Curriculum Vitae

PANKAJ M. KOINKAR
Associate Professor,
Optical Nanomaterials Laboratory,
Department of Optical Science,
Faculty of Science and Technology
Tokushima University
Tokushima 770 8506,
JAPAN
+ 81 90 1175 3911 (cellphone)
+ 81 88 656 9563 (Office)
e-mail : koinkar@tokushima-u.ac.jp

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth : 20th May 1975

Sex : Male
Nationality : Indian
Martial Status : Married
Languages Known : English, Marathi, Hindi, Japanese (primary level)
Present address : Minami Tamiya 1 Chome 4-37, Tokushima 770 0004
Tokushima, Japan
Permanent Address : Gauri Nandan, Brij Nagar , Old Saikheda Road,
Jail Road, Nashikroad, Nashik – 422 0011(M.S.), INDIA

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

1999- 2005 Ph.D. (Physics) at North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, INDIA

Thesis title - Field emission studies of CVD diamond thin films
Supervisor - Dr. M. A. More, University of Pune, Pune, INDIA

1995-1997 Master of Science at North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, INDIA,

Thesis - Field emission studies of Tungsten tip
Specialization - Physics with Material Science

1992-1995 Bachelor of Science at North Maharashtra University,Jalgaon, INDIA

Specialization - Physics

RESEARCH INTEREST

Experimental Physics Nanomaterials like Carbon nanotubes, 1D and 2D

semiconductors nanostructure, Conducting Polymer coatings,
Field electron emission, Laser ablation.
 EXPERIENCE

April 2016- Associate Professor at Department of Optical Science, Tokushima University

Till date JAPAN
research - Synthesis of 2D nanostructures and it’s surface
modification studies for optical and electrical
applications.
teaching - Technical English, Nano- micro Photonics,
Nanotechnology

April 2010 – Assistant Professor at Center for International Cooperation in Engineering

March 2016 Education, The University of Tokushima,
JAPAN.
research - Synthesis of Carbon nanotubes, CVD diamond films,
oxide nanomaterials and it’s surface modification
studies for electrical applications.
teaching - Technical English, Communication in Technical English

March 2007 – Researcher at Center for International Cooperation in

March 2010 Engineering Education, The University of Tokushima,
JAPAN
research - Synthesis of CVD diamond films and it’s surface
modification and it’s surface modification studies for
electrical and biomedical applications.
teaching - Basic English, Scientific English, and Research
Methodology and Improvement of Teaching in English

Oct.2005 Postdoctoral fellow at Korea University, Seoul, SOUTH KOREA

Sept.2006 research - Synthesis of Carbon nanotube and it’s
field emission properties

MAIN SKILLS

Materials - Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene, 1D and 2D Nanostructures,

Conjugated Polymers
Techniques/ Process - Laser Ablation, Microwave Plasma and Hot Filament Chemical
Vapor Deposition technique, Electrochemistry (Cyclic Voltammetry,
Galvanostaic, Potentiostatic), Vacuum Evaporation, Spray Pyrolysis,
Spin Coating
Spectroscopy - Vibrational (Infrared, UV-visible,Raman )
(Optical) - X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS)
Microscopy - Atomic force microscopy
(Surface) - Scanning electron microscopy
- Field Emission Microscopy (FEM)
Diffraction - X-ray diffraction on powder
(Structural )
Surface Treatments - Plasma, Oxide overlayer, Acid etching, Ion irradiation, .
Research Publications in Refereed Journals (SCI journals)

