Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

LAOANG CAMPUS
Laoang, Northern Samar
Web: uep.edu.ph

PROBLEM SET
in
ME 321
(Basic Thermodynamics)

JOHN ROBERT TAN

BSEE – III
 The Second Law of Thermodynamics

1. A reversible heat engine receives 3000 𝑘𝐽 of heat from a constant temperature

source at 650 𝐾. If the surrounding is at 295 𝐾. Determine the availability of heat
energy and Unavailable heat.

Given:

𝑄1 = 3000 𝑘𝐽
𝑇1 = 650 𝐾
𝑇2 = 295 𝐾

Find:

 The availability of heat energy

 Unavailable Heat

Solution:

Change in entropy
𝑑𝑄
∆𝑆 = ∫
𝑇

𝑄1
=
𝑇1 + 𝑇2

3000 𝑘𝐽
=
(650 𝐾 + 295 𝐾)

𝑘𝐽
= 3.17
𝐾

The available of heat enegy,

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑄1 − 𝑇2 (∆𝑆)

𝑘𝐽
= 3000 𝑘𝐽 − 295 𝐾 (3.17 )
𝐾

= 2064.85 𝑘𝐽
 The Unavailable heat energy,

𝑈𝑛𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝑇2 (∆𝑆)

𝑘𝐽
= 295 𝐾 (3.17 )
𝐾

= 935.15 𝑘𝐽

Result:

 The availability of heat energy, = 2064.85 𝑘𝐽

 Unavailable heat = 935.15 𝑘𝐽

Source: http://www.brainkart.com/article/Solved-Problems-Thermodynamics-Second-
Law_5463/

2. Air in a closed vessel of fixed volume 0.15 𝑚3 exerts pressure of 12 𝑏𝑎𝑟 at 250℃.
If the vessel is cooled so that the pressure falls to 3.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟. Determine the final
pressure, heat transfer and change of entropy.

Given:

𝑉1 = 0.15 𝑚3
𝑘𝑁
𝑃1 = 12 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 1200 𝑚2
𝑘𝑁
𝑃2 = 3.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 350 𝑚2

𝑇1 = 250℃ = 250℃ + 273 = 523 𝐾

Find:

 The final pressure

 Heat Transfer
 Change of entropy

Solution:
 From ideal gas equation

𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑚=
𝑅 𝑇1

𝑘𝑁 3
(1200
𝑚 2 ) (0.15𝑚 )
=
𝑘𝐽
(0.287 ) (523 𝐾)
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

= 1.2 𝑘𝑔

 The final pressure:

For constant volume process,

𝑃2
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 ( )
𝑃1

3.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟
= 523 𝐾 ( )
12 𝑏𝑎𝑟

= 152.54 𝐾

 Heat transfer:

Heat transfer, 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

𝑘𝐽
= 1.2 𝑘𝑔 (1.0047 ) (152.54 𝐾 − 523 𝐾)
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾

= −446.78 𝑘𝐽
Note:
Negative sign ( − ) indicates that the heat is rejected from the system

 Change of entropy:

𝑇 𝑃
Entropy Change, ∆𝑆 = 𝑚[𝐶𝑝 ln 𝑇2 − 𝑅 ln 𝑃2 ]
1 1

𝑘𝐽 152.54 𝐾 𝑘𝐽 3.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟

= 1.2 𝑘𝑔[ 1.0047 ln − 0.287 ln ]
𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 523 𝐾 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 12 𝑏𝑎𝑟
 𝑘𝐽
= −1.06
𝐾
Result:

 The final pressure, 𝑇2 = 152.54 𝐾

 Heat transfer, 𝑄 = −446.78 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝐽
 Change of entropy, ∆𝑆 = −1.06 𝐾

Source: http://www.brainkart.com/article/Solved-Problems-Thermodynamics-Second-
Law_5463/

3. A domestic food freezer maintains a temperature of 15℃. The ambient air is at

𝑘𝐽
30℃. If the heat leaks into the freezer at a continuous rate of 1.75 𝑠 , what is the
least power necessary to pump the heat out continuously?

Given:

𝑇𝐿 = −15℃ = 273 − 15℃ = 258 𝐾

𝑇𝐻 = 30℃ = 30℃ + 273 = 303 𝐾
𝑄𝑠 = 1.75 𝑘𝑊

Find:

 Least power, (W)

Solution:

𝑇𝐿
𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿

258 𝐾
=
303 𝐾 − 258 𝐾

= 5.733

𝑄𝑠
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑂𝑃 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑊

For minimum power required to pump the heat,

𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐶𝑂𝑃 = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑂𝑃

1.75 𝑘𝑊
5.733 =
𝑊

𝑊 = 0.305 𝑘𝑊
 Result:

 Least power necessary to pump heat, 𝑊 = 0.305 𝑘𝑊

Source: http://www.brainkart.com/article/Solved-Problems-Thermodynamics-Second-
Law_5463/

4. A refrigerator working on reversed carnot cycle requires 0.5 𝑘𝑊 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑊 of

cooling to maintain a temperature of −15℃. Determine the following:
 COP of the refrigerator
 Temperature at which heat is rejected and
 Amount of heat rejected to the surroundings per kW of cooling.

