Submitted To:

Sir Abdullah Sandhu

Submitted By:
Maria Ali
Roll No.:
16TC01
Subject:
Wireless Communications
Class:
7th Semester
Telecommunications Engineering

Assignment 1
 History of Wireless and Mobile Communications

Wireless Communications:
Wireless communications is a type of data communication that is performed and delivered
wirelessly. This is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and
communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless
communication technologies and devices.
Wireless communication generally works through electromagnetic signals that are broadcast by an
enabled device within the air, physical environment or atmosphere. The sending device can be a
sender or an intermediate device with the ability to propagate wireless signals. The communication
between two devices occurs when the destination or receiving intermediate device captures these
signals, creating a wireless communication bridge between the sender and receiver device.
Wireless communication has various forms, technology and delivery methods.
Wireless Communication can be classified into three eras.

 Pioneer Era (Till 1920)

 Pre Cellular Era(1920-1979)
 Cellular Era (beyond 1979)

Mobile Communications:
Mobile Communication is an application of wireless communications. It is the use of technology
that allows us to communicate with others in different locations without the use of any physical
connection. There are following advantages of mobile communication:

o Flexibility: Wireless communication enables the people to communicate with each other
regardless of location. There is no need to be in an office or some telephone booth in order
to pass and receive messages.
o Cost effectiveness: In wireless communication, there is no need of any physical
infrastructure (Wires or cables) or maintenance practice. Hence, the cost is reduced.
o Speed: Improvements can also be seen in speed. The network connectivity or the
accessibility was much improved in accuracy and speed.
o Accessibility: With the help of wireless technology easy accessibility to the remote areas
is possible. For example, in rural areas, online education is now possible. Educators or
students no longer need to travel to far-flung areas to teach their lessons.
o Constant connectivity: Constant connectivity ensures that people can respond to
emergencies relatively quickly. For example, a wireless device like mobile can ensure you
 a constant connectivity though you move from place to place or while you travel, whereas
a wired landline can't.

Simplex:

In simplex transmission mode, the communication between sender and receiver occurs in only one
direction. The sender can only send the data, and the receiver can only receive the data. The
receiver cannot reply to the sender.

Half Duplex:

The communication between sender and receiver occurs in both directions in half duplex
transmission, but only one at a time. The sender and receiver can both send and receive the
information, but only one is allowed to send at any given time.

Full Duplex:

In full duplex transmission mode, the communication between sender and receiver can occur
simultaneously. The sender and receiver can both transmit and receive at the same time.

History
Smoke Signals:
The use of Smoke signals has been reported from as far ago as 150 BC. Once humans leaned how
to light fire, they started using it for communication. The signals were mostly used to make the
others aware of the incoming enemies. Later on, people started adding different elements to the
fire to give fire different colors, so it can deliver multiple messages. Even nowadays, sailors are
taught few basic fire signals, to be used if stranded without any equipment.

Homing Pigeons:
Pigeons have the ability to remember the way back to home. Their ability allowed the humans to
use pigeons as the means for wireless communication. The first Air-mail system was designed
using a group of almost 45 pigeons.

Optical Telegraph:
In 1974 Claude Chappe invented Optical telegraphs. Thus for the first time, long-distance, wireless
communication was carried on by technical means. An optical telegraph is an early system of
conveying information by means of visual signals, using towers with pivoting shutters, also known
as blades or paddles. Information is encoded by the position of the mechanical elements; it is read
when the shutter is in a fixed position.
Average distance between the two telegraph stations was 10km but it could be increased up to
3kms across borders.