1. Manjusha Dandekar, Sangeeta Itankar, Subhash Kondawar, Deoram Nandanwar and

Pankaj M. Koinkar : Photoluminescent electrospun europium complex Eu(TTA)3phen
embedded polymer blends nanofibers, Optical Materials, Vol.85, 483-490, 2018.
2. Monali Bhute, Subhash Kondawar and Pankaj M. Koinkar : Fabrication of hybrid gel
nanobrous polymer electrolyte for lithium ion battery, International Journal of Modern
Physics B, Vol.32, No.19, 1840066-1-1840066-5, 2018.
3. Zixuan Chen, Tianyu Yu, Kyung-Seok Jung, Chang-wook Park, Soo-Jeong Park, Pankaj M.
Koinkar and Yun-Hae Kim : Effect of curing cycles using wet prepreg processing on
mechanical properties, International Journal of Modern Physics B, Vol.32, No.19,
1840076-1-1840076-5, 2018.
4. Pankaj M. Koinkar, Makoto Kanazawa, Yu Ohsumi, Akihiro Furube and Mahendra More :
Formation of WS2 nanosheets and its field emission studies, International Journal of
Modern Physics B, Vol.32, No.19, 1840078-1-1840078-5, 2018.
5. Atsushi Yamaguchi, Makoto Kanazawa, Pankaj M. Koinkar, Akihiro Furube, S.B.
Kondawar, Kei-ichiro Murai and Toshihiro Moriga : Production of boron nitride
nanostructures using nanosecond laser ablation in acetone,International Journal of
Modern Physics B, Vol.32, No.19, 1840073-1-1840073-4, 2018.
6. Makoto Kanazawa, Pankaj M. Koinkar, Akihiro Furube, Dnyaneshwar Gavhane and
Mahendra More : Enhancement in eld emission of MoS2 nanosheets prepared in water
using laser ablation method, International Journal of Modern Physics B, Vol.32, No.19,
1840064-1-1840064-5, 2018.
7. Pankaj M. Koinkar, Yu Ohsumi, Makoto Kanazawa, Akihiro Furube, Dnyaneshwar
Gavhane and Mahendra More : Field emission properties of laser ablated multi-walled
carbon nanotubes, International Journal of Modern Physics B, Vol.32, No.19, 1840045-1-
1840045-5, 2018.
8. Pankaj Kolhe, Alphana Shinde, S.G. Kulkarni, Namita Maiti, Pankaj M. Koinkar and
Kishor Sonawane : Gas sensing performance of Al doped ZnO thin film for H2S detection,
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol.748, 6-11, 2018.
9. Megha A. Deshmukh, Harshada Patil, Gajanan Bodkhe, Mikito Yasuzawa, Pankaj M.
Koinkar, Almira Ramnaviciene, Mahendra Shirsat and Arunas Ramnaviciene : EDTA-
modified PANI/SWNTs nanocomposite for differential pulse voltammetry based
determination of Cu(II) ions, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Vol.260, 331-338, 2018.
10. Yogita Mahant, Subhash Kondawar, Deoram Nandanwar and Pankaj M. Koinkar :
Poly(methyl methacrylate) reinforced poly(vinylidene fuoride) composites electrospun
nanofbrous polymer electrolytes as potential separator for lithium ion batteries,
Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Vol.7, No.2, 1-9, 2018.
11. Sikha Jindal, Sushma Girijapure, Subhash Kondawar and Pankaj M. Koinkar : Green
Synthesis of CuInS2/ZnS core-shell qunatum dos by facile solvothermal route with
enhanced optical properties, The Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Vol.114,
163-172, 2018.
12. Megha Deshmukh, Harshada Patil, Gajanan Bodkhe, Mikito Yasuzawa, Pankaj M.
Koinkar, Arunas Ramanavicius, Sadhna Pandey and Mahendra Shirsat : EDA modified
PANI/SWNTs nanocomposite for determination of Ni(II) metal ions, Colloids and
Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol.537, 303-309, 2018.
13. Pankaj Kolhe, Namita Maiti, Kishor Sonawane and Pankaj M. Koinkar : Synthesis of Ag
doped SnO2 thin films for the evaluation of H2S gas sensing properties,
Physica B : Condensed Matter, Vol.524, 90-94, 2017
14. R. Sanjeewani Bansode, Ruchita T. Khare, Krishna K. Jagtap, Mahendra A. More and
Pankaj M. Koinkar : One step hydrothermal synthesis of SnO2-RGO nanocomposite and
its field emission studies, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, Vol.63,
pp.90--97, 2017.
15. Harshada K. Patil, Megha A. Deshmukh, Sumedh D. Gaikwad, Gajanan A. Bodkhe, K.
Asokan, Mikito Yasuzawa, Pankaj M. Koinkar and Mahendara D. Shirsat :
