Assignment 1

Name : Mohd Alimin Bin Mohd Anni

Matric ID : MA17156
Section : 03

Explain and show the example of each variable:

Temperature

 Definition
A sensor to collect data about temperature from a particular source and converts the data
into the understandable form of data that can be read and analyze.

 Unit
Kelvin (K) or Celsius (C0)

 Sensor that can be employed

Thermocouple, Thermistor and Resistor Temperature Detector (RTD).

 Sensitivity of the sensor

Thermocouple.
The measurement of the temperature sensor is all about the hotness or coolness of an object.
The working base of the sensor is the changing of the voltage. This sensor consists of two
different metals opened and closed. When this two metal produce voltage, then the thermal
difference exists between the two metal. When the temperature goes up, the output voltage
of the thermocouple also increases.

 Research and the way sensor is utilized in industry

This sensor that can measure the temperature are widely used in process industry and also
the laboratory. Exact measurement are needed for many applications such as medical
applications, materials research in labs, studies electronic or electrical components,
biological research and geological studies. There are many type of sensor to measure the
temperature, and all of them have one common function but each of them are operated in
different principle.
Voltage

 Definition
A voltage sensor is an instrument that can determine, monitor and can measure the supply
of voltage. It can measure AC level or DC voltage level.

 Unit
Volt (V)
 Sensor that can be employed
Capacitive Voltage sensor and Resistive Voltage Sensor.

 Sensitivity of the sensor

For the capacitive voltage sensor, its contain a two conductor or simply two plates and in
between this plates, a non-conductor is kept. That non-conducting material is termed as
dielectric. When an AC voltage is provided across these plates, current will start to pass
owing to either the attraction or the repulsion of electrons by means of the voltage present
on the opposite plate. The field among the plates will create a complete AC circuit without
any hardware connection

 Research and the way sensor is utilized in industry

Advantages of using this type of sensor will bring many benefit to industry since this sensor
can work as power failure or fault detection, load sensing, safety sensing, temperature
control and power demand control. This advantages will makes the industry to troubleshoot
in case of power failure in industry.

Length
 Definition
This type of sensor can be used to measure distances and height,

 Unit
Meter (m)
 Sensor that can be employed
Lasers sensor, LED sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, Contact sensors and Eddy current sensors.

 Sensitivity of the sensor

The OLM sensors' camera-based system determines the current position based on a
mounted bar code tape. This acts as a reference point against which the OLM sensor can
position itself accurately, depending on variants, over a length of up to 10 km and as little
as 0.15 mm, regardless of whether the product travel path is in a straight line or curved.
  Research and the way sensor is utilized in industry
Length sensor will bring many benefit to industry which is
1. A physical quantity of an object can be measured.
A Displacement Sensor measures and detects changes (displacement) in a physical
quantity. The Sensor can measure the height, width, and thickness of an object by
determining the amount of displacement of that object.
A Measurement Sensor measures the position and dimensions of an object.

Current
 Definition
A current sensor is a device that detects electric current in a wire, and generates a signal
proportional to that current.

 Unit
Ampere (amps)

 Sensor that can be employed

Hall Effect sensor, Transformer or current clamp, Fluxgate transformer type.

 Sensitivity of the sensor

The generated signal could be analog voltage or current or even a digital output. The
generated signal can be then used to display the measured current in an ammeter, or can
be stored for further analysis in a data acquisition system, or can be used for the purpose
of control.
The sensed current and the output signal can be:
Alternating current input,
- Analog output, which duplicates the wave shape of the sensed current.
- Bipolar output, which duplicates the wave shape of the sensed current.
- Unipolar output, which is proportional to the average or RMS value of the sensed
Current.

Direct current input,

- Unipolar, with a unipolar output, which duplicates the wave shape of the sensed current
Digital output, which switches when the sensed current exceeds a certain threshold

 Research and the way sensor is utilized in industry

Current sensing is an essential function in end uses ranging from safety-critical automotive
and industrial applications to handheld devices, where determining power and efficiency
are vital. Precision current monitoring allows designers to obtain critical information (such
as motor torque, based on motor current) or diagnostic information. When even small
changes in current can be detected it can lead to avoiding costly repairs and mechanical
problems before they occur. This article has examined several types of current-sensing
technologies and looked at some example devices. For more information on the products
discussed here, use the links provided to access product information pages on the Digi-Key
website.
Force
 Definition
A force gauge (also force meter) is a measuring instrument used to measure forces.

