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2016 Trial Examination

Letter
STUDENT
NUMBER

BIOLOGY
Unit 2 – Written examination

Reading time: 15 minutes

Writing time: 1 hour and 30 minutes

QUESTION & ANSWER BOOK

Structure of book
Section Number of Number of questions Number of
questions to be answered marks

A 25 25 25
B 5 5 50

Total 75

 Students are permitted to bring into the examination room: pens, pencils, highlighters,
erasers, sharpeners and rulers
 Students are NOT permitted to bring into the examination room: blank sheets of paper
and/or white out liquid/tape.
 No calculator is permitted in this examination.

Materials supplied
 Question and answer book of 22 pages.

Instructions
 Print your name in the space provided on the top of this page.
 All written responses must be in English.

Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised
electronic communication devices into the examination room.
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SECTION A – Multiple-choice questions

Instructions for Section A

Select the response that is correct for the question.
A correct answer scores 1, an incorrect answer scores 0.
Marks are not deducted for incorrect answers.
If more than 1 answer is completed for any question, no mark will be given.

Question 1
Which of the following statements relates to binary fission? It:

A. Occurs in the nucleus

B. Creates haploid cells
C. Occurs during fertilisation
D. Involves DNA replication

Question 2
Which of the following statements refers to alleles? They:

A. Have the same triplet sequences in the same order as each other
B. Are not present in homozygotes
C. Are codes for creating carbohydrates
D. Are versions of genes

Question 3
A red flowered plant was crossed with a white flowered plant. All of the offspring had red
flowers. These offspring were then crossed to another red plant of unknown genotype. Both red
flowered and white flowered plants were produced. The second cross was most likely:

A. RR x Rr
B. RR x rr
C. Rr x Rr
D. RR x RR

Question 4
Which of the following relates to circular chromosomes? They:

A. Are found in the nucleus

B. Are a component of ribosomes
C. Are made up of sequences of nucleotides
D. Are replicated in mitosis

SECTION A – continued

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Question 5
A male with a copy of a gene for a trait that is coded for by a Y linked gene:

A. Must have a mother who is a carrier for the trait

B. Will pass on the trait to half of his sons
C. Must have a grandfather with the trait
D. Will have sisters who are carriers

Question 6
Variation in gametes is a feature of:

A. Budding
B. Vegetative reproduction
C. Binary fission
D. Meiosis

Question 7
In humans the embryonic stage of development:

A. Occurs between the second and eighth weeks after fertilisation

B. Occurs after the development of organs
C. Produces the zygote
D. Occurs after the development of the foetus

Question 8
The complete sequence of base pairs in an individual makes up the:

A. Genome
B. Karyotype
C. Chromosomes
D. Proteome

Question 9
Different species with the same number of chromosomes:

A. Have the same amount of DNA

B. Have the same number of base pairs
C. Have chromosomes with different base sequences
D. Have the identical genes

SECTION A – continued
TURN OVER

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Question 10
Polygenic traits are those that:

A. Are controlled by more than one gene

B. Typically show discrete variation
C. Are controlled by single genes with multiple alleles
D. Are not influenced by environmental factors

Question 11
Which of the following statements relates to linked genes? They:

A. May be separated during metaphase of mitosis

B. Are homozygous
C. Occur more frequently in females
D. Are found on the same chromosome

Question 12
In female mammals meiosis:

A. Results in the production of four egg cells

B. Produces an egg containing a mixture of maternal and paternal chromosomes
C. Produces a single diploid cell
D. Results in 50% of the egg cells carrying an X chromosome

Question 13
The genotype of XXY could have arisen from

A. The fertilisation of an egg by a sperm cell carrying two X chromosomes

B. Non-disjunction in the male or female
C. The failure of the sex chromosomes to separate during mitosis
D. Non disjunction in the male only

Question 14
In humans the X chromosome:

A. Contains a larger number of genes than the Y chromosome

B. Contains similar genes to the Y chromosome
C. Is present only in the female
D. Is smaller than the Y chromosome

SECTION A – continued

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Question 15
A breeder wished to determine if a cat with a black, short coat was homozygous for both traits. A
cross was carried out with a pure breeding white, long haired cat. The resultant offspring were all
black with long coats. It was not known which traits were dominant or recessive.