Influence of Oxygen Ions Irradiation on Polyaniline/ Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Nanocomposite, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Vol.130, pp.47--51, 2017.
16. Li Jiang, P. M. Koinkar, Yusuke Fuchiwaki, Mikito Yasuzawa, A fine pointed glucose
oxidase immobilized electrode for low-invasive amperometric glucose monitoring,
Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Vol. 86, pp.90-94, 2016.
17. S. D. Gunjal, Y. B. Khollam, S. A. Arote, M. T. Sarode, P. M. Koinkar, P. N. Shelke, and K. C.
Mohite, Characterization of Spray Pyrolysis Deposited Hexagonal CdS Films, Advanced
Science Letters, Vol.22, pp.945-949, 2016.
18. P. N. Shelke, Y. B. Khollam, S. D. Gunjal, M. T. Sarode, P. M. Koinkar, and K. C. Mohite,
Optical Properties of DC Electrochemically Deposited Co3O4 Thin Films, Advanced
Science Letters, Vol.22, pp.1080-1084, 2016.
19. M. T. Sarode, Y. B. Khollam, S. D. Gunjal, P. N. Shelke, B. B. Kale, P. M. Koinkar, and K. C.
Mohite : Structural and Optical Studies of Sol-Gel Dip Coated Nano-Crystalline TiO2
Films, Advanced Science Letters, Vol.22, pp.1089-1092, 2016.
20. Pankaj M. Koinkar, Sandip S. Patil, Toshihiro Moriga and Mahendra A. More,
Electrochemical Synthesis of Conducting Polypyrrole Film on Tin Substrate: Structural,
Chemical and Field Emission Investigations, Journal of Nano Research, Vol.36, pp.44-
50, 2016.
21. R. N. Shaikh, M. D. Shirsat, Pankaj M. Koinkar and S.S. Hussaini, Effect of l-cysteine on
optical, thermal and mechanical properties of ADP crystal for NLO application, Optics
and Laser Technology, Vol.69, pp.8--12, 2015.
22. Sandip S. Patil, Kashmira V. Harpale, Akansha D. Shinde, Ruchita T. Khare, Pankaj M.
Koinkar and Mahendra A. More, Facile synthesis of cadmium sulphide-polyaniline (CdS-
PANI) nanocomposite and its field emission investigations, Journal of Polymer
Research, Vol.22, No.113, 2015.
23. Pritee M. Raotole, Pankaj M. Koinkar, Bhavana Joshi and S. R. Patil : Corrosion protective
poly(aniline-co-o-anisidine) coatings on mild steel, Journal of Coatings Technology and
Research, 2015.
24. Ashok Datir, Pankaj M. Koinkar and Sanjay Chakane, Effects of Heat Annealing on the
Gas Sensing Properties of Spin Coated Unsubstituted Copper Phthalocyanine Films,
Advanced Materials Research, Vol.1110, pp.241--245, 2015.
25. Mikito Yasuzawa, Toba Taketo, Hiura Kentaro, Li Jiang, Pankaj M. Koinkar, Tomoyuki
Ueki and Fuchiwaki Yusuke, Preparation of micro-biosensor for continuous glucose
monitoring, Modern Physics Letters B, Vol.29, No.6-7, p.1540040, 2015.
26. S. U. Ekar, Y. B. Khollam, Pankaj M. Koinkar, A. S. Mirji, R.S. Mane, M. Naushad and S. S.
Jadhav, Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by using Ganoderma-mushroom extract,
Modern Physics Letters. B, Vol.29, No.6-7, p.1540047, 2015.
27. Sumedh Gaikwad, Gajanan Bodkhe, Megha Deshmukh, Harshada Patil, Arti Rushi,
Mahendra D. Shirsat, Pankaj M. Koinkar, Yun-Hae Kim and Ashok Mulchandani,
Chemiresistive sensor based on polythiophene-modified single-walled carbon
nanotubes for detection of NO2, Modern Physics Letters. B, Vol.29, No.6-7, p.1540046,
2015.
28. Pankaj M. Koinkar, Sumedh Gaikwad, Gajanan Bodkhe, Megha Deshmukh, Harshada
Patil, Arti Rushi, Mahendra D. Shirsat, Yun-Hae Kim and Ashok Mulchandani, Glucose
 sensor based on conducting polyaniline nanowire electrode junction, Modern Physics
Letters. B, Vol.29, No.6-7, p.1540045, 2015.
29. P.N. Shelke, Y.B. Khollam, S.D. Gunjal, Pankaj M. Koinkar, S.R. Jadkar and K.C. Mohite :
LPG and NH3 sensing characteristics of DC electrochemically deposited Co3O4 films,
Modern Physics Letters B, Vol.29, No.6-7, p.1540043, 2015.
30. Sumedh Gaikwad, Gajanan Bodkhe, Megha Deshmukh, Harshadal Patil, Arti Rushi, D.
Shirsat Mahendra, Pankaj M. Koinkar, Yun-Hae Kim and Ashok Mulchandani,
Conducting polyaniline nanowire electrode junction, Modern Physics Letters B, Vol.29,
No.6-7, p.1540036, 2015.
