ABSTRACT

The purpose of this experiment is to obtain the value of modulus elasticity of three different
beams which are mild steel, aluminum and brass by method of deflection. Various loads were
applied on both ends of the beams. When a beam is supported at two different points and loads
were applied on the beam, we can mathematically determine the deflection that occurs on the
beam . When we have identified the deflection of beam, we also can determine the Young’s
Modulus (modulus of elasticity) of the material used in the experiment. Graph of load versus
distance were plotted based on the recorded results.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF TABLE .................................................................................................................................. 3

LIST OF FIGURE ................................................................................................................................ 4

INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................. 5

THEORY ............................................................................................................................................... 6

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL ........................................................................................................ 7

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES ................................................................................................... 9

RESULT .............................................................................................................................................. 10

DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................................... 15

CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 19

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 23

APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................................... 24

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LIST OF TABLE

Table 1: Table for details on materials used for the experiment

MATERIAL LENGTH HEIGHT WIDTH

BRASS 1000 6.52 20

ALUMINIUM 1005 6.8 19.3

MILD STEEL 1000 4.28 20.24

Table 2: Table of the apparatus used during the experiment

No Name of apparatus

1 Brass, Aluminium and mild steel specimen

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LIST OF FIGURE

No Title Page

1 Figure 1

2 Figure 2

3 Figure 3

4 Figure 4

5 Figure 5

6 Figure 6

7 Figure 7

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INTRODUCTION

Bending characterizes the behaviour of a slender structural element subjected to an external

Figure 1

It is a flexible process by which many have a different shapes can be produced. Standard die
sets are used to produce a wide variety of shapes. The material is placed on the die, and
positioned in place with stops and gages. It is held in place with hold-downs. The upper part of
the press, the ram with the appropriately shaped punch descends and usually forms the v-shaped
bend.

Usually the specimen is subject to pure bending. This means that the shear force is zero, and
that no torsional or axial loads are present. The material is isotropic and homogeneous. The
material obeys Hooke's law that it is linearly elastic and will not deform plastically .The beam
is initially straight with a cross section that is constant throughout the beam length.

In the Euler-Bernoulli theory of slender beams, a major assumption is that 'plane sections
remain plane'. In other words, any deformation due to shear across the section is not accounted
for no shear deformation. And this linear distribution is only applicable if the maximum stress
is less than the yield stress of the material. For stresses that exceed yield refer to article plastic.
At yield, the maximum stress experienced in the section at the furthest points from the neutral
axis of the beam is defined as the flexural strength

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THEORY

A beam deforms and stresses develop inside it when a transverse load is applied on it. The
beam theory is used in the design and analysis of a wide range of structures, from buildings to
bridges to the load-bearing bones of the human body.

Assumptions:

 Plane sections of the beam, originally plane, remain plane.

 The material of the beam is homogeneous and obeys Hooke’s law.

 The beam is initially straight and of constant cross-section.

This experiment is about studying the effect of force of different magnitude on the bending
stresses in a beam. Bending stresses are produce in a beam when an external force is applied
on the beam and produce deflection in the beam. Bending stresses main depends on the shape
of beam, length of beam and magnitude of the force applied on the beam. In order to calculate
the bending stresses in the beam following formula can be used

𝜎 𝑀 𝐸
= =𝑅
𝑦 𝐼

Here
E is the Young’s Modulus (GPa)
M is the bending moment
y is the beam max deflection (m)
I is the second moment of inertia of beam
R is radius of curvature of the bent beam

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APPARATUS AND MATERIAL

1. Mild Steel, Aluminium & Brass

Figure 2

2. Ruler

Figure 3

3. Weight 1N

Figure 4

4. Vernier Caliper

Figure 5

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5. Cantilever Beam Setup

Figure 6

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

1. The dimensions (width,height,length) of the mild steel beam were measured and
recorded.
2. The center point of mild steel was set up.
3. The hangars were put at both ends of the beam
4. Hangars must be placed between 100mm-150mm from the peak.
5. The distance was marked and have to be same for each end as in Figure 7.

Figure 7

6. The Universal magnetic Stand was placed at the centre of the beam.
7. Let the dial gauge touched the steel.
8. The gauge was set to zero
9. The load holders was hang
10. The gauge was set again to zero
11. Slotted in the weight. Starting with 2N for every end.
12. The value of dial gauge was recorded.
13. Increase the weight until 16N for each end.
14. The step 1-14 was repeated by using Brass and Aluminium.

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RESULT

10
DISCUSSION

15
CONCLUSION

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REFERENCES

1. Green Mechanics (2017, Feb 12). Bending Stresses in Beam Lab Report.
Retrieved from
https://www.green-mechanic.com/2017/02/bending-stresses-in-beam-lab-report.html
2. Ultimate Load of a Beam Under Pure Bending. Retrieved from
http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/masundi/projects/Lab-Projects/M312-Report1.pdf
3. IIT Roorkee, NPTEL (2009, DEC 31). Simple Bending Theory or Theory for Initially
Straight Beam. Retrieved from
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112107146/24

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APPENDICES

ElasticModulus
Elastic modulus is the mechanical property of material which is the ratio of tensile stress and
strain. Greater the value of the elastic modulus stiffer the material is and lower value of elastic
modulus means the material deflect a lot at small stresses.

Stress – Strain Relations:

The Hooke's Law states that within the elastic limits the stress is proportional to the strain
since for most materials it is impossible to describe the entire stress – strain curve with simple
mathematical expression, in any given problem.

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