This result suggests that

A. The white cat was heterozygous for both traits
B. The black cat is homozygous for both traits
C. The black cat is heterozygous for coat colour
D. The dominant traits are having a black coat and having long fur

Question 16
Another breeder suggested that based on these results it was possible to conclude the genotype of
the black cat for one of the traits and the genotype of the white cat for the other trait. The correct
genotypes are

A. The white cat is bb and the black cat ll

B. The white cat is BB and the black cat LL
C. The white cat is Bb and the black cat is Ll
D. The white cat is LL and the black cat is ll

Question 17
The type of cross carried out in question 16 is called a

A. Monohybrid cross
B. Test cross
C. Dihybrid cross
D. Wildtype cross

Question 18
A test cross involves breeding a suspected homozygote to another individual that is:

A. Homozygous recessive
B. Heterozygous
C. Homozygous recessive
D. Wildtype

Question 19
Cloning is a useful technique in agriculture. An advantage of cloning is that it:

A. Creates more seeds

B. Ensures all individuals have the desired traits
C. Increases genetic recombination
D. Utilises sexual reproduction

SECTION A – continued
TURN OVER

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Question 20
Genes are:

A. Codes for proteins

B. Versions of alleles
C. Not found in prokaryotes
D. Unchanging

Question 21
DNA is made up of

A. pairs of alleles
B. a single strand of bases
C. pairs of bases
D. cells

Question 22
Prokaryotic reproduction is:

A. slower than sexual reproduction

B. faster than mitosis
C. a form of mitosis
D. a form of sexual reproduction

Question 23
Down’s Syndrome is a condition resulting from:

A. a mutation that occurs during the cell cycle failure

B. an individual inheriting an extra copy of a sex chromosome
C. an individual inheriting an extra copy of an autosome
D. a mutation occurring in a gene sequence

Question 24
Turner’s syndrome occurs in females. It is similar to Kleinfelter’s syndrome in that both:

A. involve missing genes

B. involve autosomes
C. involve missing chromosomes
D. involve sex chromosomes

SECTION A – continued

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Question 25
Epigenetics is a field that is rapidly growing. Epigenetics involves the study of
A. Changes in gene sequences
B. Mutations
C. Inherited changes in gene expression
D. Chromosomal abnormalities

END OF SECTION A
TURN OVER

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SECTION B - Short-answer questions

Instructions for Section B

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

Question 1 (8 marks)
All organisms undergo cell division. In eukaryotes the phases of the cell cycle are denoted by
several key events.

a. Examine the graph below. It shows the relative amount of DNA at the end of each phase of
one complete cell cycle, including each of the phases of interphase and mitosis. Below the
graph is a photograph of a cell at a particular stage of the cycle. Mark with an arrow the bar
on the graph that would correspond to the stage of this cell.
1 mark

SECTION B – Question 1 - continued

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b. Which of the stages, a to h, would correspond to the end of the S phase? Explain your choice.

2 marks

c. Describe the events that occur during the next phase in the cell cycle after the phase shown in
the photo.

1 mark

d. Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by unregulated cell division. Cancers can be

triggered by factors in the environment. Such factors are called mutagens. Explain why they
are given this name.

1 mark

SECTION B – Question 1 - continued

TURN OVER

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e. Give an example of a mutagen

1 mark

f. Sometimes people have a genetic predisposition to a particular cancer. What does this mean?

1 mark

g. Explain why someone with a genetic predisposition to a condition may not develop that
condition.

1 mark

Question 2 (17 marks)

a. Gametes are produced by the process of meiosis. Examine the diagram below.

SECTION B – Question 2 - continued

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What phase of meiosis is shown in the diagram?

1 mark
b. Describe the event that is occurring in the diagram.

1 mark

c. A process in the cell cycle stage immediately before the one shown in the diagram
contributes to variation in the. Give the name of this process and explain how it leads to
variation.