31. Kashmira Harpale, Mahendra A. More, Pankaj M. Koinkar, Sandip S. Patil and Kishor M.
Sonawane, Polypyrrole nanostructures and their field emission investigations, Modern
Physics Letters B, Vol.29, No.6-7, p.1540035, 2015.
32. Sanjay Chakane, Ashok Datir and Pankaj M. Koinkar, Spin coated unsubstituted copper
phthalocyanine thin films for nitrogen dioxide sensors, Modern Physics Letters B, Vol.29,
No.6-7, p.1540032, 2015.
33. Pankaj M. Koinkar, Daisuke Yonekura, Ri-ichi Murakami, Toshihiro Moriga and
Mahendra A. More, Field electron emission characteristics of plasma treated carbon
nanotubes, Modern Physics Letters. B, Vol.29, No.6-7, p.1540030, 2015.
34. K. Datta, P. Ghosh, Ashok Mulchandani, Sung-Hwan Han, Pankaj M. Koinkar and
Mahendra D. Shirsat, Organic field-effect transistors: predictive control on performance
parameters, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol.46, No.49, pp.495110--495116,
2013.
35. Pankaj M. Koinkar, Kashid V. Ranjit, Patil S. Sandip, Joag S. Dilip, Ri-ichi Murakami and
More A. Mahendra, Noise Measurement and Analysis of Field Emission Current from
Boron Doped Diamond, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, Vol.12, No.6, pp.911--
914, 2013.
36. Sandip S. Patil, Shankar P. Koiry, Dinesh K. Aswal, Pankaj M. Koinkar and Mahendra A.
More, Template Free Electrochemical Synthesis of Highly Crystalline Polyaniline
Nanopetals, Nanocrystals and Their Field Electron Emission Investigations, Journal of
the Electrochemical Society, Vol.160, No.11, pp.D543--D552, 2013.
37. Prasanta Ghosh, Kunal Datta, Ashok Mulchandani, Sung-Hwan Han, Pankaj M. Koinkar
and Mahendra D. Shirsat, Poly(o-toluidine) Nanowires Based Organic Field Effect
Transistors: A Study on Influence of Anionic Size of Dopants and SWNTs as a Dopant, The
Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol.117, No.29, pp.15414--15420, 2013.
38. Sambhaji S. Warule, Nilima S. Chaudhari, Bharat B. Kale, Kashinath R. Patil, Pankaj M.
Koinkar,Mahendra A. More and Ri-ichi Murakami, Organization of cubic CeO2
nanoparticles on the edges of self assembled tapered ZnO nanorods via a template free
one-pot synthesis: significant cathodoluminescence and field emission properties,
Journal of Materials Chemistry., 22(18), 8887–8895,2012.
39. Pankaj M. Koinkar, Sandip S. Patil, Tae-Gyu Kim, Daisuke Yonekura, Mahendra A. More,
Dilip S. Joag, Ri-ichi Murakami, Enhanced Field Emission Characteristics of Boron Doped
Diamond Films Grown by Microwave Plasma assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition,
Applied Surface Science, 257(6), 1854-1858, 2011.
40. Sandip S. Patil, Shankar P. Koiry, Dinesh K. Aswal, Pankaj M. Koinkar, Ri-ichi Murakami,
Mahendra A. More, Promising Field Emission Characteristics of Polyaniline Nanotubes,
Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 158(6), E63-E66, 2011.
41. Sandip S. Patil, Pankaj M. Koinkar, Sanjay D. Dhole, Mahendra A. More, Ri-ichi Murakami
Influence of High-Energy Electron Irradiation on Field Emission Properties of Multi-
Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) Films, Physica B , 406(9), 1809-1813, 2011.
42. Shelke P. N., Khollam Y. B., Gunjal S. D., Sarode M. T., More P. S., Jadkar, S. R., Takwale M.
G., Mohite K. C., Koinkar Pankaj, Optical Properties of Electrochemically Deposited 1-D
Interlinked Nanowired Co3O4 Thin Films, International Journal of Modern Physics
B,25(31), 4281-4284, 2011.
43. More, P. S., Khollam, Y. B., Koinkar Pankaj, Sali, N. D., Shelke, P. N., Borwar, S. S.,
Polyethylene Oxide-Cu Composite Thick Films for LPG Sensing, International Journal of
Modern Physics B, 25(31), 4199-4203, 2011.
44. Datir A. M., Ghole V. S., Koinkar Pankaj, Chakane S. D., Nitrogen Dioxide Gas Sensor based
on Cobalt and Nickel Phthalocyanine Working at Room Temperature, International
Journal of Modern Physics B, 25(31), 4190-4193, 2011.
45. Sarode M. T., Shelke P. N., Khollam Y. B., Jadkar S. R., Kale B. B., Mohite K. C., Koinkar