Telegraphs:
In mid-19th century, for the first time electric alphabets were invented, by using short and long
signals. These are commonly known as Morse code and are still used nowadays. Thus electricity
was used for the first time for data transmission.
With the discovery of radio waves, the concept of wireless communication met a radical change.
A dream was turned into reality. In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell gave the theory of electromagnetic
waves while Heinrich Hertz experimented and proved their physical existence. . After which in
1887, Heinrich Hertz
In 1896, Italian inventor, Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi invented wireless signaling. And
Through his experiments in wireless telegraphy he developed the first effective system of radio
communication. By 1901, he was successful in conducting the first across Atlantic transmission,
through wireless telegraphy between UK and Canada

Radio Speech Transmission:

Lee de Forest, in 1906, invented triode amplifier. Before the transmission basically consisted of
few alphabets, encoded by Morse code and transmitted in the form of distinct sounds. After the
invention of amplifiers, the first speech transmission occurred. The triode amplifier is considered
to be the first type of modern electronics invention. This gave a nice boost to the radio
communications.
The first major use of wireless telegraphy occurred when Titanic went down. Although 1500
people died, around 700 people were saved by the near-by vessels due to the distress signal
transmitted through wireless telegraphy.

World War I:
During the First World War, all of the above mentioned technologies were used extensively. While
advancements were made in the fields of cryptography and communications intelligence, intercept
technology.

Commercial Radio Broadcasting.

In 1920s Marconi, discovered the short waves with wavelength ranging between 10m – 100m.
Before this due to transmission on long waves, the transmission area was smaller while the
equipment was bulky and expensive. After the discovery of short waves, the equipment size and
required powered was reduced greatly. This led to the first commercial radio broadcast in
Pittsburgh.

Mobile Communications:
As the equipment became smaller, scientist started working on mobile communication. The first
outcome was the radio systems in police cars. As the system were still large enough to be carried
by the humans. Mobile radios slowly became common with the general public as well. During the
same time BBC began experimenting with television broadcasting.

Frequency Modulation:
"Static" interference – extraneous noises caused by sources such as thunderstorms and electrical
equipment – bedeviled early radio communication using amplitude modulation and perplexed
numerous inventors attempting to eliminate it. Many ideas for static elimination were investigated,
with little success. In 1933, Edwin Howard Armstrong, developed the first FM (Frequency
Modulation) radio.
In the late 1930s, as technical advances made it possible to transmit on higher frequencies, the
FCC investigated options for increasing the number of broadcasting stations, in addition to ideas
for better audio quality, known as "high-fidelity".

World War II:

During the Second World War, the direction of development shifted to more rapid, smaller and
efficient equipment. This helped in moving from simplex wireless communication to half-duplex
communications. During the war use of walkie-talkies became extremely common. Moreover a
rapid development was scene in the radio technology

Satellite Communication:
In 1962, the world's first active communications satellite, Telstar 1, was launched. This satellite
was built by Telesat's predecessors at AT&T and Bell Laboratories. During its seven months in
operation, Telstar 1 dazzled the world with live images of sports, entertainment and news. It was
a simple single-transponder low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite, but its technology of receiving radio
signals from the ground, and then amplifying and retransmitting them over a large portion of the
earth's surface, set the standard for all communications satellites that followed.

During the 1960s and 1970s, advances in satellite performance came quickly and a global industry
began to develop. Satellites were mainly used at first for international and long-haul telephone
traffic and distribution of select television programming, both internationally and domestically. In
1973 the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation began distributing its video programming to
Canadian customers using Telesat’s Anik A satellite. Then in 1975 HBO began distributing its
video programming to US customers by satellite. The commercial and technical success of these
ventures led to a greater use and acceptance of satellite broadcasting. By the 1990s, satellite
communications would be the primary means of distributing TV programs around the world.