Given:

𝑊 = 0.5 𝑘𝑊
𝑄2 = 1 𝑘𝑊
𝑇2 = −15℃ = 273 − 15 = 258 𝐾

Find:

 COP of the refrigerator (COP)

 Temperature at which heat is rejected (T1)
 Amount of heat rejected to the surroundings per kW of cooling (Q1)

Solution:

 COP of the refrigerator (COP):

𝑄2 1
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = = =2
𝑊 0.5

 Temperature at which heat is rejected (T1):

The COP of a refrigerator is given by:

𝑇2
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑇1 − 𝑇2

258
2=
𝑇1 − 258

𝑇1 = 387 𝐾

 Amount of heat rejected to the surroundings per kW of cooling (Q1):

 From the COP relation in terms of heat, i.e.,

𝑄2
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑄1 − 𝑄2

1
2=
𝑄1 − 1

𝑄1 = 1.5 𝑘𝑊

Result:

 COP of the refrigerator (COP) = 2

 Temperature at which heat is rejected (T1) = 387 K
 Amount of heat rejected to the surroundings per kW of cooling (Q1)
= 1.5 kW

Source: http://www.brainkart.com/article/Solved-Problems-Thermodynamics-Second-
Law_5463/

5. A refrigerator plant for a food store operates as a reversed Carnot heat engine
cycle. The store is to be maintained at a temperature of − 5℃ and the heat transfer
from the store to the cycle is at the rate of 5 𝑘𝑊. If heat is transferred from the
cycle to the atmosphere at a temperature of 25℃. Calculate the power required to
drive the plant.

Given:

𝑇𝐿 = −5℃ = 273 − 15℃ = 258 𝐾

𝑇𝐻 = 25℃ = 273 + 25℃ = 298 𝐾
𝑄𝑠 = 5 𝑘𝑊

Find:

 Calculate the power required to drive the plant

Solution:

𝑇𝐿
𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿

258 𝐾
=
298 𝐾 − 258 𝐾

= 6.45
 𝑄𝑠
𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑊

5 𝑘𝑊
6.45 =
𝑊

𝑊 = 0.775 𝑘𝑊

Result:

 The power required to drive the plant 𝑊 = 0.775 𝑘𝑊

Source: (PDF) p-k-nag-solution.pdf

6. An ice-making plant produces ice at atmospheric pressure and at 0℃ from water.

The mean temperature of the cooling water circulating through the condenser of
the refrigerating machine is 18℃. Evaluate the minimum electrical work in kWh
required to produce 1 ton of the ice (The enthalpy of fusion of ice atmospheric
𝑘𝐽
pressure is 333.5 𝑘𝑔).

Given:

𝑇𝐿 = 0℃ = 273 + 0℃ = 273 𝐾
𝑇𝐻 = 18℃ = 273 + 18℃ = 291 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 333.5 𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 1 𝑡𝑜𝑛

Find:

 The minimum electrical work in kWh

Solution:

𝑇𝐿
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 (𝐶𝑂𝑃) =
𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿

273
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 (𝐶𝑂𝑃) =
291 − 273

= 15.2
 𝑄
𝑊𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐶𝑂𝑃

𝑘𝐽
(1000 𝑘𝑔)(333.5 )
𝑘𝑔
=
15.2

= 21.989 𝑀𝐽 = 6.108 𝑘𝑊ℎ

Results:

 The minimum electrical work = 6.108 𝑘𝑊ℎ

Source: (PDF) p-k-nag-solution.pdf

7. Heat input 𝑄𝐻 = 3000 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 and heat output 𝑄𝐿 = 1000 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒. What is the
efficiency of the heat engine?

Given:

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 (𝑄𝐻 ) = 3000 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 (𝑄𝐿 ) = 1000 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 (𝑊) = 3000 − 1000 = 2000 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

Find:

 Efficiency of the heat engine €

Solution:

𝑊 |𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿 | 𝑄𝐿
𝑒= = = 1−
𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐻

1000 3000 1000

𝑒 = 1− = −
3000 3000 3000

2000
𝑒= = 0.667
3000

66.7
𝑒=
100

𝑒 = 66.7
 Result:

 Efficiency of the heat engine, 𝑒 = 66.7

Source: http://www.google.com/amp/s/physics.gurumuda.net/heat-engine-application-
of-the-second-law-of-thermodynamics-problems-and-solutions_htm

8. A heat engine produces 2000 joules of mechanical work and the engine discharges
heat to the environment at a rate of 500 joules. What is the efficiency of the heat
engine?

Given:

𝑊 = 2000 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑄𝐿 = 5000 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑄𝐻 = 2000 + 5000 = 7000 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

Find:

 Efficiency (e)

Solution:

𝑊 2000
𝑒= = = 0.286
𝑄𝐻 7000

0.286
𝑒=
100

𝑒 = 28.6

Result:

 Efficiency, 𝑒 = 28.6

Source: http://www.google.com/amp/s/physics.gurumuda.net/heat-engine-application-
of-the-second-law-of-thermodynamics-problems-and-solutions_htm

9. A heat engine has an efficiency of 30%. If the engine produces 10000 joules of
mechanical work. How much heat is discharged as waste heat from this engine?

Given:

30
Efficiency 𝑒 = 30% = 100 = 0.3
𝑊 = 3000 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

Find:

 Heat Output, 𝑄𝐿
 Solution:

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 (𝑄𝐿 ) = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 (𝑄𝐻 ) − 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒 (𝑊)

𝑄𝐿 = 10000 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 − 3000 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

𝑄𝐿 = 7000 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

Result:

 Heat Output, 𝑄𝐿 = 7000 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

Source: http://www.google.com/amp/s/physics.gurumuda.net/heat-engine-application-
of-the-second-law-of-thermodynamics-problems-and-solutions_htm

10. The rest of the Universe must have an entropy change of +8.0 J/K, or more.

Given:

𝑒𝑐 = 0.300
𝑇𝑐 = 573 𝐾

Find:

 Entropy change of +8.0J/K, or more.

Solution:

𝑇𝑐
𝑒𝑐 = 1 −
𝑇ℎ

573 𝐾
0.300 = 1 −
𝑇ℎ

𝑇ℎ = 819 𝐾 = 546℃

Result:

 𝑇ℎ = 546℃

Source: (PDF) Chapter 22Serway6e.pdf