Pankaj, Effect of Annealing Temperature on Optical Properties of Titanium Dioxide Thin
Films Prepared by Sol-Gel Method, International Journal of Modern Physics B, 25(31),
4163-4166, 2011.
46. Gunjal S. D., Khollam Y. B., Shelke P. N., Udawant R. R., Takwale M. G., Mohite K. C.,
Koinkar Pankaj, Preparation of CdTe Films by Spray Pyrolysis Technique and their
Characterizations, International Journal of Modern Physics B ,25(31), 4155-4158,
2011.
47. Sonali Marathe, Pankaj Koinkar, Shriwas Ashtaputre, Vasant Sathe, M. A More,S. K.
Kulkarni, Enhanced Field Emission from ZnO Nanoneedles on Chemical Vapor Deposited
Diamond Films, Thin Solid Films, 518(14), 3743-3747, 2010.
48. Amit Kumar, F. Singh, P. M. Koinkar, J.C. Pivin, D.K. Avasthi, M.A. More, Effect of Intense,
Laser and Energetic Ion Irradiation on Raman Modes of Mutliwalled Carbon Nanotubes,
Thin Solid Films, 517(15), 4322-4324, 2009.
49. Amit Kumar, J.C. Pivin, D. K. Avasthi, P. M. Koinkar, Ordering of Fullerene and Carbon
Nanotube Thin Films under Energetic Ion Impact, Applied Physics Letters, 92, 221904,
2008.
50. S. M. Jejurikar, P. M. Koinkar, M. A. More, D. S. Joag, K. P. Adhi, L. M. Kukreja, Field
Emission Studies of Nanostructured C-axis Oriented GaN Film on Siox/Si(100) by Pulsed
Laser Deposition, Solid State Communications, 144(7-8), 296-299, 2007.
51. K. Kumar, K. Ramamoorthy, P. M. Koinkar, R. Chandramohan, K. Sankaranarayanan, A
Novel Way of Modifying Nano Grain Size by Solution Concentration in The Growth of
ZnAl2O4 Thin Films, Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 9(2), 331-335, 2007.
52. K. P. Adhi, S. Harchirkar, S. M. Jejurikar, P. M. Koinkar, M. A. More, D.S. Joag, L. M. Kukreja,
Pulsed Laser Deposited Nanostructured InN Thin Films as Field Emitters, Solid State
Communications, 142(1-2), 110-113, 2007.
53. K. Ramamoorthy, K. Kumar, Pankaj Koinkar, K. Ganesan, Amit P Shah, K.
Sankaranarayanan, P. Ramasamy, A Novel In Situ Method for Simultaneous Growth of
Smart Material Single Crystals and Thin Films, Smart Materials and Structures 16(1),
83-88, 2007.
54. A. Deshpande, P. M. Koinkar, S. S. Astaputre, M.A. More, S. W. Gosavi, D. S. Joag and S. K.
Kulkarni, Field Emission from Oriented Tin Oxide Rods, Thin Solid Films 515(4), 1450-
1454,2006.
55. S. K. Marathe, P. M. Koinkar, S. S. Astaputre, M.A. More, S. W. Gosavi, D. S. Joag and S. K.
Kulkarni, Efficient Field Emission from Chemically Grown ZnO Nanoparticles of Different
Morphologies, Nanotechnology 17(8), 1932-1936, 2006.
56. P. M. Koinkar, R. S. Khairnar, S. A. Khan, R. P. Gupta, D. K. Avasthi, D.S. Joag, M. A. More,
Influence of High Energy Ion Irradiation on the Field Emission Characteristics of CVD
Diamond Thin Film, Nuclear Instruments and Methods B 244(1), 217-220, 2006.
57. K. Kumar, K. Ramamoorthy, P.M. Koinkar, R. Chandramohan,S. Sankaranarayanan, A
Novel In Situ Synthesis and Growth of ZnAl2O4 Thin Films, Journal of Crystal Growth
289(1), 405-407, 2006.
58. P. M. Koinkar, J. R. Mahajan, P. P. Patil, M. A. More, Field Emission Characteristics of
Chemical Vapor Deposited Diamond Thin Films with SnO2 as Overlayer on Silicon, Thin
Solid Films 474 (1-2), 275-278, 2005.
59. P. M. Koinkar, P. P. Patil, M. A. More, V. N. Tondare, D. S. Joag, Field Emission Studies of
CVD Diamond Thin Films: Effect of Acid Treatment, Vacuum 72(3), 321–326, 2003.
60. P.M. Koinkar, M.G. Wankhede, M.A. More, S.A. Gangal, and P.P. Patil, Influence of
Synthesis Temperature on Electrochemical Polymerization of O-anisidine on Low
Carbon Steel, Synthetic Metals 130(2), 193-201, 2002.
61. M.G. Wankhede, P.M. Koinkar, M.A. More, and P.P. Patil, Poly(O-anisidine) Coatings on
Low Carbon Steel, Materials Science and Engineering A 332 (1-2), 161-166, 2002.
62. M.G. Wankhede, P.M. Koinkar, M.A. More, S.A. Gangal, and P.P. Patil, Synthesis of Poly(O-
anisidine) Coatings on Low Carbon Steel by Electrochemical Polymerization of O-
anisidine, Advances in Polymer Technology 21(1), 33-43, 2002.