 Unit
Newton (N).

 Sensor that can be employed

Digital gauge: load cell.

 Sensitivity of the sensor

A load cell is an electronic device that is used to convert a force into an electrical signal.
Through a mechanical arrangement, the force being sensed deforms a strain gauge. The
strain gauge converts the deformation (strain) to electrical signals. The software and
electronics of the force gauge convert the voltage of the load cell into a force value that is
displayed on the instrument.

 Research and the way sensor is utilized in industry

- Spring testing
- Metal wire testing
- Bursting strength testing of cardboards
- Weld force between electrodes
- Gun trigger testing

Displacement
 Definition
A Displacement Sensor is a device that measures the distance between the sensor and an
object by detecting the amount of displacement through a variety of elements and
converting it into a distance. Depending on what element is used, there are several types of
sensors, such as optical displacement sensors, linear proximity sensors, and ultrasonic
displacement sensors

 Unit
Meter (m).
 Sensor that can be employed.
Optical displacement sensors.

 Sensitivity of the sensor

Triangulation Measurement Method
These sensors use a triangulation measurement system. Some sensors employ a PSD, and
others employ a CMOS (CCD) as the light receiving element.
PSD Method
Light from the light source is condensed by the lens and directed onto the object.
Light reflected from the object is condensed onto a one-dimensional position sensing
device (PSD)* by the receiving lens. If the position of the object (the distance to the
 measuring device) changes, the image formation positions on the PSD will differ and the
balance of the two PSD outputs will change. If the two outputs are A and B, calculate
A/(A + B) and use appropriate values for the span coefficient "k" and the offset "C" as
shown below.

 Research and the way sensor is utilized in industry

Acceleration
 Definition
Accelerometers are devices which are used to measure or sense changes in velocity.
Accelerometers are designed to be used over specific temperature and frequency ranges,
as well their orientation relative to the change in velocity being measured.

 Unit
Meter per second squared (ms-2).

 Sensor that can be employed

Accelerometer.

 Sensitivity of the sensor

The design of an accelerometer is based on the application of physics phenomenon. In
aviation, accelerometers are based on the properties of rotating masses. In the world of
industry, however, the design is based on a combination of Newton's law of mass
acceleration and Hooke's law of spring action. This is the most common design applied to
the making of accelerometers, and therefore, in this wiki page I will focus on explaining
the accelerometer's working principle based on this combination of Newton's law and
Hooke's law.

 Research and the way sensor is utilized in industry.

Accelerometers are also used for machinery health monitoring to report the vibration and
its changes in time of shafts at the bearings of rotating equipment such as turbines, pumps,
fans, rollers, compressors, or bearing fault which, if not attended to promptly, can lead to
costly repairs. Accelerometer vibration data allows the user to monitor machines and detect
these faults before the rotating equipment fails completely. Vibration monitoring programs
are utilized in industries such as automotive manufacturing, machine tool applications,
pharmaceutical production, power generation and power plants, pulp and paper, sugar
mills, food and beverage production, water and wastewater, hydropower, petrochemical
and steel manufacturing.
Pressure
 Definition
An instrument consisting of a pressure sensitive element to determine the actual pressure
applied to the sensor (using different working principle) and some components to convert
this information into an output signal.

 Unit
Pascal (Pa), Bar (bar) and psi.

 Sensor that can be employed.

Strain gauge based pressure sensors, capacitive pressure sensors, Piezo resistive pressure
sensors.

 Sensitivity of the sensor

Use a pressure sensitive element where metal strain gauges are glued on or thin film gauges
are applied on by sputtering. This measuring element can either be a diaphragm or for metal
foil gauges measuring bodies in can-type can also be used. The big advantages of this
monolithic can-type design are an improved rigidity and the capability to measure highest
pressures of up to 15,000 bar. The electrical connection is normally done via a Wheatstone
bridge which allows for a good amplification of the signal and precise and constant
measuring results.