2 marks

d. Circle a pair of homologous chromosomes in the diagram on the previous page.

1 mark

SECTION B – Question 2 - continued

TURN OVER

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e. Explain why a pair of chromosomes are said to be homologous.

1 mark

f. The chromosomes shown in the diagram differ from those found in the somatic cells of the
individual. Explain how this is possible, and name the process involved.

2 marks

SECTION B – Question 2 - continued

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g. Below is a diagram of chromosomes from a lion.

What is this type of diagram called?

__________________________________________________________________________
1 mark

h. What is the gender of the lion? Explain your answer.

1 mark

i. What is the haploid number of the lion?

1 mark

j. How many autosomes are shown in the diagram?

1 mark

SECTION B – Question 2 - continued

TURN OVER

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k. What is the origin of each of the chromosome pairs in this individual?

1 mark

l. Historically cat chromosomes have been grouped together according to size and the position
of the centromere. What is the importance of the centromere in cell division?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
1 mark

SECTION B – Question 2 - continued

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m. Describe three key differences between mitosis and meiosis

3 marks

SECTION B –continued
TURN OVER

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Question 3 (10 marks)

Glycogen storage disorders are metabolic disorders that affect the ability of cells to metabolise
glycogen. There are several different forms of this disease, each the result of a different genetic
mutation. One form of the disease is glycogen storage disorder IV. In cats the gene for this
disorder is found on chromosome C2. The disorder has very detrimental effects, and it is
frequently fatal.

a. Examine the pedigree below. Determine the mode of inheritance of glycogen storage
disorder IV. Explain your response using evidence from the chart. The generations are
assigned Roman numerals on the left, and individuals are labelled from 1 to 11.

I 1 2

5 6 7
II 3 4

III 9
8 10 11

2 marks

SECTION B- Question 3- continued

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b. Explain why other modes of inheritance were discounted as being possible. Use the evidence
in the chart to justify your response.

3 marks

SECTION B – Question 3 - continued

TURN OVER

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c. A female cat that is heterozygous for the condition is mated to the male cat from the first
generation (individual 1). Determine the expected genotype and phenotype ratios of the
offspring of this mating. Show all working in your answer.

3 marks

d. Explain why a test cross would be difficult to perform for this condition.

1 mark

SECTION B- Question 3- continued

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e. What other method could be used by a breeder to determine if a cat was a carrier for the
condition?

1 mark

Question 4 (8 marks)
a. Following fertilisation the inner cell mass of the blastocyst forms. This contains stem cells.
What property do these type of stem cells possess, and what name is given to this property?

2 marks

b. Three distinct layers of cells form during the prenatal development of humans. Complete the
table below to show the types of tissue that each germ layer goes on to form. Name the layer
and give an example of the type of tissue that will form from it,

Layer Types of Tissue

3 marks

SECTION B – Question 4 - continued

TURN OVER

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c. The stem cells of embryos and adults differ in their properties. Identify one difference
between embryonic and adult stem cells. Explain how this difference affects the potential
uses of adult stem cells in therapeutic procedures.

2 marks

Question 5 (8 marks)
Genetic technologies are having a large impact in agriculture and horticulture. Cloning is one
technique that is widely used in both animal and plant breeding.

a. Define the term clone.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
1 mark

SECTION B- Question 5- continued

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b. Cloning creates new individuals in a way that resembles asexual reproduction. What is a
potential disadvantage of cloning in agriculture?

1 mark

c. The Human Genome Project has provided a vast amount of information that is now being
used in a great many ways. What was the aim of the Human Genome Project ?

1 mark

d. What information did the Human Genome Project not provide, that is now being worked on?

1 mark

SECTION B – Question 5 - continued

TURN OVER

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e. Describe one way in which the information from the project could be used.

1 mark

f. Describe an ethical concern associated with the use of information from the Human Genome
Project.

1 mark

g. Genetic technologies have also enabled biologists to determine relationships amongst

different species. State the type of information that is used to do this, and how it is possible
to determine relatedness from that information.

2 marks
END OF QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

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