Research Publications in Refereed Journals ( non SCI journals)

1. P.N. Shelke, Y.B. Khollam, P.N. Pabrekar, P.S. More, A.M. Datir, S.D. Chakane, K.C.
Mohite and Pankaj M. Koinkar : Synthesis And Characterization Of Co3o4
Powders For Humidity Sensing, International Journal of Modern Physics:
Conference Series, Vol.6, pp.197--202, 2012.
2. V.M. Raut, P.S. More, Y.B. Khollam, R.S. Sonone, S.B. Kondawar and Pankaj M.
Koinkar : Synthesis and Characterization of Luminol Persulphate
Chemiluminescence in Aqueous Amines, International Journal of Modern
Physics: Conference Series, Vol.6, pp.162--165, 2012.

Publication on Engineering Education

1. Aboard the “Hanbada”: An international Experience in higher education,
communication and culture
Walter carpenter and Pankaj Koinkar
Journal of University Education and Research, 8, 62-68, March 2011
2. A New Approach on Engineering Education in Global Graduate School Program
Pankaj Koinkar and Ri-ichi Murakami
Journal of University Education and Research, 7, 85-93, March 2010

Invited talk and others

i. Invited/contributory talks at international symposium/conference/seminar

held at USA, Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan and India
- More than 30
ii. Reviewer of international SCI journals
- More than 45