 Research and the way sensor is utilized in industry

Manufacturing industry applications for MEMS pressure sensors continue to increase
based on the need for more tightly controlled processes with their associated quality control
requirements. Increased monitoring of pressure and/or vacuum can detect the need for
equipment maintenance prior to untimely failures that cause excessive downtime and
increase manufacturing costs. In addition to general instrumentation requiring static
measurements, pressure sensors play an increasing role in applications such as: bottle and
equipment leak detection, Variable Air Volume (VAV) systems, air blades, compressed air
pressure monitoring, industrial flow monitoring, filter pressure monitoring, duct air flow,
gas detection, pneumatic controls, mine safety instrumentation, industrial degassers, and
suction check in pick and place applications such as the printed circuit boards and
semiconductor process equipment.

Velocity
 Definition
Measure the linear velocity of an object using either contact or noncontact technique.

 Unit
Meter per second (ms-1).
 Sensor that can be employed
Radar based liner velocity and potentiometer.
  Sensitivity of the sensor
Radar-based linear velocity sensors emit a radar wave, which is reflected by surface and
returned to sensor. Speed is determined by measuring frequency difference (Doppler
Effect). For strain gauge devices, strain-sensitive variable resistors are bonded to parts of
the structure, which deforms when making the measurement. Typically, strain gauges are
used as elements in a Wheatstone bridge circuit, which is used to make the measurement.
Ultrasonic linear velocity sensors emit an ultrasonic pulse, which is reflected by surface
and returned to sensor. Speed is determined by measuring frequency difference.

 Research and the way sensor is utilized in industry

Advantages of this sensor can be utilized by the industry since this type of sensor able to
measure multi-axis measurement, vehicular or transportation applications, intrinsically
safe (IS) construction. Linear velocity sensors also provide additional measurement of
diameter, direction, distance or displacement, flow, length, thickness, angle and vibration.

Frequency
 Definition
An equipment to measure the frequency.

 Unit
Hertz (Hz)

 Sensor that can be employed

DARE’s frequency sensor.

 Sensitivity of the sensor

Most sensors have a linear transfer function. The sensitivity is then defined as the ratio
between the output signal and measured property. For example, if a sensor measures
temperature and has a voltage output, the sensitivity is a constant with the units [V/K].
The sensitivity is the slope of the transfer function.

 Research and the way sensor is utilized in industry

Used in aircraft, ground support equipment (GSE), ground power applications, and other
military and industrial applications, DARE frequency sensors, monitors, and frequency
sensing relays will protect equipment that is sensitive to fluctuations in power line
frequency from damage due to over and / or under frequency conditions.

When the power line frequency is within the specified limits, the output of the frequency
monitor will energize. When the frequency is over or under or outside the specified
frequency range, the output relay of the frequency sensor will de-energize.
Time
 Definition
A sensor to measure time interval from to millisecond range at a resolution of better than
10ps

 Unit
Second (s).

 Sensor that can be employed

Time-to-Digital Converts (TDC)
- TDC GPX
- TDC GPX 2
- AAS6501

 Sensitivity of the sensor

Measure the time interval between two signal pulses (start and stop pulse) should be
determined. Measurement is started and stopped, when either the rising or the falling edge
of a signal pulse crosses a set threshold.

 Research and the way sensor is utilized in industry

These requirements are fulfilled in many physical experiments, like time-of-flight and
lifetime measurements in atomic and high energy physics, experiments that involve laser
ranging and electronic research involving the testing of integrated circuits and high-speed
data transfer.

Light
 Definition
Device for measuring the intensity or brightness of light.

 Unit
Ω.

 Sensor that can be employed

Photoresistors.

 Sensitivity of the sensor

Photoresistors, also called light detecting resistors (LDR) are made from cadmium sulfide
(CdS) cells that are sensitive to visible and near infrared light. The resistance of a CdS cell
varies inversely with the amount of light incident upon it – bright light causes a low
resistance between the two leads of the cell while low light results in a higher resistance.
When a photoresistor is placed in a voltage-divider circuit, proportional changes in light
intensity can be measured with the Vernier Analog Breadboard Cable.
 Research and the way sensor is utilized in industry
The advantages of this light sensor will bring many benefits to the industry, since this
sensor can:
Build a sensor to measure changes in light intensity
Build a voltage-divider circuit with a photoresistor
Use a Vernier Analog Breadboard Cable to make the necessary connections between the
light sensor circuit and the lab interface
Convert voltage values to a proportional measure of light