gratitude or utang na loob

8. True Sense of shame or hiya/kahihiyan

9. False 20-22. Any of these:

10. False Lack of Discipline

11. True Kanya kanya syndrome

12. True Colonial mentality

III. Crab mentality

13-16. Any of these: Gambling

Hospitality Extreme personalism

Close family ties Extreme family centeredness

Resiliency Passivity

Persevere 23-25.

Endurance Legislative, Judiciary, Executive