Mobile Cell Phones:

Historically, growth in the mobile communications field has come slowly, and has been coupled
closely to technological improvements. In, 1946 first mobile public telephone service was
introduced in 25 major US cities. The cell phones were FM based pushed to talk, Half-duplex
phones.
Bell laboratories developed the cellular concept in 1960s and 1970s. Highly reliable, miniature,
solid state radio frequency hardware was developed in 1970s.Thus the true Wireless era was born.
It was said that “the future will be tied to radio spectrum allocation and regulatory decisions.”
Initially large RF bandwidth was used due to difficulty in mass producing tight RF filters and low
noise front-end receiver amplifiers. In 1950, more mobile telephone channels were introduced but
no new frequency allocations. This was possible as the new technology allowed bandwidth to
reduce by half. By mid 1960s it reduced to one-fourth of original bandwidth.
In 1964, the first full-duplex wireless systems were introduced. First automatic 150 MHz service
called MJ. Free channel was automatically assigned and customers could do their own dialing.

Cordless phones:
A cordless telephone or portable telephone is a telephone in which the handset is portable and
communicates with the body of the phone by radio, instead of being attached by a cord. The base
station is connected to the telephone network through a telephone line as a corded telephone is,
and also serves as a charger to charge the handset's batteries. The range is limited, usually to the
same building or some short distance from the base station. A cordless telephone differs from
a mobile telephone by the limited range and by the base station on the subscriber premises.
Cellular Era:
To overcome the constraints of bandwidth scarcity and to give coverage to larger sections, BELL
lab introduced the principle of Cellular concept. By frequency reuse technique this method
delivered better coverage, better utility of available frequency spectrum and reduced transmitter
power. But the established calls are to be handed over between base stations while the phones are
on move.

Generations of Cellular Network:

1G Cellular Networks:
“1G” refers to the first automated analog cellular networks around the world. 1G was first deployed
in Tokyo in 1979. In North America, the first 1G network was called the Advanced Mobile Phone
System, or AMPS. This network suffered from some major security issues. The network was
unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping using a basic scanner.

2G Cellular Networks:
2G cellular networks started to emerge in the 1990s along with the second generation of mobile
devices. This is where European and American networks started to split apart and compete against
one another. In Europe, the European-developed GSM standard reigned supreme. In the United
States, American carriers favored CDMA. Both of these systems used digital transmission
technologies instead of analog. This came with advantages like better security and faster
networking.
2G also allowed for basic SMS communication. The world’s first SMS text message was sent in
Finland in 1993.

1993’s IBM Simon: The First Smartphone?:

The first smartphone was probably released earlier than you expected: many call 1993’s IBM
Simon the world’s first smartphone.

Compared to today’s standards, the world’s first smartphone looked pretty stupid: it was a calendar,
address book, clock, notepad, PDA, email service, QWERTY keyboard, and touchscreen all rolled
into one. It also featured a stylus and predictive typing. It even had apps!

The phone sold moderately well across the United States, selling 50,000 units between August
1994 and February 1995.

3G Cellular Networks:
The main advantage of moving from 2G to 3G was that 3G used packet switching instead of circuit
switching to transmit data. This allowed for faster data transmission speeds (2 Mbit/s data rates,
for example). This opened the door for media streaming over mobile networks. For the first time,
mobile devices were fast enough to support online video and music streaming.

4G and the Introduction of Native IP Networks:

4G’s main improvement over 3G technology was its data-optimization, which promises to offer
speeds up to 10 times faster than existing 3G technologies. Two different 4G technologies were
developed, including the WiMAX standard and the more popular LTE standard.

5G:
The 5G network is yet to be released but is widely anticipated by the mobile industry. Many
experts claim that the network will change not just how we use our mobiles, but how we connect
our devices to the internet. The improved speed and capacity of the network will signal new IoT
trends, such as connected cars, smart cities and IoT in the home and office.

Wireless Internet:
The first professional wireless network was developed under the brand ALOHAnet in 1969 at the
University of Hawaii and became operational in June 1971. The first commercial wireless network
was the WaveLAN product family, developed by NCR in 1986.

 1973 – Ethernet 802.3

 1991 – 2G cell phone network
 June 1997 – 802.11 "Wi-Fi" protocol first release
 1999 – 803.11 VoIP integration